According to the Qi-blood-body fluid theory and the association between the spleen in visceral manifestation theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and mitochondria in modern cellular biology， it is proposed that the role of the spleen in generating and transforming Qi and blood is analogous to the energy-producing function of mitochondria—both serving as fundamental power sources for vital activities of the human body. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， playing a critical role in energy metabolism and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Similarly， mitochondria are vital for maintaining physiological functions such as cellular energy supply， cell survival， and overall human metabolism. Furthermore， spleen deficiency is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly， mitochondrial energy conversion and substance metabolism are regarded as the microscopic essence of the spleen's function in transportation and transformation. Spleen deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the formation of pathological products such as phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis. This aligns with the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， with Qi deficiency as the root cause and phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis as the manifestations. Therefore， the integrative treatment of COPD should follow the therapeutic principle of invigorating the spleen and reinforcing healthy Qi， while also resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis to address both root cause and manifestations. This approach can improve the mitochondrial function， regulate energy metabolism， and reduce oxidative stress levels to alleviate COPD symptoms， slow down disease progression， and improve prognosis. By integrating the holistic concept of TCM with molecular mechanisms of modern medicine， this paper explores the pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of COPD from the spleen-mitochondria correlation. It not only provides a new direction for the modern development of TCM and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine but also offers a theoretical foundation for the integrated treatment of chronic， complex age-related diseases.

According to the Qi-blood-body fluid theory and the association between the spleen in visceral manifestation theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and mitochondria in modern cellular biology， it is proposed that the role of the spleen in generating and transforming Qi and blood is analogous to the energy-producing function of mitochondria—both serving as fundamental power sources for vital activities of the human body. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， playing a critical role in energy metabolism and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Similarly， mitochondria are vital for maintaining physiological functions such as cellular energy supply， cell survival， and overall human metabolism. Furthermore， spleen deficiency is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly， mitochondrial energy conversion and substance metabolism are regarded as the microscopic essence of the spleen's function in transportation and transformation. Spleen deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the formation of pathological products such as phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis. This aligns with the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， with Qi deficiency as the root cause and phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis as the manifestations. Therefore， the integrative treatment of COPD should follow the therapeutic principle of invigorating the spleen and reinforcing healthy Qi， while also resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis to address both root cause and manifestations. This approach can improve the mitochondrial function， regulate energy metabolism， and reduce oxidative stress levels to alleviate COPD symptoms， slow down disease progression， and improve prognosis. By integrating the holistic concept of TCM with molecular mechanisms of modern medicine， this paper explores the pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of COPD from the spleen-mitochondria correlation. It not only provides a new direction for the modern development of TCM and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine but also offers a theoretical foundation for the integrated treatment of chronic， complex age-related diseases.

Ulcerative colitis （UC） is a chronic non-specific inflammatory disease characterized by the damage of the epithelial barrier of the colon and the destruction of immune homeostasis. It has a long course， no recovery and high recurrence rate， and is recognized as a difficult digestive disease. MicroRNA （miRNA） has been confirmed to be specifically or differentially expressed in both UC patients and UC animal models， so miRNA can be used as markers for UC diagnosis or reference for treatment evaluation. TCM therapy has a definite therapeutic effect， a wide range of effects， and minimal side effects in the treatment of UC， so this article takes miRNA as the starting point and systematically elaborates on the mechanism of TCM regulating UC related signaling pathways by regulating the expression of miRNA. The results show that chlorogenic acid， Anchang decoction， and Fuyang huoxue jiedu formula can regulate the expressions of miR-155， miR-146a and miR-31-5p， etc.， thereby inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription （STAT） signal pathway transduction to improve UC. Limonin， ginsenoside Rh2， artesunate， etc. can inhibit nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway conduction to improve UC by regulating the expressions of miR-214， miR- 155 and miR-19a， etc. Nitidine chloride， berberine， resveratrol， etc. can regulate the expressions of miR-31， miR-146a， miR- 146b， etc.， thereby inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） signaling pathway to improve UC. Mango polyphenolics， Compound qinbai granules， and Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides can regulate the expressions of miR-126 and miR-193a-3p， thereby inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin （PI3K/AKT/mTOR） signaling pathway to improve UC.

Objective: To analyse of risk factors for early complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 280 cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University from January 1999 to October 2009, including 175 males and 105 females; the average age was 57 years, the range is 19 to 81 years old. Observe the perioperative condition and postoperative complications of the patient. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze risk factors associated with early postoperative complications. Results: Among the 280 patients, 81.1% had preoperative jaundice with obstructive jaundice, the median operation time was 5.5 h. the intraoperative blood loss was (558.0±35.0) ml, 16 patients underwent multiple organ resection. The total postoperative complications was 31.1%. Common postoperative complications were abdominal infection/abscess (10.4%), hemorrhage (7.1%), and pancreatic fistula (2.1%). The pancreaticoenterostomy was mainly performed with a nested end-to-end anastomosis (87.1%) and a bundled pancreaticojejunostomy (7.9%). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, comorbidity, jaundice, preoperative yellowing, pancreatic texture, pancreatic duct placement, prophylactic application of somatostatin, combined organ resection and pancreaticojejunostomy were not predictor of major postoperative complications. Conclusions The incidence of early abdominal complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy is high. There is no significant correlation between the common risk factors in perioperative period and the occurrence of serious complications in the early postoperative period.

Objective Investigating the CT features and related prognostic factors of high-grade renal clear cell carcinoma.Methods The data of 141 patients with renal clear cell carcinoma treated by radical nephrectomy in our hospital from November 2012 to April 2017 were analyzed retrospectively.There were 102 males and 39 females.Age from 30 to 86 years old.The tumors were located in the left side in 73 cases and 68 in the right.The tumor size ranged from 1.6 cm to 12.7 cm.50 cases of clinical stage T1a,stage T1b 67 cases,24 cases above T2.All patients had CT examination before operation.According to the postoperative pathological nuclear grade,patients were divided into high grade group (Ⅲ-Ⅳ) and low grade group (grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ),clinical data and CT findings were compared between the two groups (tumor size,capsule,CT,with or without leafs,with or without hemorrhagic necrosis),survival situation after the operation.Result The results of CT examination of 141 cases of this study indicated there were 109 cases of complete capsule,85 cases of tumor showed lobulation,102 cases of tumor showed hemorrhagic necrosis,the average CT value is 10-72 HU,35.4 HU in average;enhanced CT value is 32-308 HU,102.1 HU in average.After pathological examination,the nuclear classification was 66 cases in high grade group and 75 cases in low grade group.The CT examination in thc high grade group and the low grade group showed the number of cases with complete capsule [44 cases (33.3％) vs.65 cases (13.3％)] and plain CT scan value [(38.9 ± 1.1) HU) vs.(32.3 ± 1.1) HU],the difference was statistically of significance (P ＜0.01).The high level of patients in group T1 and group above T2 stage were 46 cases and 20 cases.And the cases of low grade group were 71 cases and 4 cases,there was significant difference between two groups (P ＜ 0.01).The 141 cases were followed up for 2-58 months,with an average of 26.4 months.There was statistical significance difference between the two groups of T1 patients and patients above T2 (P ＜ 0.01).The results of CT examination were compared.There were significant differences in the case of intact capsule and the value of CT scan (P ＜ 0.01).The overall survival rate between the two groups was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The CT examination of high-grade renal cell carcinoma shows that most of the capsule is not complete and the CT value of the scan is much higher.The pathological grading of renal cell careinoma indicates the malignancy of tumor cells,which is closely related to prognosis.

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment experiences for pancreatic trauma. Methods Clinical data of 25 patients with pancreatic trauma admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from August 2003 to July 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 17 males and 8 females, with age ranging from 7 to 54 years and a median age of 26 years. The informed consents of all patients were obtained and the local ethical committee approval had been received. According to the scale of American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) for pancreatic trauma, 3 cases were classiifed as gradeⅠ, 9 as gradeⅡ, 7 as gradeⅢ, 5 as gradeⅣand 1 as gradeⅤ. The diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the patients were observed. Results Two patients were observed with consciousness disorders and the other 23 suffered from acute abdominal pain of varying extent. Elevated serum amylase was observed in 63% (15/24) of the cases. Seven cases were observed with increasing amylase via abdominocentesis before operation. Seventeen cases underwent preoperative ultrasound examination and the rate of conifrmed diagnosis was 41%(7/17). Fourteen cases underwent preoperative CT scan and the rate of conifrmed diagnosis was 71%(10/14). Three grade I cases underwent peripancreatic drainage alone. Among the 9 cases of gradeⅡ, 2 received conservative therapy, 6 underwent peripancreatic drainage and 1 received pancreatic rupture repair. Among the 7 cases of gradeⅢ, 4 underwent proximal pancreatic stump closure+distal pancreaticojejunostomy, 2 underwent distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy and 1 underwent distal pancreatectomy alone. Among the 5 cases of gradeⅣ, 4 underwent proximal pancreatic stump closure+distal pancreaticojejunostomy and 1 underwent proximal pancreatic stump closure+distal pancreaticogastrostomy. One case of gradeⅤunderwent pancreatic necrosectomy+duodenorrhaphy+peripancreatic drainage. Of the 25 patients, 2 death case were observed, 6 developed pancreatic ifstula and 5 developed pancreatic pseudocyst after operation. One patient with pancreatic ifstula was cured after receiving pancreatic duct stent drainage by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Two patients with pancreatic pseudocyst were cured after undergoing cyst drainage. The other patients with pancreatic ifstula and pseudocyst were cured after undergoing ultrasound-guided puncture drainage. Conclusions Increasing amylase in the serum and lfuid by abdominocentesis before operation can be regarded as indicators of pancreatic trauma. Preoperative CT scan is of certain signiifcance in the diagnosis and classifying the pancreatic trauma. Surgical operation for pancreatic trauma should be selected according to the types, grades of trauma and related complications.

Objective To study biliary excretion of ceftriaxone sodium in humans. Methods Twelve biliary calculi patients were infused with a single dose of 2.0g ceftriaxone half an hour before operation and the common bile duct bile and gallbladder bile samples were coUected in the operations. The bile drug concentrations were assayed by HPLC. Results The results of clinical study on the bile drug showed that the concentrations (C) of ceftriaxone in common bile duct and gallbladder were (264.43±166.46) μg/ml and (85.39 ±48.16) μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion Ceftriaxone reaches high concentrations in humans' bile, and it could be chosen as a good antibiotics for the treament of biliary infection.

The aim of surgical Chinese-English bilingual teaching is to improve medical students’ ability of foreign language and international intercommunication. Many methods are used to improve surgical Chinese-English bilingual teaching results,including understanding the importance,training persons qualified to teach,using and constructing English textbook,doing well examination,encouraging students to study and explore investigation of bilingual teaching.

0.05). Conclusions One mechanism of SF pretreatment cardioprotective effect is mediated by bradykinin. The combined use of SF and CP doesn′t result in significant improvement, and thenefore is not advocated.