Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is intricately linked to the most severe clinical manifestations of brain damage. It encompasses dynamic pathological mechanisms, including hemodynamic disorders, excitotoxic injury, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and neuronal death. This review provides a comprehensive analysis and summary of biomaterial-based tissue engineering scaffolds and nano-drug delivery systems. As an example of functionalized biomaterials, nano-drug delivery systems alter the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. They provide multiple targeting strategies relying on factors such as morphology and scale, magnetic fields, pH, photosensitivity, and enzymes to facilitate the transport of therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier and to promote selective accumulation at the injury site. Furthermore, therapeutic agents can be incorporated into bioscaffolds to interact with the biochemical and biophysical environment of the brain. Bioscaffolds can mimic the extracellular matrix environment, regulate cellular interactions, and increase the effectiveness of local treatments following surgical interventions. Additionally, stem cell-based and exosome-dominated extracellular vesicle carriers exhibit high bioreactivity and low immunogenicity and can be used to design therapeutic agents with high bioactivity. This review also examines the utilization of endogenous bioactive materials in the treatment of TBI.

Objective:To explore the application effect of co management mode in the prevention of perioperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) in elderly patients with hip fractures.Methods:Using the convenient sampling method, a total of 146 elderly patients with hip fractures who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January to December 2019 were selected as the research objects. A total of 73 patients admitted from January to June 2019 were set as the control group and they were given routine venous thrombosis risk assessment, treatment, education and so on, while 73 patients admitted from July to December 2019 were set as the experimental group and they were given management according to co-management mode. The incidence of VTE, first out-of-bed activity time, hospital stays and expenses, awareness rate of VTE-related knowledge and level of DVT health belief were compared between the two groups.Results:After implementing the co management mode, the incidence of postoperative VTE in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group ( P<0.05) . The first out-of-bed activity time and hospital days in the experimental group were shorter than those in the control group, the hospital expense was lower than that in the control group, and DVT health belief score and VTE-related knowledge score were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05) . The scores of disease susceptibility, disease severity, health behavior benefits and self-efficacy in DVT health beliefs in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05) . There was no statistically significant difference in the scores of obstacle and health motivation dimensions of healthy behaviors between the two groups ( P>0.05) . Conclusions:The application of co-management mode in elderly patients with hip fractures during the perioperative period can improve DVT health beliefs of patients and improve their VTE-related knowledge mastery, shorten the hospital stay, effectively prevent the occurrence of VTE and promote rapid recovery of patients.

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) combined with multi-modal techniques in spastic cerebral palsy (SCP).Methods:Thirty-one SCP patients, admitted to our hospital from June 2016 to June 2019, were chosen in our study; these patients received SDR combined with multi-modal techniques(single-level laminectomy, and intraoperative electromyography monitoring combined with micro-neurosurgery); and all patients received regular physical therapy postoperatively. Grading of manual muscle test (MMT) and grading modified Ashworth scale (MAS), and scores of Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88), Berg balance scale (BBS) and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) before surgery, and one, three, and 6 months after surgery were evaluated and compared.Results:As compared with those before surgery, significantly increased MMT grading, statistically decreased MAS grading, and significantly increased GMFM-88 scores, BBS scores, and FIM scale scores one, 3, and 6 months after surgery were recorded in these patients ( P<0.05). As compared with those one month after surgery, significantly increased MMT grading, statistically decreased MAS grading, and significantly increased GMFM-88 scores and FIM scores 6 months after surgery were recorded in these patients ( P<0.05). As compared with those 3 months after surgery, statistically decreased MAS grading 6 months after surgery were recorded in these patients ( P<0.05). There were no severe complications as CNS infection, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, incontinence, spondylolisthesis or spinal deformity, but only transient muscle weakness and numbness of lower limbs. Conclusion:SDR combined with multi-modal techniques is a safe and effective method for patients with SCP, which is minimally invasive, accurate and safe.

Objective To investigate the correlation of interaction between polymorphisms of prothrombin gene G20210A in 3' untranslated region and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene C399T in 5' untranslated region with thrombin activity in plasma and the pathological stages of esophageal carcinoma.Methods Based on TNM method,we selected 198 patients with stage Ⅰ esophageal carcinoma,198 with stage Ⅱ,198 with stage Ⅲ,and 198 with stage Ⅳ from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from May 2011 to August 2015 for this study;198 patients with esophageal carcinoma of stage 0 served as the control group.The thrombin activity in plasma were determined by chromogenic substrate assay.The genetic polymorphisms of prothrombin gene G20210A in 3' untranslated region and TFPI gene C399T in 5' untranslated region in peripheral blood leukocytes of the above-mentioned patients were analyzed by PCR-RFLP technique.Unconditional logistic regression model and single factor analysis were performed to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95％ confidence intervals (95％ CI) of polymorphisms prothrombin gene G20210A and TFPI gene C399T polymorphisms and to analyze the interaction of nucleotide polymorphisms with thrombin activity in plasma and the pathological stages of esophageal carcinoma.Results The frequencies of G20210A (GA),G20210A (AA),C399T (CT) and C399T (TT) were 24.24％,26.77％,24.24％ and 25.76％ in stage Ⅰ group;34.34％,37.37％,34.85％ and 36.36％ in stage Ⅱ group;39.90％,42.93％,40.41％ and 41.92％ in stage Ⅲ group;45.45％,46.97％,45.35％ and 46.46 in stage Ⅳ group;and 13.64％,14.14％,13.13％ and 13.64％ in stage 0 group,respectively.Statistical tests showed significant difference in the frequencies among each group (all P＜0.01).The risks of invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma significantly increased in the subjects with G20210A,in those with G20210A(AA) genotype,in those with C399T (CT) genotype and in those with C399T (TT) genotype.Combined analysis of the polymorphisms showed that percentage of G20210A (AA)/C399T (TT) in stage Ⅰ group,stage Ⅱ group,stage Ⅲ group,stage Ⅳ group and stage 0 group was 7.07％,14.14％,18.18％,21.71％ and 1.52％,respectively,and statistical tests showed significant difference in the frequency among each group (all P＜0.01).People who carried G20210A(AA)/C399T(TT) had higher risks of invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma,and statistical analysis suggested a positive interaction between G20210A (AA) and C399T (TT) in increasing the risks of invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma (All γ＞ 1).Likewise,there were also positive interactions in the pathogenesis of invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma between G20210A (GA) and C399T (TT),G20210A (GA) and C399T(CT),G20210A (AA) and C399T (CT) (All γ＞1).The thrombin activities in plasma in stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups were all significantly higher than those in stage 0 group,and there were significant differences among stage Ⅰ,stage Ⅱ,stage Ⅲ and stage Ⅳ in thrombin activities (all P＜0.01).Patients with mutation genotype had significantly higher thrombin activities than those with wild homozygous in the same TNM stage.Conclusion G20210A and C399T gene mutations are the risk factors in the invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma.Significant interactions between G20210A and C399T mutations increase the risk of invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma,which may be closely related to their increased thrombin activities in plasma.

ABSTRACT:Objective To investigate the interaction of polymorphisms of TNF-αgene promoter-308G/A and PPAR-γ2 gene-C34G with acute pancreatitis (AP)and its severity degree.Methods Totally 150 mild acute pancreatitis(MAP),150 moderately severe acute pancreatitis(MSAP)and 150 severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)cases were selected for this study,and 450 healthy persons as control group.The genetic polymorphisms of TNF-αgene promoter-308G/A and PPAR-γ2 gene-C34G were analyzed by the technique of PCR in peripheral blood leukocytes of above-mentioned cases and the results were verified by direct DNA sequencing method.Results The frequencies of -308G/A(GA),-308G/A(AA),-C34G(CG)and-C34G(GG)were 24.00%,26.67%,24.00% and 26.00% in MAP group,34.67%,36.67%,34.00% and 36.67% in MSAP group,42.00%,46.00%,43.33% and 46.00% in SAP group,and 14.44%,14.22%,12.89% and 14.67% in control group,respectively.Statistical tests showed significant difference in the frequencies among each group (all P<0 .0 1 ).The risk of AP significantly increased in subjects with-308G/A(GA),genotype (ORMAP=2.677 6,ORMSAP=6.625 0,ORSAP=21.514 7),in those with-308G/A(AA)genotype (ORMAP=2.570 0,ORMSAP=6.401 8,ORSAP=18.903 4),in those with-C34G(CG) genotype (ORMAP=2.668 4,ORMSAP=6.776 9,ORSAP=22.207 2),and in those with-C34G(GG)genotype (ORMAP=2.633 8,ORMSAP=6.472 5,ORSAP=21.570 2).Combined analysis of the polymorphisms showed that percentage of-308G/A(AA)/-C34G(GG)in MAP,MSAP,SAP and control groups was 7.33%,13.33%,20.67% and 2.00%,respectively,and statistical tests showed significant difference in the frequency among each group (all P<0.01).The people who carried-308G/A(AA)/-C34G(GG)had a high risk of AP (ORMAP=7.284 2,ORMSAP=41.296 1,ORSAP=363.973 6),and statistical analysis suggested a positive interaction between-308G/A(AA)and-C34G(GG)in increasing the risk of AP (γ2MAP=2.114 2,γ4MAP=2.080 0,γ2MSAP=2.108 7,γ4MSAP=2.050 6,γ2SAP=2.138 8,γ4SAP=2.000 1).Likewise,there were also positive interactions in the pathogenesis of AP between-308G/A(GA)and-C34G(GG),-308G/A(GA)and-C34G(CG),-308G/A(AA)and-C34G(CG)(All γ>1). Conclusion These carriers of-308G/A(GA),-308G/A(AA),-C34G(CG)and-C34G(GG)genotypes may have a high risk of developing AP,and significant interactions between genetic polymorphisms of-308G/A and-C34G add the risk of the occurrence and development of AP.

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine used in SEP and MEP monitoring in patients undergoing neurosurgery. Methods Eighty patients undergoing neurosurgery receiving SEP and MEP monitoring were randomly divided into 4 groups(n = 20 each):group C,group D1,group D2 and group D3. In groups D1 ,D2 and D3 ,dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg was infused over 10 minutes before anesthesia induction,and then was infused at a rate of 0.1,0.3 and 0.5μg/(kg·h)respectively toward the end of operation. Group C received the equal volume of normal saline. HR ,MAP and BIS were recorded at admission to the operating room(T1),skin incision(T2),when the muscle relaxants were stopped(T3)and 50 minutes later(T4). The current intensity and the time when first MEP was induced after muscle relaxant was stopped ,the amplitudes and latencies of SEP(N20-P25,N20)and MEP on thenar muscle at T4,the total consumption of propofol,and development of adverse affects were also recorded. Results Compared with groups C and D1,HR and MAP were decreased at T2-T4 in groups D2 and D3(P<0.05). The amount of propofol consumed were lower in groups D2 and D3 than in groups C and D1(P < 0.05). The current intensity inducing MEP was lower and the amplitude of MEP at T4 was higher in group D2 than in groups C,D1 and D3,and the situation was same in group D3 than in group C (P<0.05). No significant change was found in the other parameters in groups C ,D1 ,D2 and D3(P>0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine infused at 0.3 μg/(kg · h) after infusion of a loading dose of 0.5 μg/kg could improve monitoring quality of MEP through reducing the amount of propofol consumed ,have less inhibition on MEP than other groups,have no obvious effects on SEP,andmaintain hemodynamic stability.

Objective To observe the feasibility and safety of dexmedetomidine used in motor evoked potentials(MEP)monitoring in patients undergoing neurosurgery.Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ orⅡ patients,male 1 5 cases,female 1 5 cases,aged 20-60 years,weighing 40-80 kg undergoing neuro-surgery receiving MEP monitoring were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =1 5 each):control group (group C)and dexmedetomidine group (group D).In group D,dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg was in-fused over 10 minutes before anesthesia induction,and then was infused at a rate of 0.5 μg·kg-1 · h-1 toward the end of operation.Group C received the equal volume of normal saline.HR,MAP and BIS were recorded at admission to the operating room (T0 ),skin incision (T1 ),when the muscle re-laxants were stopped (T2 )and 50 minutes later (T3 ).The current intensity and the time when first MEP was induced after muscle relaxant was stopped,the amplitudes and latencies of MEP on thenar muscle at T3 ,the total consumption of anesthetics,and development of adverse effects were also re-corded.Results Compared with T0 ,HR in group C at T1 ,T3 and MAP in group C at T1-T3 was in-creased,HR in group D was decreased at T2-T3 (P <0.05).Compared with group C,HR and MAP were decreased at T1-T3 in group D(P <0.05).The amount of propofol consumed and the current in-tensity inducing MEP were lower in group D than in group C (P <0.05).The amplitude of MEP at T3 was higher in group D than in group C (P <0.05).Compared with group C,the incidences of hy-pertension and tachycardia were decreased in group D,and the incidence of bradycardia was increased (P <0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine used in MEP monitoring in patients undergoing neurosur-gery can meet the operation requirements,maintain hemodynamic stability,reduce the incidences of adverse reactions,and improve monitoring quality of MEP.It is a safe and feasible anesthesia method.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the interaction of single nucleotide polymorphisms of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene -173G/C and glutathione peroxidase 1(GPX1) gene 594C/T polymorphisms and high-fat diet in ulcerative colitis (UC).

METHODSThe genetic polymorphisms of MIF -173G/C and GPX1 594C/T were determined with a polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-endonuclease method in peripheral blood leukocytes derived from 1500 UC cases and 1500 healthy controls.

RESULTSThe frequencies of MIF -173CC and GPX1 594TT were 55.60% and 55.73% in the UC cases and 16.67% and 16.47% in the healthy controls, respectively. Statistical tests also showed a significant difference in the frequencies between the two groups (P<0.01; P<0.01, respectively). Individuals carrying MIF -173CC also had a significantly higher risk of UC compared with those with MIF -173GG (OR=6.8662, 95%CI: 4.5384-9.6158). Individuals carrying GPX1 594TT had a high risk of UC (OR=7.0854, 95%CI: 4.4702-10.5283). Combined analysis showed that the percentages of MIF -173CC/GPX1 594TT in the UC and control groups were 31.00% and 2.73%, respectively (P<0.01). Individuals carrying MIF -173CC/GPX1 594TT had a high risk of UC (OR=49.0113, 95%CI: 31.7364-61.8205). The high-fat diet rate of the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group (OR=3.3248, 95%CI: 1.9461-5.0193, P<0.01), and statistic analysis suggested an interaction between high-fat diet and MIF -173CC and GPX1 594TT which increase risk of UC (γ =6.9293; γ =6.9942).

CONCLUSIONMIF -173CC and GPX1 594TT and high-fat diet are the risk factors for UC, and the significant interactions between genetic polymorphisms of MIF -173G/C, GPX1 594C/T and high-fat diet may increase the risk for UC.

Case-Control Studies ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; enzymology ; genetics ; metabolism ; psychology ; Diet, High-Fat ; adverse effects ; Dietary Fats ; metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; genetics ; Humans ; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases ; genetics ; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors ; genetics ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) infection and polymorphism of adiponectin gene promoter -11391G/A, extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) gene in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
 METHODS: From June, 2010 to July, 2014, a hospital-based 1:1 matched case-control study was carried out, with 600 cases of NAFLD and 600 healthy people in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University. The genetic polymorphisms of adiponectin gene promoter -11391G/A and EC-SOD were analyzed by polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in peripheral blood leukocytes of the subjects. 14C-urea breath test (14C-UBT) was used to test 14C disntegration per minute (DPM) for evaluating the infections status of H. Pylori. The synergistic effect between the two mutants and the gene-environment interaction of the genotypes with H. Pylori infection were analyzed.
 RESULTS: The frequencies of -11391G/A (AA) and EC-SOD (CG+GG) were 50.67% and 50.33% in NAFLD cases, 23.83% and 24.17% in healthy controls, respectively. Statistical tests showed significantly higher frequencies of -11391G/A (AA) and EC-SOD (CG+GG) in the NAFLD group (-11391G/A: P=0.0051; EC-SOD: P=0.0057). The risk of NAFLD with -11391G/A (AA) was significantly higher than those with -11391G/A(GG+GA) (OR=3.2822, 95% CI 1.9170 to 5.2039). The individuals who carried EC-SOD (CG+GG) had a high risk of NAFLD (OR=3.1800, 95% CI 1.7974 to 5.2391). Combined analysis of the polymorphisms showed that percentage of -11391G/A (AA)/EC-SOD (CG+GG) in the NAFLD group was significantly higher than that in the control groups (25.50% vs 5.83%, P=0.0039). The people who carried with -11391G/A (AA)/EC-SOD (CG+GG) had a high risk of NAFLD (OR=10.3190, 95% CI 8.1869 to 20.5102). The H. Pylori infection rate in the NAFLD group was significantly higher than that in the control group (OR=3.1667, 95% CI 1.9139 to 5.7443, P=0.0062), and statistical analysis suggested a positive correlation between H. Pylori infection and NAFLD with -11391G/A (AA) and EC-SOD (CG+GG) (-11391G/A: γ=1.8532; EC-SOD: γ=1.7899).
 CONCLUSION These carriers of -11391G/A(AA) and EC-SOD (CG+GG) genotypes may have a high risk of NAFLD, and the gene genotypes can interact with H. Pylori infection in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Therefore, effective prevention measures for NAFLD should consider eradicating H. Pylori or regulating gene expression.
Adiponectin ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genotype ; Helicobacter Infections ; complications ; genetics ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; complications ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Risk Factors ; Superoxide Dismutase ; genetics