Olfactory dysfunction has a high prevalence in the elderly, which not only affects people′s quality of life and mental health but also is a clinical manifestation of neuropsychiatric diseases, especially of neurocognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer′s disease (AD)). AD is a common neurodegenerative disease which is mainly characterized by progressive dementia and cannot be cured.It could impose heavy burden on patients, families and society. Screening AD-related biomarkers can greatly benefit the early diagnosis and treatment of AD and further delay the progress of the disease. Olfactory impairment is closely related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Olfactory screening tests could help the early identification of these disorders. Therefore, this article aims to review the latest researches on the association between olfactory dysfunction and conventional diagnostic methods of MCI and AD, and further evaluate the research value of olfactory impairment in studies of common neurocognitive disorders.

Olfactory dysfunction has a high prevalence in the elderly, which not only affects people′s quality of life and mental health but also is a clinical manifestation of neuropsychiatric diseases, especially of neurocognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer′s disease (AD)). AD is a common neurodegenerative disease which is mainly characterized by progressive dementia and cannot be cured.It could impose heavy burden on patients, families and society. Screening AD-related biomarkers can greatly benefit the early diagnosis and treatment of AD and further delay the progress of the disease. Olfactory impairment is closely related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Olfactory screening tests could help the early identification of these disorders. Therefore, this article aims to review the latest researches on the association between olfactory dysfunction and conventional diagnostic methods of MCI and AD, and further evaluate the research value of olfactory impairment in studies of common neurocognitive disorders.

Objective To systematically review the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus modified electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on efficacy of treating depression.Methods Pubmed,Embase,Web of science,Cochrane library,CNKI,WanFang Data and CBM were searched since the database establishment till March in 2017 for randomized controlled trials(RCTs) that compared the efficacy of rTMS and ECT on depression mainly by assessment of response rate,and the mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score and remission rate. The dropout rate was also analyzed. The meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. Results Fourteen RCTs involving 671 patients were finally included. The results showed that there was no significant difference between two therapies on the response rate (OR=0.71,95% CI: 0.46-1.10, P=0.120), remission rate(OR=0.67,95%CI:0.39-1.15,P=0.140)and dropout rate(OR=0.48,95%CI:0.23-1.01,P=0.050).Subgroup analysis showed ECT was more effective on psychotic depression(OR=0.27,95% CI:0.12-0.60,P=0.001).Moreover, mean HDRS score after the ECT was significantly lower than rTMS treatment(MD=2.04,95%CI:0.58-3.50, P=0.006).Conclusion rTMS has the same efficacy and acceptability as ECT for depression treatment,and ECT seems to be advantageous on psychotic depression.

Objective To systematically review the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus modified electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on efficacy of treating depression.Methods Pubmed,Embase,Web of science,Cochrane library,CNKI,WanFang Data and CBM were searched since the database establishment till March in 2017 for randomized controlled trials(RCTs) that compared the efficacy of rTMS and ECT on depression mainly by assessment of response rate,and the mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score and remission rate. The dropout rate was also analyzed. The meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. Results Fourteen RCTs involving 671 patients were finally included. The results showed that there was no significant difference between two therapies on the response rate (OR=0.71,95% CI: 0.46-1.10, P=0.120), remission rate(OR=0.67,95%CI:0.39-1.15,P=0.140)and dropout rate(OR=0.48,95%CI:0.23-1.01,P=0.050).Subgroup analysis showed ECT was more effective on psychotic depression(OR=0.27,95% CI:0.12-0.60,P=0.001).Moreover, mean HDRS score after the ECT was significantly lower than rTMS treatment(MD=2.04,95%CI:0.58-3.50, P=0.006).Conclusion rTMS has the same efficacy and acceptability as ECT for depression treatment,and ECT seems to be advantageous on psychotic depression.

Aim To investigate the effects of 3 ,5 ,2 ’ , 4’-tetrahydroxychalcone (P40) on urate excretion, as well as mRNA and protein expressions of renal URAT1 and GLUT9 in hyperuricemic mice. Methods Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups:normal control group, hyperuricemic group ( model group), P40 2. 0, 4. 0, 8. 0 mg·kg-1 groups and positive control group. All drugs were administered in-tragastrically to mice for 5 doses. Hyperuricemic mice were induced by intraperitoneal injection of uric acid (0. 15 g·kg-1 body weight) for 3 times. The urate levels were assayed with the phosphotungstic acid method. The mRNA and protein expressions of GLUT9 and URAT1 were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. Results P40 at a dose of 4. 0 and 8. 0 mg · kg-1 significantly reduced the serum urate levels in a dose-dependent manner, when compared with untreat-ed hyperuricemic mice ( P<0. 05 or 0. 01 ) . The he-patic urate contents decreased in untreated-and treated-hyperuricemic mice as compared with normal mice ( P<0. 01 ) . Furthermore, P40 had no influence on the renal URAT1 mRNA and protein expression levels, while it could down-regulate renal GLUT9 protein ex-pression but not mRNA expression in hyperuricemic mice. Conclusion P40 possesses potent uricosuric effects associated with urate reabsorption by down-regu-lating the protein expression of GLUT9 in kidney.

BACKGROUND:Compared with conventional medications, drug micro-capsule system can control the release of drugs and have wel target properties and biocompatibility. The drugs can be concentrated at the focus and play an important role in clinic. OBJECTIVE:To prepare dacarbazine magnetic micro-capsules with different capsule materials and gelatin complex by coacervation, and to optimize capsule materials and preparation process. METHODS:Fe 3 O 4 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The solution complex coacervation method was better than the emulsion coacervation method. As for the solution complex coacervation method, the optimal capsule material was gelatin-sodium alginate, with drug embedding rate 37.90%, the yield rate 72.31%, and the average magnetization intensity 8.53 emu/g. The second material was gelatin-chitosan. As a capsule material, the gelatin was better than chitosan with single coagulation method. Drug embedding rate was 51.58%, the yield rate was 64.50%, and the average magnetization was 6.93 emu/g. Single coagulation method was better than coacervation method. complex coacervation, we prepared the gelatin-Arabic gum magnetic micro-capsule, gelatin-sodium alginate magnetic micro-capsules, gelatin-sodium carboxymethyl cel ulose magnetic micro-capsules, and gelatin-chitosan magnetic micro-capsules. With the emulsion complex coacervation method, we further prepared the gelatin-Arabic gum magnetic micro-capsule, gelatin-sodium alginate magnetic micro-capsules, gelatin-sodium carboxymethyl cel ulose magnetic micro-capsules, and gelatin-chitosan magnetic micro-capsules. The magnetic gelatin micro-capsules and magnetic chitosan micro-capsules were prepared with single coagulation method. The micro-capsules were determined for the embedding rate, the magnetic susceptibility, the micro-capsule size and the release performance, to define the optimal preparation technology of dacarbazine magnetic micro-capsules.

Histopathological examination of testes is important in assessing spermatogenesis and testicular function. Modified Davidson's fluid (mDF) has been proposed as a superior substitute for Bouin's fluid (BF) for fixation of adult animal testes. Besides, 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) has been commonly used to fix testes with convenience. We compared the morphology of the rat testis fixed in 4% PFA, mDF, or BF using hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained sections. Fixation in 4% PFA resulted in obvious tissue shrinkage artifacts, especially between seminiferous epithelium cells. Shrinkage artifacts were also observed in the central area of the testes fixed in BF. Use of mDF did not cause shrinkage artifacts between seminiferous tubules, though a small amount can be observed in seminiferous tubules between germ cells. Clarity of nuclear detail in testes fixed in mDF and BF is better compared to 4% PFA. Our study demonstrated that fixation in mDF provided better morphologic details in the rat testis as compared with 4% PFA and BF.

Histopathological examination of testes is important in assessing spermatogenesis and testicular function.Modified Davidson's fluid (mDF) has been proposed as a superior substitute for Bouin's fluid (BF) for fixation of adult animal testes.Besides,4％ paraformaldehyde (PFA) has been commonly used to fix testes with convenience.We compared the morphology of the rat testis fixed in 4％ PFA,mDF,or BF using hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained sections.Fixation in 4％ PFA resulted in obvious tissue shrinkage artifacts,especially between seminiferous epithelium cells.Shrinkage artifacts were also observed in the central area of the testes fixed in BF.Use of mDF did not cause shrinkage artifacts between seminiferous tubules,though a small amount can be observed in seminiferous tubules between germ cells.Clarity of nuclear detail in testes fixed in mDF and BF is better compared to 4％ PFA.Our study demonstrated that fixation in mDF provided better morphologic details in the rat testis as compared with 4％ PFA and BF.

Objective To investigate the effects of the intervention,rehabilitation and speech development of children with severe hearing loss in some rural areas.Methods 61 children,including 35 males and 26 females,were diagnosed as severe hearing loss with ABR and 40 Hz-AERP from June 2004 to July 2008.All the children failed hearing screening or visited the hospital as outpatients.The ages ranged from 2 to 72 months with the average age of 17.59 months.During telephone follow-up,the questionnaire was used to gather the data regarding the usage of hearing aids,hearing and speech rehabilitation,speech development,and communication abilities.Results 33 (54.10%) children were fitted with hearing aids,and 2 (3.28%) received cochlear implants,while 26(42.62 %) neither had hearing aids nor cochlear implants.10 cases with hearing aids also had speech training,whereas 23 children with hearing aids did not receive the training.2 cases with cochlear implants and 2 cases with hearing aids were found to have good speech development and communication ability,while 31 cases with hearing aids had delayed speech development.26 cases without any devices had to rely on sign language for their commumication.Conclusion Children in rural area with severe hearing loss experience greater speech and communication difficulties because many of them have no access to intervention and speech training.The results suggest that it would be very important to increase public awareness and educate parents to have their children wear hearing aids and receive speech training.

Objective To investigate the significance of genomic amplification of the telomerase RNA component (TERC) gene to serve as a genetic biomarker in the screening of cervicallesions.Methods A total of 715 cases were recruited,with liquid-based cytology diagnosis as normal (n=347),atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS,n=180),atypical squamous cells cannot exclude a high-grade lesion (ASC-H,n=13),low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL,n=115),high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions(HSIL,n=59)and atypical glandular cells(AGC,n=1).The remaining cervical cells in the cytological preserving fluid were analyzed using a two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe targeted to chromosome 3q26 containing TERC gene.The TERC gene findings were compared to the cytological and histological detected results,as well as high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detected results.Results Genomic amplification of TERC gene was found in 5.8% of normal specimens,22.2% of ASCUS.30.8% of ASC-H,27.8% of LSIL,86.4% of HSIL and 1/1 of AGC.The positive rate was significantly lower in normal,ASCUS,ASC-H and ISIL.compared with HSIL(all P<0.01).Significantly more cells with genomic amplification of TERC gene were found in cervical intraepithelial lesion(CIN) Ⅱ-Ⅲ than CIN Ⅰ (77.8% vs.9.3%),as well as invasive cervical cancer (96.7% vs.9.3%).both P < 0.01.The rate of TERC gene amplification was higher in HPV positive patients (33.5%) than in HPV negative patients(5.2%,P<0.01).The sensitivity of TERC gene amplification was significantly higher than that of cytological screening (81.88% vs.36.96%,P<0.01) in the differentiation of CIN Ⅱ or higher and CIN Ⅰ or lower diseases,its specificity Was hisher than high-risk HPV test (93.32% vs.33.93%,P<0.01) and positive prediction value (81.29%) was similar with cytological method (86.44%,P>0.05);but its negative prediction value (93.56%) was lower than HPV test (97.06%,P<0.05).Conclusions The positive rates of TERC gene amplification increased as cervical diseases worsened.TERC gene amplification is related to HPV infection.The gain of chromosome 3q26 in cytological specimens is an effective molecular genetic biomarker in screening of CIN Ⅱ or higher and invasive cervical cancer.