OBJECTIVE To explore the short-term efficacy,safety and related influencing factors of subcutaneous immunotherapy(SCIT)in children with allergic rhinitis(AR).METHODS Retrospective analyzed the clinical data of 147 children with AR who underwent SCIT at Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University from August 2020 to May 2024.The clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters were collected,the visual analogue scale(VAS),total symptom score(TSS),total medication score(TMS)and combined symptom medication score(CSMS)were compared at the baseline and 3,6 and 12 months after treatment.The incidence of local adverse reactions(LRs)and systemic adverse reactions(SRs)during treatment was also documented.RESULTS A total of 147 children with AR aged 5-18 years were included in the study.A significant reduction was observed in VAS,TSS,TMS and CSMS at months 3,6 and 12 of follow up compared with baseline(all P<0.001),and the short-term onset time was months 3 after treatment.The level of VitD3 in the effective group was significantly higher than that in the ineffective group(P<0.001).Serum VitD3 level was negatively correlated with clinical symptom(R=-0.3,P=0.026).The total number of injections in 147 children was 3201.LRs occurred in 52 children(35.4％),the number of injections was 69(2.2％).SRs occurred in 21 children(14.3％),and the number of injections was 34(1.1％).No grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ SRs occurred.In the logistic regression analysis,body mass index(BMI)was a risk factor for LRs(OR:2.220,95％CI:1.009-4.887,P=0.048).CONCLUSION SCIT demonstrates significant early efficacy and a favorable safety profile safety in children with AR.Serum Vitamin D3 deficiency can affect the short-term efficacy of SCIT.Overweight and obese children are prone to develop local adverse reactions.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and myocardial remodeling is at the core of the development and progression of most cardiovascular diseases. Purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor(P2X7R) is a member of the purinergic receptor family, which is expressed in immune cells, cardiac smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells, and plays an important role in pathological processes related to immune system regulation, neuroprotection, and inflammatory responses. Activation of P2X7R plays an important role in myocardial remodeling, including myocardial fibrosis, myocardial hypertrophy, and heart failure. Therefore, this article reviews the structural and functional properties of P2X7R and its mechanism of action in myocardial remodeling.

Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver injury resulting from factors like viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fatty liver disease, and cholestatic liver disease. Liver transplantation is currently the gold standard for treating severe liver diseases. However, it is limited by a shortage of donor organs and the necessity for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into various liver cells and enhance liver function when transplanted into patients due to their differentiation and proliferation capabilities. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative therapy for treating liver diseases, especially for liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver transplant complications. However, due to the potential tumorigenic effects of MSCs, researchers are exploring a new approach to treating liver fibrosis using extracellular vesicles (exosomes) secreted by stem cells. Many studies show that exosomes released by stem cells can promote liver injury repair through various pathways, contributing to the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which stem cell exosomes affect liver fibrosis through different pathways and their potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, we discuss the advantages of exosome therapy over stem cell therapy and the possible future directions of exosome research, including the prospects for clinical applications and the challenges to be overcome.

Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver injury resulting from factors like viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fatty liver disease, and cholestatic liver disease. Liver transplantation is currently the gold standard for treating severe liver diseases. However, it is limited by a shortage of donor organs and the necessity for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into various liver cells and enhance liver function when transplanted into patients due to their differentiation and proliferation capabilities. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative therapy for treating liver diseases, especially for liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver transplant complications. However, due to the potential tumorigenic effects of MSCs, researchers are exploring a new approach to treating liver fibrosis using extracellular vesicles (exosomes) secreted by stem cells. Many studies show that exosomes released by stem cells can promote liver injury repair through various pathways, contributing to the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which stem cell exosomes affect liver fibrosis through different pathways and their potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, we discuss the advantages of exosome therapy over stem cell therapy and the possible future directions of exosome research, including the prospects for clinical applications and the challenges to be overcome.

Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver injury resulting from factors like viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fatty liver disease, and cholestatic liver disease. Liver transplantation is currently the gold standard for treating severe liver diseases. However, it is limited by a shortage of donor organs and the necessity for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into various liver cells and enhance liver function when transplanted into patients due to their differentiation and proliferation capabilities. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative therapy for treating liver diseases, especially for liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver transplant complications. However, due to the potential tumorigenic effects of MSCs, researchers are exploring a new approach to treating liver fibrosis using extracellular vesicles (exosomes) secreted by stem cells. Many studies show that exosomes released by stem cells can promote liver injury repair through various pathways, contributing to the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which stem cell exosomes affect liver fibrosis through different pathways and their potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, we discuss the advantages of exosome therapy over stem cell therapy and the possible future directions of exosome research, including the prospects for clinical applications and the challenges to be overcome.

Childhood obesity has become a global public health issue. The incidence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children has rapidly increased with the increase in obesity. Thus, NAFLD has become one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in children. Currently, there are no officially approved drugs for the treatment of NAFLD in children. Lifestyle changes, including dietary and exercise interventions, are first-line treatment options for NAFLD in children in the absence of effective drugs. This article reviews the latest progress of these years in dietary and exercise interventions in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in obese children.

Childhood obesity has become a global public health issue. The incidence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children has rapidly increased with the increase in obesity. Thus, NAFLD has become one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in children. Currently, there are no officially approved drugs for the treatment of NAFLD in children. Lifestyle changes, including dietary and exercise interventions, are first-line treatment options for NAFLD in children in the absence of effective drugs. This article reviews the latest progress of these years in dietary and exercise interventions in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in obese children.

Perimenopausal syndrome （MPS）， a common endocrine system disease， is one of the diseases responding specifically to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. The China Association of Chinese Medicine organized experts in endocrinology， gynecology， and interdisciplinary fields of both Western and Chinese medicine to discuss the advantages and challenges of diagnosing and treating MPS with Western medicine， TCM， and integrative medicine. Experts at the conference believe that MPS is initiated by estrogen decline and rooted in deficiency， with the pathogenesis being imbalance between Yin and Yang in the kidney. The hormone replacement therapy in Western medicine for menopause can rapidly alleviate related symptoms by quickly restoring the estrogen level and timely detect and delay complications of menopause， whereas such a therapy has certain risks， necessitating close monitoring of adverse reactions. Moreover， the various contraindications and precautions limit the clinical application of the hormone replacement therapy. TCM has advantages in synergistically alleviating symptoms such as hot flashes， sweating， sleep disorders， and emotional abnormalities of MPS without causing obvious adverse reactions. However， its efficacy is slower than the hormone replacement therapy， and the TCM evidence for preventing and treating complications of menopause remains unclear. Three suggestions were proposed for the future development of both Western and TCM for ameliorating MPS. First， an integrated diagnosis and treatment system for MPS with both Western and Chinese medicine should be established. Second， high-quality evidence-based interventions for MPS should be developed with TCM alone or in combination with Western medicine. Third， efforts should be made to promote the new TCM drug development and the interdisciplinary cooperation for treating MPS.

Objective: To investigate the serum anti-mumps IgG antibody levels among children aged 0 to 4 years in Haishu District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into improvements for mumps vaccination program. Methods: Children aged 0 to 4 years were sampled from Haishu District using a stratified random sampling method in 2016 (before adjustment of the mumps vaccination program) and 2022 (after adjustment of the mumps vaccination program). Participants' demographics were collected using questionnaires, and the coverage of mumps-containing vaccines was collected from the Ningbo Municipal Immunization Information System. Serum anti-mumps IgG antibody was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the seroprevalence of anti-mumps IgG antibody and geometric mean concentration (GMC) were estimated among children aged 0 to 4 years in 2016 and 2022. Results: A total of 464 children were enrolled in 2016, including 250 boys (53.88%) and 214 girls (46.12%), and there were 301 children receiving mumps-containing vaccines (64.87%). The seroprevalence of anti-mumps IgG antibody were 48.08%, 34.44%, 81.11%, 84.44% and 84.44%, and GMC were 233.86, 351.77, 333.66, 362.29 and 410.72 U/mL. A total of 456 children were recruited in 2022, including 236 boys (51.75%) and 220 girls (48.25%), and there were 427 children receiving mumps-containing vaccines (93.64%). The seroprevalence of anti-mumps IgG antibody were 72.73%, 95.00%, 100.00%, 98.68% and 99.04%, and GMC were 524.05, 1 229.69, 1 623.64, 788.01 and 738.41 U/mL. Higher seroprevalence and GMC of anti-mumps IgG antibody was seen in 2022 than in 2016 among children at all age groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Following adjustment for vaccination programs, the seroprevalence and GMC of anti-mumps IgG antibody significantly increased among children at ages of 0 to 4 years in Haishu District.

Objective:To prepare PLGA nanoparticles loaded with Der f 1/IGF-1（Der f 1/IGF-1 NPs） and investigate their role in promoting the formation of Treg cells. Methods:NPs coated with Der f 1/IGF-1 were prepared by double emulsion method and their physicochemical properties and cumulative release rate in vitro were analyzed. After pretreatment, BMDC was divided into Saline group, Blank NPs group, Der f 1/IGF-1 group and Der f 1/IGF-1 NPs group. Determination of the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β in BMDC by ELISA. The number of Treg cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results:The results showed that Der f 1/IGF-1 NPs were spherical structures, with good dispersion, particle size less than 200 nm, negative charge and stable slow-release effect of Zeta potential. After BMDC pretreatment, the expression levels of TGF-β and IL-10 in BMDC cells in the Der f 1/IGF-1 NPs group were significantly increased compared with the Blank NPs group, and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.001）. After co-culture with CD4+ T cells, the proportion of Treg cells produced in the Der f 1/IGF-1 NPs group was significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.001）. Conclusion:Der f 1/IGF-1 NPs can induce Treg cell generation in vitro. This study provides a new and more effective method for the reconstruction of immune tolerance dysfunction.
Humans ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism* ; Interleukin-10/metabolism* ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Nanoparticles/chemistry* ; Particle Size ; Drug Carriers/chemistry*