Purpose: This study aims to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Hong Kong and to evaluate the association between obesity, glycemic control, and metabolic comorbidities. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 2022–2023 at the Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, enrolling all children with T1DM. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical data were extracted from medical records, and prevalence rates of metabolic complications were compared. Results: One hundred twenty-six children (41% male, 89% Asian) with a median age of 12.8 years were included. Of these, 17.5% were either overweight or obese. There were no significant differences in hemoglobin A1c values between the normal-weight and overweight/obesity groups, though the latter group required higher total daily insulin doses. Children with overweight/obesity had higher prevalence rates of hypertension (28.6% vs. 2.9%) and dyslipidemia (90.5% vs. 71.9%). They were also more likely to have hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 18.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.42–99.94) and hypertriglyceridemia (aOR, 7.71; 95% CI, 1.66–35.76). The overweight/obese group also exhibited significantly higher alanine aminotransferase levels (median, 18 IU/L vs. 14 IU/L), non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (median, 3.3 mmol/L vs. 2.9 mmol/L), and triglyceride/HDL-C ratios (median, 1.09 vs. 0.52) and lower HDL-C levels (median, 1.4 mmol/L vs. 1.6 mmol/L). Among those with dyslipidemia, only 8% were started on lipid-lowering agents, while none of those with hypertension were started on antihypertensive agents. Conclusion Despite a lower prevalence of overweight/obesity in Asian children with T1DM compared to Western populations, metabolic comorbidities occur at an exceptionally high rate. Early interventions to tackle these modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are crucial to prevent long-term complications.

Objective To develop a risk predictive model of cognitive decline in a prospective cohort study in rural area of Xi'an and compare the predictive performance with that of the classical CAIDE model.Methods The cohort was established between October 2014 and March 2015 in two selected villages in rural Xi'an.Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)was applied to assess global cognition at baseline and 4-year follow-up,and cognitive decline was defined as a drop of ≥4 points in MMSE after 4-year follow-up.Participants were randomly split into training set and validation set in a ratio of 7∶3.The Logistic regression analysis was used to develop the predictive model,and the area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was applied to assess the performance of the risk model.Results Occurrence of cognitive decline after 4-year follow-up was 4.15％.Future cognitive decline was significantly predicted by age,low education and stroke(AUC in training set=0.73,95％CI:0.63-0.79;AUC in valid data=0.77,95％CI:0.67-0.87),while the classical CAIDE model did not predict the risk of cognitive decline well(AUC=0.68,95％CI:0.61-0.75).The results differed after stratification by APOE genotype,and showed a better predictive value of both our model(AUC=0.87,95％CI:0.78-0.96)and CAIDE model(AUC=0.89,95％CI:0.81-0.98)in APOE ε4 carriers.Conclusion The predictive model was developed based on age,educational level and stroke,and it predicted relatively well 4-year cognitive decline as compared with traditional CAIDE model,especially in APOE ε4 carriers.However,the model should be validated after longer follow-up and further improved to increase its predictive value.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective To investigate the impact of mitophagy,mediated by the long non-coding RNA SNHG16(LncRNA SNHG16)on diabetes-associated cognitive impairment(DCI).Methods 29 male C57BL/J mice were randomly divided into normal control(NC)group,DCI group and DCI+mitochondrial autophagy inhibitor(DCI+Mdivi-1)group.Morris water maze and new object recognition test were used to detect the cognitive function of mice,qRT-CPR was used to detect the expression of LncRNA SNHG16 and mitochondrial autophagy marker mRNA.Western blot were used to detect the expression of related protein.The mouse hippocampal neurons HT22 were divided into control(Con)group,high glucose(HG)group,HG+SNHG16 silencing(HG+sh-SNHG16)group and HG+no-load control(HG+sh-NC)group.CCK8 method and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)method were used to detect neuronal damage.JC-1 method was used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential.Results Compared with NC group,the expression of LncRNA SNHG16 and the expression of autophagy-related gene 5,PTEN-induced putative kinase 1(PINK1),Parkin and microtubule associated protein light chain 3(LC3)Ⅱ/Ⅰ increased(P<0.05),while the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins P62 and mitochondrial outer membrane transposase 20(TOMM20)decreased in T2DM group.Compared with DCI group,the cognitive dysfunction of mice improved,and the expression level of LncRNA SNHG16 decreased in the DCI+Mdivi-1 group(P<0.05).The expressions of LncRNA SNHG16,LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ,PINK1 and Parkin were higher in HG group than in Con group(P<0.05),while the cell survival rate and TOMM20 protein expression were lower in HG group than in Con group(P<0.05).Silence of LncRNA SNHG16 can restore the activity of HT22 cells and mitochondrial membrane potential,and reduce the level of mitochondrial autophagy under HG condition.Conclusions The expression level of LncRNA SNHG16 was up-regulated in the hippocampus brain region of mice with diabetic cognitive dysfunction,and mitophagy was overactivated.Silencing of LncRNA SNHG16 inhibits mitophagy in hippocampal neurons and alleviates HG induced hippocampal neuronal damage.

Stroke is the second leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide, imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden on individuals and healthcare systems. Annually, approximately 14 million people experience stroke, with ischemic stroke comprising nearly 85% of cases, of which 10% to 20% involve large vessel occlusions. Currently, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only approved pharmacological intervention. However, its utility is limited due to a narrow therapeutic window and low recanalization rates, making it applicable to only a minority of patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies, including pharmacological advancements and combinatory treatments. Small-molecule natural medicines, particularly those derived from traditional Chinese herbs, have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in ischemic stroke management. These compounds exert multiple neuroprotective effects, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammatory action, and inhibition of apoptosis, all of which are critical in mitigating stroke-induced cerebral damage. This review comprehensively examines the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and highlights the recent progress in the development of small-molecule natural medicines as promising therapeutic agents for cerebral ischemic stroke.
Humans ; Ischemic Stroke/physiopathology* ; Animals ; Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Biological Products/therapeutic use* ; Stroke/drug therapy*

This article comprehensively discusses the concept of workplace ostracism, measurement tools, theoretical basis, the current situation of workplace ostracism among nurses, and research on related variables. It proposes targeted strategies to address workplace ostracism among nurses, aiming to reduce the occurrence of workplace ostracism incidents among nurses. This is of great significance for constructing a harmonious work environment and promoting individual mental health.

Objective:To observe the effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at different frequencies on cognitive impairment due to high-altitude hypoxia.Methods:Sixty officers and soldiers displaying cognitive impairment in a hypoxic high-altitude environment were randomly divided into 15Hz, 20Hz and 25Hz groups, each of 20. They were given rTMS at those frequencies for 30 days. Before the stimulation and after 15 and 30 days, event-related potentials, latencies of mismatched negativity (MMN) and P300 signals were recorded. The participants′ cognition was also evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). Correlation between the electrophysiological indexes and the MoCA scores was computed.Results:After 15 days, all had shorter MMN latencies, higher total MoCA scores and better memory scores. The only significant difference among the three groups was in the average memory scores. After 15 days, MMN latency was significantly negatively correlated with the memory scores in all three groups ( r=0.44 to -0.54). Conclusions:rTMS at frequencies above 15Hz can effectively relieve cognitive impairment, especially memory dysfunction, resulting from high-altitude hypoxia.

Tuberculosis is a infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis( Mtb), which seriously threatens human health. Innate immune cells can synergistically resist the invasion of Mtb by phagocytosing pathogens, releasing inflammatory cytokines, and activating other immune cells, playing a crucial role in the host′s defense against Mtb infection. A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the role of innate immune cells in Mtb infection will help reveal the complexity of immune response and understand the mechanism of early elimination of Mtb and immune escape of Mtb, and provide new ideas and strategies for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. This article will provide an overview of the research progress on the mechanisms of several important innate immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and constant natural killer T cells, in Mtb infection.

To enhance the practical ability and job competency of full-time master of public health (MPH) postgraduates and explore a collaborative training mode that integrates medical education with a prevention-and-control approach, in line with standardized public health physician training, the Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with the School of Public Health affiliated to Capital Medical University, had recruited full-time MPH postgraduates since 2015. These students were trained and assessed through a collaborative training mode based on the Beijing public health physician training mechanism. Through the introduction and analysis of the training objectives, training process, practical assessment methods, training quality, and results, this article suggests that the construction of a collaborative training mode integrating MPH postgraduate education of public health professionals and standardized public health physician training has explored a new pathway for cultivating "four-certification integration" public health professionals. This aligns with the Chinese national strategy for public health talent development and can alleviate the problems of "contradictions between work and study", including the current shortage of public health physicians at present and the difficulties in standardized training enrollment. In addition, this collaborative training mode provides valuable experience for other medical schools in training applied public health professionals who meet national public health standards and combine prevention with treatment.

This article comprehensively discusses the concept of workplace ostracism, measurement tools, theoretical basis, the current situation of workplace ostracism among nurses, and research on related variables. It proposes targeted strategies to address workplace ostracism among nurses, aiming to reduce the occurrence of workplace ostracism incidents among nurses. This is of great significance for constructing a harmonious work environment and promoting individual mental health.