According to the Qi-blood-body fluid theory and the association between the spleen in visceral manifestation theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and mitochondria in modern cellular biology， it is proposed that the role of the spleen in generating and transforming Qi and blood is analogous to the energy-producing function of mitochondria—both serving as fundamental power sources for vital activities of the human body. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， playing a critical role in energy metabolism and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Similarly， mitochondria are vital for maintaining physiological functions such as cellular energy supply， cell survival， and overall human metabolism. Furthermore， spleen deficiency is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly， mitochondrial energy conversion and substance metabolism are regarded as the microscopic essence of the spleen's function in transportation and transformation. Spleen deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the formation of pathological products such as phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis. This aligns with the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， with Qi deficiency as the root cause and phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis as the manifestations. Therefore， the integrative treatment of COPD should follow the therapeutic principle of invigorating the spleen and reinforcing healthy Qi， while also resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis to address both root cause and manifestations. This approach can improve the mitochondrial function， regulate energy metabolism， and reduce oxidative stress levels to alleviate COPD symptoms， slow down disease progression， and improve prognosis. By integrating the holistic concept of TCM with molecular mechanisms of modern medicine， this paper explores the pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of COPD from the spleen-mitochondria correlation. It not only provides a new direction for the modern development of TCM and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine but also offers a theoretical foundation for the integrated treatment of chronic， complex age-related diseases.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as one of the three major causes of death， is a complex systemic disease with high prevalence， high mortality， high disability， frequent acute exacerbations， and a variety of pulmonary complications. The pathogenesis is complex. Western medicine has no effective specificity scheme for a complete cure. However， multiple-component and multiple-target characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrate significant advantages in COPD treatment through multi-link， multi-pathway， and multi-mechanism intervention. Therefore， exploring the essence of COPD pathogenesis and discovering effective TCM treatment drugs through the application of TCM principles and prescriptions is a key focus of modern research. Animal models are of paramount importance in medical research. It is the first consideration to select appropriate animals， adopt reasonable modeling methods to replicate stable animal models that closely resemble the clinical manifestations and pathophysiological characteristics of COPD， and use appropriate evaluation methods to determine the success of COPD animal models in experimental research. The core of experimental research lies in observing the intervention effect of TCM on COPD animal models， exploring the specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms of TCM on COPD disease， and finding TCM monomers， single herbs， and TCM formulas with definite curative effects. At present， animal model research on COPD mainly involves model establishment， model evaluation， efficacy observation， mechanism exploration， and other aspects. In recent years， there has been no systematic organization， update， and reflection on the relevant research on TCM intervention in COPD animal models. This study reviewed the selection of animals for the COPD model， methods for establishing COPD animal models， model evaluation methods， and the intervention effects of TCM on COPD animal models. It aims to grasp the current research status and identify existing problems for further improvement， in order to provide evidence and support for scientific research and clinical treatment of COPD.

According to the Qi-blood-body fluid theory and the association between the spleen in visceral manifestation theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and mitochondria in modern cellular biology， it is proposed that the role of the spleen in generating and transforming Qi and blood is analogous to the energy-producing function of mitochondria—both serving as fundamental power sources for vital activities of the human body. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， playing a critical role in energy metabolism and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Similarly， mitochondria are vital for maintaining physiological functions such as cellular energy supply， cell survival， and overall human metabolism. Furthermore， spleen deficiency is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly， mitochondrial energy conversion and substance metabolism are regarded as the microscopic essence of the spleen's function in transportation and transformation. Spleen deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the formation of pathological products such as phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis. This aligns with the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， with Qi deficiency as the root cause and phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis as the manifestations. Therefore， the integrative treatment of COPD should follow the therapeutic principle of invigorating the spleen and reinforcing healthy Qi， while also resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis to address both root cause and manifestations. This approach can improve the mitochondrial function， regulate energy metabolism， and reduce oxidative stress levels to alleviate COPD symptoms， slow down disease progression， and improve prognosis. By integrating the holistic concept of TCM with molecular mechanisms of modern medicine， this paper explores the pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of COPD from the spleen-mitochondria correlation. It not only provides a new direction for the modern development of TCM and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine but also offers a theoretical foundation for the integrated treatment of chronic， complex age-related diseases.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as one of the three major causes of death， is a complex systemic disease with high prevalence， high mortality， high disability， frequent acute exacerbations， and a variety of pulmonary complications. The pathogenesis is complex. Western medicine has no effective specificity scheme for a complete cure. However， multiple-component and multiple-target characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrate significant advantages in COPD treatment through multi-link， multi-pathway， and multi-mechanism intervention. Therefore， exploring the essence of COPD pathogenesis and discovering effective TCM treatment drugs through the application of TCM principles and prescriptions is a key focus of modern research. Animal models are of paramount importance in medical research. It is the first consideration to select appropriate animals， adopt reasonable modeling methods to replicate stable animal models that closely resemble the clinical manifestations and pathophysiological characteristics of COPD， and use appropriate evaluation methods to determine the success of COPD animal models in experimental research. The core of experimental research lies in observing the intervention effect of TCM on COPD animal models， exploring the specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms of TCM on COPD disease， and finding TCM monomers， single herbs， and TCM formulas with definite curative effects. At present， animal model research on COPD mainly involves model establishment， model evaluation， efficacy observation， mechanism exploration， and other aspects. In recent years， there has been no systematic organization， update， and reflection on the relevant research on TCM intervention in COPD animal models. This study reviewed the selection of animals for the COPD model， methods for establishing COPD animal models， model evaluation methods， and the intervention effects of TCM on COPD animal models. It aims to grasp the current research status and identify existing problems for further improvement， in order to provide evidence and support for scientific research and clinical treatment of COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as a chronic respiratory disease that can be prevented and intervened but cannot be completely cured， has increasing incidence and mortality rates year by year， often complicated by one or more comorbidities. However， there is currently no specific treatment available. Therefore， the healthcare issues related to COPD are urgent and prominent. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） delays the progression of COPD through multiple mechanisms， pathways， and targets. As a result， exploring the pathogenesis of COPD and identifying TCM treatment approaches and effective prescriptions are key issues that urgently need to be addressed in clinical practice. In TCM， COPD is categorized into syndromes such as "cough"， "asthma"， and "lung distension". It is believed that the deficiency in the origin runs through the entire disease. When external pathogens invade， Qi becomes disordered， and phlegm and blood stasis begin to accumulate， leading to an excess condition in the manifestation. Modern medicine research on the pathogenesis of COPD mainly involves aspects such as inflammatory response， oxidative stress， autophagy imbalance， and aging. Studies have found that Chinese medicine monomers， single herbs， and compound prescriptions can improve COPD by inhibiting inflammation， reducing oxidative damage， correcting autophagy， and delaying aging. However， there is no study that intuitively organizes the various pathogenesis mechanisms of COPD and their interrelationships. At the same time， research on the therapeutic effects of TCM on COPD primarily focuses on exploring a single mechanism or pathway， without integrating multiple mechanisms， pathways， and targets. Additionally， there are very few studies that summarize the corresponding relationships between the various pathogenesis mechanisms of COPD and the regulatory effects and signaling pathways of Chinese medicine. This study， for the first time， combines the latest literature in China and abroad to explain the various pathogenesis mechanisms of COPD and their interrelationships using a combination of graphs， text， and tables. It also outlines the signaling pathways， targets， and mechanisms of Chinese medicine monomers， single herbs， and compound prescriptions in regulating COPD， in order to provide new ideas and strategies for the in-depth research and systematic treatment of COPD with TCM.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis （IPF） can be classified as pulmonary collateral disease，and its pathogenesis is mainly characterized by the loss of Qi meridian nourishment，the loss of Yin meridian nourishment，and the formation of blood stasis in the blood vessels. Qi Yin deficiency is the pathological basis that runs through IPF，and obstruction of meridians and collaterals is a key element in the development of the disease. The dysfunction of "spleen being in charge of the defensive function" is closely related to the formation of the pathological pattern of "lung deficiency and collateral stasis" in IPF. The term "spleen being in charge of the defensive function" originated from the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. If the spleen is healthy，the Qi will be filled with vitality. Positive energy is stored inside，evil cannot be dried up. Its concept is quite similar to the immune defense function in modern medicine. If the principle of "spleen being in charge of the defensive function" is lost，the key structure and function of the IPF alveolar epithelial barrier may be abnormal，and it can interact with various innate immune cells to promote inflammation and fibrosis processes. Therefore，this article explains the imbalance of immune homeostasis in IPF alveolar epithelium from two aspects：the barrier function of alveolar epithelial cells（AECs） and their interaction with innate immune cells. And based on the theory of "spleen being in charge of the defensive function"，using traditional Chinese medicine for strengthening the spleen and nourishing Qi to treat IPF from the perspective of the spleen. This not only strengthens the scientific connotation of "spleen being in charge of the defensive function" in the pathogenesis of IPF，but also provides new research directions and ideas for its future clinical prevention and treatment.

ObjectiveTo assess the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of the traditional Chinese medicine compound Shenlong decoction in addressing the symptoms of pulmonary deficiency and stasis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis （IPF）. MethodsSixty eligible patients with lung deficiency and collateral stasis syndrome of IPF were randomly assigned to the observation （30 patients） and control groups （30 patients）. All patients underwent standard Western medical therapy. Additionally，the observation group received Shenlong decoction granules，while the control group received a placebo. Both treatments were packaged in four doses of 10.5 g each，taken twice daily for three months. The indexes of the patients during the treatment cycle were observed，and the main indexes include traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores and 6 min walk test （6MWT）. The secondary indexes include pulmonary function test ［actual value/expected value of total lung volume （TLC%），actual value/expected value of vital capacity（FVC%），actual/predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide（DLCO%），actual/predicted forced expiratory volume in one second （FEV₁%），and FEV₁/ forced vital capacity （FVC）］，blood gas analysis ［arterial blood diathesis partial pressure of oxygen （PaO₂），partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PaCO₂），and arterial oxygen saturation （SaO₂）］，serum inflammatory factors ［transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁），interleukin-4 （IL-4），interleukin-13 （IL-13），interleukin-12 （IL-12），and gamma-interferon （IFN-γ）］，and quality of survival evaluation ［St George's Respiratory Questionnaire （SGRQ） score］. The patients' clinical manifestations were determined at the end of the treatment， and the occurrence of adverse events was recorded. ResultsA total of 53 patients completed the study，comprising 27 in the control group and 26 in the observation group. Upon completion of the treatment period，the control group achieved a total effective rate of 33.33% （9/27），whereas the observation group demonstrated a total effective rate of 53.85% （14/26），which was statistically superior to the control group （χ²=4.034，P<0.05）. After the treatment，the TCM syndrome scores，6MWT，DLCO%，FEV₁%，PaO₂，PaCO₂，TGF-β₁，IL-4，IL-13，IL-12，and IFN-γ in the two groups were all significantly improved （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the control group after treatment at the same period，the TCM syndrome scores，6MWT，PaO₂，and PaCO₂ were significantly improved in the observation group after 60 days and 90 days of medication （P<0.01）. Three months after the end of medication，the SGRQ score in the observation group showed significant improvement when compared to that in the control group （P<0.05），and no severe adverse events were reported during the follow-up period. ConclusionCompound Shenlong decoction can alleviate clinical symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing in patients with lung deficiency and collateral stasis syndrome of IPF，enhance exercise tolerance，improve the quality of life，and have certain potential advantages in improving pulmonary function.

ObjectiveTo assess the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of the traditional Chinese medicine compound Shenlong decoction in addressing the symptoms of pulmonary deficiency and stasis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis （IPF）. MethodsSixty eligible patients with lung deficiency and collateral stasis syndrome of IPF were randomly assigned to the observation （30 patients） and control groups （30 patients）. All patients underwent standard Western medical therapy. Additionally，the observation group received Shenlong decoction granules，while the control group received a placebo. Both treatments were packaged in four doses of 10.5 g each，taken twice daily for three months. The indexes of the patients during the treatment cycle were observed，and the main indexes include traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores and 6 min walk test （6MWT）. The secondary indexes include pulmonary function test ［actual value/expected value of total lung volume （TLC%），actual value/expected value of vital capacity（FVC%），actual/predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide（DLCO%），actual/predicted forced expiratory volume in one second （FEV₁%），and FEV₁/ forced vital capacity （FVC）］，blood gas analysis ［arterial blood diathesis partial pressure of oxygen （PaO₂），partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PaCO₂），and arterial oxygen saturation （SaO₂）］，serum inflammatory factors ［transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁），interleukin-4 （IL-4），interleukin-13 （IL-13），interleukin-12 （IL-12），and gamma-interferon （IFN-γ）］，and quality of survival evaluation ［St George's Respiratory Questionnaire （SGRQ） score］. The patients' clinical manifestations were determined at the end of the treatment， and the occurrence of adverse events was recorded. ResultsA total of 53 patients completed the study，comprising 27 in the control group and 26 in the observation group. Upon completion of the treatment period，the control group achieved a total effective rate of 33.33% （9/27），whereas the observation group demonstrated a total effective rate of 53.85% （14/26），which was statistically superior to the control group （χ²=4.034，P<0.05）. After the treatment，the TCM syndrome scores，6MWT，DLCO%，FEV₁%，PaO₂，PaCO₂，TGF-β₁，IL-4，IL-13，IL-12，and IFN-γ in the two groups were all significantly improved （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the control group after treatment at the same period，the TCM syndrome scores，6MWT，PaO₂，and PaCO₂ were significantly improved in the observation group after 60 days and 90 days of medication （P<0.01）. Three months after the end of medication，the SGRQ score in the observation group showed significant improvement when compared to that in the control group （P<0.05），and no severe adverse events were reported during the follow-up period. ConclusionCompound Shenlong decoction can alleviate clinical symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing in patients with lung deficiency and collateral stasis syndrome of IPF，enhance exercise tolerance，improve the quality of life，and have certain potential advantages in improving pulmonary function.

Animal experiment is a key link in the scientific research of traditional Chinese medicine,and the syndrome animal model is an important research object in the animal experiment of traditional Chinese medicine.Good reproducibility,repeatability,specificity,safety,convenience and economy are the basic requirements of animal model.In recent years,with the continuous development of animal experimental studies on lung diseases,the animal model construction and evaluation methods of related syndromes have been improved to a certain extent.However,in terms of model evaluation,problems such as more subjective descriptions,less accurate quantification,more macro representations,less microscopic evidence,more disease-related indicators,less syndrome-related indicators,and lack of primary and secondary stratification of indicators continue to be prominent.Therefore,based on the literature review method,the author systematically reviewed the current research progress of lung disease syndrome models,and proposed that strengthening the research on the four-diagnosis manifestations and reaction characteristics of model animals,standardization of modeling interventions,four-diagnosis information collection tool and the objective evaluation study,and the TCM syndrome model evaluation scale study might be feasible approaches for future model optimization.In order to provide new ideas and methods for the study of the syndrome model of lung disease in the future.

Objective To explore the biological basis of different diseases with the same syndrome for pulmonary related comorbidities(pulmonary hypertension,obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,lung cancer)in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)through genomic bioinformatics analysis.Methods GSE110147,GSE113439,GSE135917,GSE106986 and GSE118370 datasets were downloaded as research subjects.The differential genes between each disease group and the control group were screened.Cytoscape 3.10.0 software was used for topology analysis to screen core genes.OmicShare was used to perform GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses on core genes.Results A total of 23 core genes related to IPF was obtained.GO enrichment analysis showed that core genes were mainly enriched in biological processes such as cellular process,metabolic process,biological regulation/biological process,developmental process,localization,response to stimulus,immune system process and signaling;in cellular components such as cellular anatomical entity and protein-containing complex;in molecular functions such as binding,catalytic activity,structural molecule activity,molecular adaptor activity,molecular function regulator and transcription regulator activity.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that core genes were mainly enriched in ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes,AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,Th17 cell differentiation,JAK-STAT signaling pathway,RNA polymerase,neutrophil extracellular trap formation.Conclusion Using genomic bioinformatics analysis to explore the core genes and signaling pathways of pulmonary related comorbidities in IPF can reveal the mechanism of different diseases with the same syndrome for pulmonary related comorbidities in IPF to a certain extent.