Objective:To investigate the characteristics of clinical manifestations and parameters of 24 hour multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring (24 h MII-pH) in patients with low mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) of proximal esophagus.Methods:From November 4, 2014 to February 18, 2024, 308 patients who underwent 24 h MII-pH at Peking University First Hospital due to typical gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms and(or) extra-esophageal symptoms were retrospectively enrolled. MNBI at 17 or 15 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) < 2 292 Ω was defined as low proximal esophageal impedance (LPEI), both MNBI at 17 and 15 cm above the LES ≥ 2 292 Ω was defined as normal proximal esophageal impedance (NPEI). The 24 h MII-pH parameters were compared between patients with LPEI and patients with NPEI, as well as the incidence of extra-esophageal symptoms. And the 24 h MII-pH parameters were compared between patients with and without extra-esophageal symptoms. Independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results:Among the 308 patients, 71 patients with LPEI, 236 patients with NPEI, and 1 patient was excluded due to missing the 24 h MII-pH data; and there were 215 patients with extra-esophageal symptoms and 93 without extra-esophageal symptoms. The proportion of extra-esophageal symptoms in the LPEI patients was higher than that in the NPEI patients(81.7% (58/71) vs. 66.1% (156/236)), the times of postprandial total reflux, postprandial acid reflux detected by impedance, proximal total reflux, and proximal acid reflux in the LPEI patients were more than those in the NPEI patients (22.5 (22.8) vs. 17.0 (19.0), 10.5 (13.3) vs. 7.0 (13.0), 9.0 (12.0) vs. 5.0 (11.0), 5.0 (10.0) vs. 3.0 (7.0)), and the differences were statistically significant( χ2=6.28, Z=-1.99, -2.06, -2.26 and -2.44; all P<0.05). The times of weak acidic reflux at supine position, proximal total reflux, proximal acid reflux, and proximal non-acid reflux of the patients with extra-esophageal symptoms were more than those in patients without extra-esophageal symptoms (2.0(5.0) vs. 1.0(4.0), 6.0(13.0) vs. 4.0(10.0), 4.0(10.0) vs. 3.0(7.0), 2.0(4.0) vs. 1.0(3.0)), the MNBI at 15 cm above the LES in patients with extra-esophageal symptoms was lower than that in patients without extra-esophageal symptoms ((3 222.4±1 018.7) Ω vs. (3 512.3±1 032.1) Ω), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z=-2.32, -2.25, -2.00 and -2.13, t=-2.28; all P<0.05). Conclusions:LPEI patients have higher proportion of extra-esophageal symptoms, more times of proximal and postprandial acidic reflux. The proximal esophageal impedance and proximal reflux parameters should be emphasized in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with extra-esophageal symptoms.

Objective·To investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)on macrophage senescence and its senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP),as well as its pathophysiological role in liver injury.Methods·A macrophage senescence model was established using doxorubicin(DOX),followed by PE treatment.A mouse liver injury model was generated via intraperitoneal co-administration of PE and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)to investigate the effects of PE on liver injury.Senescence markers and SASP factors,including senescence-associated β-galactosidase(SA-β-gal),cell cycle inhibitor p21,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6),were evaluated using SA-β-gal staining,quantitative real-time PCR,and Western blotting.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was performed,followed by Gene Ontology(GO)cellular component enrichment analysis,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis,Gene Set Variation Analysis(GSVA),and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA),to explore the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways by which PE promotes macrophage senescence.The expression of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress-related proteins,including inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α(IRE1α),spliced X-box binding protein 1(XBP1s),activating transcription factor 6(ATF6),ATF4,and C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP),was analyzed through in vivo and in vitro experiments.Results·PE significantly promoted the expression of senescence markers SA-β-gal,p21,p16 and SASP factors.RNA-seq analysis revealed that ER stress was involved in PE-induced promotion of SASP.Further experiments demonstrated that PE activated the ER stress signaling pathway,promoting macrophage senescence and the expression of SASP factors.In vivo experiments further confirmed that PE exacerbated LPS-induced liver injury in mice through ER stress.Conclusion·PE promotes macrophage senescence and the expression of SASP factors by activating ER stress signaling pathway,thereby aggravating LPS-induced liver injury.

This study aims to understand the biological characteristics of Streptococcus dysgalacti-ae of yak origin.Bacterial isolation and identification,drug susceptibility test,virulence gene test and pathogenicity test were carried out on milk samples of yaks from Naqu City to evaluate the bi-ological characteristics of the isolated strains.Meanwhile,molecular biological information such as virulence factors and drug resistance genes were analyzed by whole genome sequencing,and viru-lence genes were verified by PCR.The results showed that a strain of Streptococcus dysgalactiae was isolated from the milk of yak,and its colony morphology was pinpoint size,smooth edge and milky white.This strain is sensitive to many antibiotics(penicillin G,cephalosporin,ciprofloxacin,tetracycline,erythromycin,etc.).Virulence gene test results showed that the strain carries six key virulence genes(cyl,eno,scpB,bca,bac and napr),which may be closely related to its pathoge-nicity.In the pathogenicity test,the mice were listless and less active after infection,but no death occurred during the observation period.The pathological changes of spleen,kidney,liver and lung tissue were found,suggesting that the strain had certain pathogenic potential but not high lethali-ty.Whole genome sequencing data showed that the gene length of this strain was 4 079 280 bp,the GC content was 39.41％,3 964 coding genes were predicted,604 of which were annotated as viru-lence factors,and another 28 gene mutations may enhance its pathogenic ability.Through annota-tion of CARD database,two Pat A resistance genes and two lmrp resistance genes were found,re-vealing their potential resistance mechanism.Through whole genome sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis method,this study revealed the genomic characteristics,drug resistance and pathogenicity mechanism of Streptococcus dysgalactiae of yak origin.The findings provide impor-tant scientific evidence for further exploration of the pathogenicity,drug resistance mechanisms,and molecular evolution of yak-derived Streptococcus agalactiae.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of refractory depression and to compare the differences in efficacy between various transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment protocols in refractory depression,thereby providing a theoretical basis for the clinical selection of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment protocols.METHODS:A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases,including PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CNKI,WanFang Data,CBM and VIP.The search terms were"transcranial magnetic stimulation,treatment-resistant depression,randomized controlled trial"in Chinese,and"depressive disorder,treatment-resistant,transcranial magnetic stimulation,randomized controlled trial"in English.The objective was to identify randomized controlled trials on the treatment of patients with refractory depression published from the establishment of the databases to September 2024.The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool,version 5.1.0,and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.Meta-analysis of the outcome indicators was conducted using the Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 18.0 software.RESULTS:(1)Following a comprehensive review,20 randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis.All of the trials were assessed to be of high or very high quality according to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.(2)Meta-analysis results showed that,compared with the sham stimulation group,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation could significantly reduce the scores of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale[mean difference(MD)=-3.89,95％confidence interval(CI):-6.14 to-1.65,P＜0.05)or the Montgomery Depression Rating Scale(MD=-3.97,95％CI:-6.57 to-1.36,P＜0.05).(3)The probability ranking results of the network Meta-analysis showed that,in terms of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score,the probability ranking results were as follows:high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(69.9％)＞intermittent theta burst stimulation(62.8％)＞bilateral theta pulse stimulation(57.5％)＞low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(54.9％)＞bilateral sequential transcranial magnetic stimulation(49.0％)＞transcranial pulsed electromagnetic field(37.0％)＞sham stimulation(18.9％).And in terms of the Montgomery Depression Rating Scale score,the probability ranking results were as follows:high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(93.3％)＞bilateral theta pulse stimulation(50.3％)＞sham stimulation(45.9％)＞low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(32.1％)＞bilateral sequential transcranial magnetic stimulation(28.4％).CONCLUSION:Transcranial magnetic stimulations can improve the depressive symptoms of patients with treatment-resistant depression.Among them,the high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation mode has the best effect on improving the depressive symptoms of patients with treatment-resistant depression,followed by the intermittent θ burst stimulation mode.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of refractory depression and to compare the differences in efficacy between various transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment protocols in refractory depression,thereby providing a theoretical basis for the clinical selection of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment protocols.METHODS:A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases,including PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CNKI,WanFang Data,CBM and VIP.The search terms were"transcranial magnetic stimulation,treatment-resistant depression,randomized controlled trial"in Chinese,and"depressive disorder,treatment-resistant,transcranial magnetic stimulation,randomized controlled trial"in English.The objective was to identify randomized controlled trials on the treatment of patients with refractory depression published from the establishment of the databases to September 2024.The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool,version 5.1.0,and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.Meta-analysis of the outcome indicators was conducted using the Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 18.0 software.RESULTS:(1)Following a comprehensive review,20 randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis.All of the trials were assessed to be of high or very high quality according to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.(2)Meta-analysis results showed that,compared with the sham stimulation group,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation could significantly reduce the scores of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale[mean difference(MD)=-3.89,95％confidence interval(CI):-6.14 to-1.65,P＜0.05)or the Montgomery Depression Rating Scale(MD=-3.97,95％CI:-6.57 to-1.36,P＜0.05).(3)The probability ranking results of the network Meta-analysis showed that,in terms of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score,the probability ranking results were as follows:high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(69.9％)＞intermittent theta burst stimulation(62.8％)＞bilateral theta pulse stimulation(57.5％)＞low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(54.9％)＞bilateral sequential transcranial magnetic stimulation(49.0％)＞transcranial pulsed electromagnetic field(37.0％)＞sham stimulation(18.9％).And in terms of the Montgomery Depression Rating Scale score,the probability ranking results were as follows:high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(93.3％)＞bilateral theta pulse stimulation(50.3％)＞sham stimulation(45.9％)＞low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(32.1％)＞bilateral sequential transcranial magnetic stimulation(28.4％).CONCLUSION:Transcranial magnetic stimulations can improve the depressive symptoms of patients with treatment-resistant depression.Among them,the high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation mode has the best effect on improving the depressive symptoms of patients with treatment-resistant depression,followed by the intermittent θ burst stimulation mode.

Objective·To investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)on macrophage senescence and its senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP),as well as its pathophysiological role in liver injury.Methods·A macrophage senescence model was established using doxorubicin(DOX),followed by PE treatment.A mouse liver injury model was generated via intraperitoneal co-administration of PE and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)to investigate the effects of PE on liver injury.Senescence markers and SASP factors,including senescence-associated β-galactosidase(SA-β-gal),cell cycle inhibitor p21,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6),were evaluated using SA-β-gal staining,quantitative real-time PCR,and Western blotting.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was performed,followed by Gene Ontology(GO)cellular component enrichment analysis,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis,Gene Set Variation Analysis(GSVA),and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA),to explore the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways by which PE promotes macrophage senescence.The expression of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress-related proteins,including inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α(IRE1α),spliced X-box binding protein 1(XBP1s),activating transcription factor 6(ATF6),ATF4,and C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP),was analyzed through in vivo and in vitro experiments.Results·PE significantly promoted the expression of senescence markers SA-β-gal,p21,p16 and SASP factors.RNA-seq analysis revealed that ER stress was involved in PE-induced promotion of SASP.Further experiments demonstrated that PE activated the ER stress signaling pathway,promoting macrophage senescence and the expression of SASP factors.In vivo experiments further confirmed that PE exacerbated LPS-induced liver injury in mice through ER stress.Conclusion·PE promotes macrophage senescence and the expression of SASP factors by activating ER stress signaling pathway,thereby aggravating LPS-induced liver injury.

This study aims to understand the biological characteristics of Streptococcus dysgalacti-ae of yak origin.Bacterial isolation and identification,drug susceptibility test,virulence gene test and pathogenicity test were carried out on milk samples of yaks from Naqu City to evaluate the bi-ological characteristics of the isolated strains.Meanwhile,molecular biological information such as virulence factors and drug resistance genes were analyzed by whole genome sequencing,and viru-lence genes were verified by PCR.The results showed that a strain of Streptococcus dysgalactiae was isolated from the milk of yak,and its colony morphology was pinpoint size,smooth edge and milky white.This strain is sensitive to many antibiotics(penicillin G,cephalosporin,ciprofloxacin,tetracycline,erythromycin,etc.).Virulence gene test results showed that the strain carries six key virulence genes(cyl,eno,scpB,bca,bac and napr),which may be closely related to its pathoge-nicity.In the pathogenicity test,the mice were listless and less active after infection,but no death occurred during the observation period.The pathological changes of spleen,kidney,liver and lung tissue were found,suggesting that the strain had certain pathogenic potential but not high lethali-ty.Whole genome sequencing data showed that the gene length of this strain was 4 079 280 bp,the GC content was 39.41％,3 964 coding genes were predicted,604 of which were annotated as viru-lence factors,and another 28 gene mutations may enhance its pathogenic ability.Through annota-tion of CARD database,two Pat A resistance genes and two lmrp resistance genes were found,re-vealing their potential resistance mechanism.Through whole genome sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis method,this study revealed the genomic characteristics,drug resistance and pathogenicity mechanism of Streptococcus dysgalactiae of yak origin.The findings provide impor-tant scientific evidence for further exploration of the pathogenicity,drug resistance mechanisms,and molecular evolution of yak-derived Streptococcus agalactiae.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of clinical manifestations and parameters of 24 hour multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring (24 h MII-pH) in patients with low mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) of proximal esophagus.Methods:From November 4, 2014 to February 18, 2024, 308 patients who underwent 24 h MII-pH at Peking University First Hospital due to typical gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms and(or) extra-esophageal symptoms were retrospectively enrolled. MNBI at 17 or 15 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) < 2 292 Ω was defined as low proximal esophageal impedance (LPEI), both MNBI at 17 and 15 cm above the LES ≥ 2 292 Ω was defined as normal proximal esophageal impedance (NPEI). The 24 h MII-pH parameters were compared between patients with LPEI and patients with NPEI, as well as the incidence of extra-esophageal symptoms. And the 24 h MII-pH parameters were compared between patients with and without extra-esophageal symptoms. Independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results:Among the 308 patients, 71 patients with LPEI, 236 patients with NPEI, and 1 patient was excluded due to missing the 24 h MII-pH data; and there were 215 patients with extra-esophageal symptoms and 93 without extra-esophageal symptoms. The proportion of extra-esophageal symptoms in the LPEI patients was higher than that in the NPEI patients(81.7% (58/71) vs. 66.1% (156/236)), the times of postprandial total reflux, postprandial acid reflux detected by impedance, proximal total reflux, and proximal acid reflux in the LPEI patients were more than those in the NPEI patients (22.5 (22.8) vs. 17.0 (19.0), 10.5 (13.3) vs. 7.0 (13.0), 9.0 (12.0) vs. 5.0 (11.0), 5.0 (10.0) vs. 3.0 (7.0)), and the differences were statistically significant( χ2=6.28, Z=-1.99, -2.06, -2.26 and -2.44; all P<0.05). The times of weak acidic reflux at supine position, proximal total reflux, proximal acid reflux, and proximal non-acid reflux of the patients with extra-esophageal symptoms were more than those in patients without extra-esophageal symptoms (2.0(5.0) vs. 1.0(4.0), 6.0(13.0) vs. 4.0(10.0), 4.0(10.0) vs. 3.0(7.0), 2.0(4.0) vs. 1.0(3.0)), the MNBI at 15 cm above the LES in patients with extra-esophageal symptoms was lower than that in patients without extra-esophageal symptoms ((3 222.4±1 018.7) Ω vs. (3 512.3±1 032.1) Ω), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z=-2.32, -2.25, -2.00 and -2.13, t=-2.28; all P<0.05). Conclusions:LPEI patients have higher proportion of extra-esophageal symptoms, more times of proximal and postprandial acidic reflux. The proximal esophageal impedance and proximal reflux parameters should be emphasized in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with extra-esophageal symptoms.

Traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome (TSOFS) is a symptom complex caused by nerve entrapment in the supraorbital fissure after skull base trauma. If the compressed cranial nerve in the supraorbital fissure is not decompressed surgically, ptosis, diplopia and eye movement disorder may exist for a long time and seriously affect the patients′ quality of life. Since its overall incidence is not high, it is not familiarized with the majority of neurosurgeons and some TSOFS may be complicated with skull base vascular injury. If the supraorbital fissure surgery is performed without treatment of vascular injury, it may cause massive hemorrhage, and disability and even life-threatening in severe cases. At present, there is no consensus or guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS that can be referred to both domestically and internationally. To improve the understanding of TSOFS among clinical physicians and establish standardized diagnosis and treatment plans, the Skull Base Trauma Group of the Neurorepair Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Traumatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome ( version 2024) based on evidence of evidence-based medicine and clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment. This consensus puts forward 12 recommendations on the diagnosis, classification, treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up of TSOFS, aiming to provide references for neurosurgeons from hospitals of all levels to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.