Myocardial fibrosis is a serious cause of heart failure and even sudden cardiac death. However, the mechanisms underlying myocardial ischemia-induced cardiac fibrosis remain unclear. Here, we identified that the expression of sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1), was increased significantly in the ischemic cardiomyopathy patients, dilated cardiomyopathy patients (GSE116250) and fibrotic heart tissues of mice. Additionally, inhibition or knockdown of SARM1 can improve myocardial fibrosis and cardiac function of myocardial infarction (MI) mice. Moreover, SARM1 fibroblasts-specific knock-in mice had increased deposition of extracellular matrix and impaired cardiac function. Mechanically, elevated expression of SARM1 promotes the deposition of extracellular matrix by directly modulating P4HA1. Notably, by using the Click-iT reaction, we identified that the increased expression of ZDHHC17 promotes the palmitoylation levels of SARM1, thereby accelerating the fibrosis process. Based on the fibrosis-promoting effect of SARM1, we screened several drugs with anti-myocardial fibrosis activity. In conclusion, we have unveiled that palmitoylated SARM1 targeting P4HA1 promotes collagen deposition and myocardial fibrosis. Inhibition of SARM1 is a potential strategy for the treatment of myocardial fibrosis. The sites where SARM1 interacts with P4HA1 and the palmitoylation modification sites of SARM1 may be the active targets for anti-fibrosis drugs.

Gene therapy, harnessing the power of CRISPR-Cas9 and/or DNAzyme systems, stands as a pivotal approach in cancer therapy, enabling the meticulous manipulation of genes pivotal to tumorigenesis and immunity. However, the pursuit of precise gene therapy encounters formidable hurdles. Herein, a near-infrared upconversion theranostic nanomachine is devised and tailors for CRISPR-Cas9/DNAzyme systems mediate precise gene therapy. An ingenious logic DNAzyme system consists of Chain 1 (C1)/Chain 2 (C2) and endogenous lncRNA is designed. We employ manganese modified upconversion nanoparticles for carrying ultraviolet-responsive C1-PC linker-C2 (C₂P) chain and Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), with outermost coats with hyaluronic acid. Upon reaching tumor microenvironment (TME), the released Mn²⁺ ions orchestrate a trifecta: facilitating endosomal escape, activating cGAS-STING signaling, and enabling T1-magnetic resonance imaging. Under near-infrared irradiation, Cas9 RNP/C₂P complex dissociates, releasing Cas9 RNP into the nucleus to perform gene editing of Ptpn2, while C1/C2 chains self-assemble with endogenous lncRNA to form a functional DNAzyme system, targeting PD-L1 mRNA for gene silencing. This strategy remodels the TME by activating cGAS-STING signaling and dual immune checkpoints blockade, thus realizing tumor elimination. Our theranostic nanomachine armed with the CRISPR-Cas9/DNAzyme logic systems, represents a resourceful and promising strategy for advancing cancer systemic immunotherapy and precise gene therapy.

Objective:To discuss the effect of Yes-associated protein(YAP)silencing on the proliferation,migration,and invasion capabilities of the human cervical cancer(CC)SiHa cells.Methods:The human CC SiHa cells were cultured in vitro,and the lentiviral YAP shRNA was transfected into the SiHa cells to establish stably transfected YAP-shRNA experimental group(sh-YAP group)and empty plasmid control group(control group).Western blotting method was used to detect the silencing effect of YAP;immunofluorescence method was used to detect the microfilament number and morphology of actin filaments(F-actin)in the cells in both groups;CCK-8 method was used to detect the survival rates of the cells in two groups;Transwell chamber assay and wound healing assay were used to detect the numbers of migration and invasion cells and scratch healing rates of the cells in two groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)markers(E-cadherin and Snail),DNA damage repair-related proteins(γ-H2AX),and apoptosis-related proteins[c-MYC and B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)]in the cells in two groups.Results:The results of lentiviral YAP shRNA transfection into SiHa cells showed that the expression level of YAP protein in the SiHa cells was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).The immunofluorescence results showed that after YAP silencing,the F-actin in SiHa cells was sparse and regularly arranged,with a reduced number of cells and a shriveled appearance.The CCK-8 results showed that compared with control group,the survival rate of the SiHa cells in sh-YAP group was significantly decreased cultured for 24 and 48 h(P＜0.01).The results of Transwell chamber assay and the wound healing assay showed that compared with control group,the numbers of migration and invasion SiHa cells in sh-YAP group were significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and the cell scratch healing rates were signifiantly decreased(P＜0.05).The Western blotting results showed that compared with control group,the expression level of E-cadherin protein in the cells in sh-YAP group was increased(P＜0.05),and the expression levels of c-MYC,Bcl-2,and γ-H2AX proteins were decreased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion:YAP gene silencing leads to the depolymerization of F-actin in the human CC SiHa cells and regulates the apoptosis and DNA damage repair,potentially reversing the EMT process,thereby inhibiting the proliferation and migration of the tumor cells.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of β-glucan(BG)against intestinal ischemia reperfusion(II/R)injury by regulating the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1).Methods Male C57BL/6 mice(6～8 weeks old)were subjected,and finally,the experiments had sham group,II/R group,II/R+BG group(0.1 mg/mL BG in drinking water for 2 weeks before modeling),II/R+liraglutide(LLT,GLP-1 analogue)group(0.2 μg/g LLT injected every 12 hours for 3 consecutive days before modeling),and II/R+BG+Ex9-39(GLP-1 R antagonist)group(intraperitoneal injection of 2 μg/g Ex9-39 1 h before modeling).After modeling,HE staining was used to observe intestinal morphological changes,and RT-qPCR and Western blotting were employed to evaluate the molecules(Occludin,ZO-1 and Claudin-1)related to intestinal barrier damage.The effect of 0.1 mg/mL BG treatment on the GLP-1 level in the serum and intestinal tissues of normal mice was determined with ELISA and immunofluorescence assay,respectively,and RT-PCR for the molecules related to GLP-1 expression(Gcg,Pcsk1/2,GIP and Foxa2).The effects of LLT and Ex9-39 pretreatment on intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier damage were also determined by morphological observation and expression levels of related molecules.Results II/R induced significant decreases in the mRNA levels of Occludin,ZO-1 and Claudin-1 and increase in Chiu's score when compared with sham control mice(P＜0.05).While,the mRNA levels of the 3 molecules were obviously higher and the Chiu's score was lower in the II/R+BG group than the II/R group(P＜0.05).BG pretreatment induced notably enhanced secretion of GLP-1 in the serum and intestinal tract of normal mice,and improved the mRNA expression of GLP-1-related molecules(P＜0.05).The intervention of GLP-1 analogue LLT could attenuate the II/R damage and decreased Chiu's score,with statistical difference in comparison with the II/R group(P＜0.05).GLP-1 receptor antagonist Ex9-39 reversed the protective effects of BG pretreatment against II/R damage,with notably differences in the expression of Occludin,ZO-1 and Claudin-1 and Chiu's score(P＜0.05).Conclusion BG can attenuate intestinal mucosal and functional injury after II/R by promoting intestinal GLP-1 secretion.

Objective To analyze the diversity and composition changes of gut fungal communities between patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)and healthy controls.Methods A total of 8 CKD patients admitted in Department of Nephrology of our hospital,and another 5 age-and gender-matched healthy individuals were recruited in this study.Fresh fecal samples were collected from the CKD patients and healthy controls.ITS DNA sequencing was employed to determine the composition of intestinal fungi,and then bioinformatics analysis was applied to compare the differences in fungal community diversity,structure,and function between the 2 groups.Results There were no statistical differences between the 2 groups in terms of age,gender composition,BMI,and so forth.The results of Alpha diversity assessment showed statistical differences were observed in Simpson index and Shannon index in the intestinal fungi between the 2 groups(P＜0.01).So was in the Beta diversity between them(P＜0.01).The relative abundance of Candida was increased significantly(P＜0.01),while those of Cladosporium and Penicillium were decreased in the CKD group(P＜0.05).LEfSe analysis revealed that Candida was significantly enriched in CKD patients,whereas Cladosporium and Penicillium were significantly lower in abundance when compared to the healthy control group.Conclusion The composition of intestinal fungi in CKD patients is different from that in healthy individuals,exhibiting characteristic changes.Dysfunction of gut fungal flora may promote the progression of CKD.Regulating gut fungi and restoring gut microbiota homeostasis may become a new strategy for CKD treatment.

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of combined lienal polypeptide injection therapy in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia（MPP）in children aged 3 to 14 years old in multiple clinical centers.Methods:A randomized，controlled，multi-center clinical study design was adopted.A total of 240 hospitalized children aged 3 to 14 years old with MPP from 7 hospitals from September 1，2023 to January 31，2024 were included.According to the severity of pneumonia，they were divided into the mild MPP group with 80 cases and the severe MPP/refractory MPP（SMPP/RMPP）group with 160 cases，and then randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group at a ratio of 1 ∶1，using the random number table method.After screening，subjects entered a treatment period of 5 to 7 days.The control group was treated with azithromycin，while the experimental group was treated with azithromycin plus lienal polypeptide injection .The recovery of lung CT，length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，whether mild cases developed into severe or refractory cases，duration of hormone use，use of intravenous immunoglobulin（IVIG），bronchoscopy treatment，and immune function were observed between the two groups to evaluate the efficacy of lienal polypeptide injection.Adverse events after medication，vital signs，blood routine，urine routine，liver function，myocardial enzymes，renal function，and electrocardiogram were observed to evaluate the safety. Results:A total of 231 subjects have completed the trial in the 7 hospitals，including 118 cases in the experimental group and 113 cases in the control group.Main observation index：the rate of lung CT aggravation in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group（2.6% vs 15.3%， P<0.01），and the difference was statistically significant.Secondary indexes：there were no statistically significant differences in the length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，duration of hormone use，whether IVIG treatment was used，the number of bronchoscopy treatment cases，and immunoglobulin between the two groups（all P>0.05）.However，the rate of cases of plastic bronchitis（PB）found under bronchoscopy in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group（0 vs 18.8%， P=0.03），and the difference was statistically significant.Among the mild MPP（72 cases），there were no statistically significant differences in the length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，duration of hormone use，whether IVIG treatment was used，the number of bronchoscopy treatment cases，and the improvement rate of lung CT between the two groups（all P>0.05）.However，compared with the control group，the rate of cases developing into SMPP/RMPP in the experimental group was less（24.3% vs 48.6%， P=0.03），and the difference in IgG before and after treatment was small［0.53（-0.04，1.18）g/L vs 1.33（0.48，2.25）g/L， P=0.01］.Among the SMPP/RMPP cases（159 cases），the rate of cases of PB found under bronchoscopy in the experimental group was less than that in the control group（0 vs 20%， P=0.04），and the rate of cases with aggravated lung CT in the experimental group was less than that in the control group（1.3% vs 19.5%， P<0.01），and the improvement rate of lung CT in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group（88.8% vs 75.3%， P=0.03），with statistically significant differences.There were no statistically significant differences in the length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，duration of hormone use，whether IVIG treatment was used，the number of bronchoscopy treatment cases，and immunoglobulin between the two groups（all P>0.05）.Two cases in the experimental group developed rashes，which improved after the drug was discontinued.There were no serious adverse reactions such as abnormal vital signs like dyspnea and cyanosis due to the use of lienal polypeptide injection.There were no obvious changes in blood routine，liver function，myocardial enzymes，renal function，electrocardiogram，and urine routine values before and after medication compared with the baseline. Conclusion:The combined use of lienal polypeptide injection in the treatment of MPP in children can reduce the probability of the transformation from mild cases to SMPP/RMPP，reduce the rate of aggravation of the image findings，promote the absorption of lung inflammation，reduce the rate of PB found under bronchoscopy，and has good safety.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of multimodal ultrasound parameters combined with systemic inflammation response index(SIRI)and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR)for efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)in patients with breast cancer(BC).Methods A total of 132 BC patients in the Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University from March 2022 to March 2024 were selected as the study subjects,and they were divided into effective group(n=100)and ineffective group(n=32)according to the NAC results.Multimo-dal ultrasound parameters,SIRI,and NLR before NAC treatment were compared between the two groups.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of ineffective NAC in BC patients.Results After NAC treatment,among 132 BC patients,23 cases achieved complete remission,77 cases achieved partial remission,29 cases had stable disease,and 3 cases had disease progression.The elasticity score and resistance index(RI)in the effective group were significantly lower than those in the ineffective group,while the peak intensity(PI),area under the curve(AUC),and peak systolic velocity(PSV)were significantly higher than those in the ineffec-tive group(P＜0.05).The neutrophil count and monocyte count in the ineffective group were sig-nificantly higher than those in the effective group,while the lymphocyte count was significantly lower than that in the effectivegroup(P＜0.05).Before NAC treatment,the SIRI and NLR in the inef-fective group were significantly higher than those in the effective group(P＜0.05).The proportions of patients with non-triple-negative breast cancer and lymph node metastasis in the ineffective group were significantly higher than those in the effective group(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regres-sion analysis showed that high RI,high SIRI,high NLR,high elasticity score,low PSV,low PI,low AUC,non-triple-negative breast cancer,and lymph node metastasis were risk factors for ineffec-tive NAC in BC patients(P＜0.05).Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis showed that the AUC for predicting the efficacy of NAC in BC by the combination of multimodalultra-sound parameters,SIRI,and NLR was 0.929,which was significantly higher than that of the three independent predictors alone(P＜0.05).Conclusion The combination of multimodal ultrasound parameters,SIRI,and NLR has a high predictive value for the efficacy of NAC in BC and may serve as effective predictors for the efficacy of NAC.

Objective To investigate the status of familial aggregation of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in Jinniu District, Chengdu, and analyze its risk factors so as to provide a basis for developing prevention and control strategies of family aggregation of Hp infection. Methods A total of 172 subjects in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College · 416 Hospital of Nuclear Industry from January 2022 to January 2023 were selected as the research subjects. All subjects underwent 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) to diagnose whether there was Hp infection. Analyze the current situation of family aggregation of Hp infection in the region, collect general data of survey subjects, analyze the relevant factors affecting Hp family aggregation infection, and develop prevention and control strategies based on this. Results A total of 242 people from 97 households were surveyed, and the Hp family aggregation rate was 29.33%. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in family aggregation of Hp infection in terms of different age groups (χ²=9.719, P=0.008), marital status (χ²=8.496, P=0.014), occupations (χ²=19.462, P<0.001), frequencies of dining out (χ²=5.457, P=0.019), previous Hp test results (χ² =4.131, P=0.042) and test results after treatment (χ²=12.000, P=0.001), with statistical significance (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the frequency of dining out 2 days or more per week and a positive Hp test results in the past were risk factors for family aggregation of Hp infection, while the occupation of teachers/medical staff/management/technology personnel and a negative Hp results after treatment were protective factors (P<0.05). Conclusion Family aggregation of Hp infection is related to family members' occupation, frequency of dining out, previous Hp test results and Hp test results after eradication, which deserves attention in clinical practice.

Objective:This study aims to explore the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients and the screening value of serological indicators for HEV infection patients.Methods:Retrospective analysis was conducted on 97 440 cases of anti-HEV IgM and IgG simultaneously tested in two Beijing hospitals from January 1, 2018 to August 31, 2023. Among them, there were 61 005 males and 36 435 females, with an average age of 51.65±13.05 years old. According to the positivity of anti HEV specific antibodies, they were divided into anti-HEV IgM positive group (3 588 cases), anti-HEV IgG positive group (18 083 cases), and anti-HEV antibody negative group (78 892 cases). Results of HEV RNA, liver function, AFP, PIVKA-Ⅱ and PT were collected, and their basic clinical information were recorded. The prevalence of HEV infection in patients, as well as the relationship between the positivity of anti-HEV specific antibodies and the patient′s age group, HEV RNA, and clinical characteristics were analyzed.Results:Among 97 440 patients who tested anti-HEV IgM and IgG simultaneously, the positivity rate of anti-HEV IgM was 3.68% (3 588/97 440), and was 18.56% for anti-HEV IgG (18 083/97 440). The overall positivity rates of anti-HEV IgM in two Beijing hospitals from 2018 to 2023 were 2.51%, 2.53%, 3.02%, 4.59%, 5.72%, and 4.26% ( χ2=1 401.73, P<0.001), while the positivity rates of anti-HEV IgG were 12.56%, 12.32%, 12.85%, 22.65%, 27.42%, and 26.66% ( χ2=1 058.29, P<0.001). These rates showed a gradual increase until 2023 when a decline was observed. The positivity rates of anti-HEV IgM (2.28%, 3.60%, 4.47%) ( χ2=89.62, P<0.001) and IgG (4.71%, 17.86%, 25.94%) ( χ2=2 017.32, P<0.001) increased with age in patients who aged 1-30, >30-60, and over 60 years old. The age and ALB values of patients in the anti-HEV IgM positive group were lower than the IgG-positive group, while the proportion of males, TBIL, ALT, AFP and PT values were higher than the IgG-positive group, and the differences were statistically significance ( P<0.05). Furthermore, patients in both the anti-HEV IgM and IgG positive groups had higher age, male proportion, TBIL, ALT, AFP, PIVKA-Ⅱ, and PT values than the anti-HEV negative group. Additionally, both groups had lower ALB values than the anti-HEV negative group, all of which were statistically significant ( P<0.05). 2 162 HEV infected patients were grouped based on HEV RNA positivity. The proportion of anti-HEV IgM single positive, IgG single positive, IgM+IgG double positive, and antibody negative patients in the HEV RNA positive group were 5.42% (18/332), 3.62% (12/332), 90.36% (300/332), and 0.60% (2/332), respectively. Among them, the proportion of anti-HEV IgM+IgG double positive patients in the HEV RNA positive group was higher than that in the HEV RNA negative group ( χ2=302.87, P<0.001), while the proportion of anti-HEV IgG single positive ( χ2=174.36, P<0.001) and anti-HEV antibody negative patients ( χ2=59.28, P<0.001) were lower than that in the HEV RNA negative group, both of which were statistically significant ( P<0.001). In addition, the positive rates of HEV RNA in anti-HEV IgM positive, IgG positive, and antibody negative patients were 29.23% (318/1 088), 17.59% (312/1 774), and 0.65% (2/306), respectively. Conclusion:The HEV infection rate among patients declined in 2023. HEV infection is age-related, with older individuals being more susceptible. Abnormal liver function and jaundice were commonly observed during HEV infection. It is crucial to note that the absence of anti-HEV specific antibodies cannot rule out HEV infection; therefore, additional testing for HEV RNA and/or HEV Ag is necessary for accurate diagnosis.

BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)can release a large number of exosomes(Exos).The effect of Exos derived from BMSCs on hepatocyte apoptosis and the specific mechanism has not been fully clarified. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of miR-21-5p carried by Exos derived from BMSCs on apoptosis of rat liver cells and its mechanism. METHODS:Rat BMSCs were isolated and miR-21-5p NC or miR-21-5p inhibitor was transfected into BMSCs.The Exos were extracted by ultracentrifugation and named(BMSCs+miR-21-5p NC)-Exos and(BMSCs+miR-21-5p inhibitor)-Exos.BMSCs-derived Exos were co-cultured with rat hepatocytes to observe the effect of inhibiting miR-21-5p expression on the apoptosis of rat hepatocytes.The targeting relationship between miR-21-5p and PIK3R1 was verified by double luciferase reporter gene detection.TUNEL was used to detect the effect of miR-21-5p directly targeting PIK3R1 in Exos to activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway on hepatocyte apoptosis in BRL rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The double luciferase reporting system confirmed that when PI3KR1 wild type vector and miR-21-5p mimics co-transfected 293T cells,the luciferase activity decreased significantly compared with the PI3KR1 mutant vector co-transfected group,indicating that miR-21-5p could target PIK3R1.(2)TUNEL test results showed that compared with(BMSCs+miR-21-5p NC)-Exos group,(BMSCs+miR-21-5p inhibitor)-Exos treatment significantly increased the apoptosis rate.Compared with the(BMSCs+miR-21-5p NC)-Exos group,after the addition of AKT inhibitor LY294002,the apoptosis rate was significantly increased.(3)The results indicate that Exos may inhibit the apoptosis of BRL rat hepatocytes through miR-21-5p,in which miR-21-5p directly targets PIK3R1 to activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.