ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effects of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) combined regimens for hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province from 2022 to 2024, to analyze the characteristics of treatment failure patients, so as to provide a basis for discovering more effective treatment regimens in the future. MethodsData on HCV prevention and treatment in Dehong Prefecture was extracted from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System. A total of 617 patients with HCV antiviral therapy were included, and the differences in variable characteristics among patients with different genotypes were analyzed using comparative statistical tests, including basic socio-demographic characteristics, biochemical testing indicators, and information on previous treatment and current treatment. In addition, the cure rate of HCV patients with diverse characteristics was compared, and the potential causes of treatment failure were explored simultaneously. ResultsThe cure rate of HCV was 96.8%, and statistically significant differences were observed in aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, previous antiviral therapy history and initial treatment regimens among patients with different HCV genotypes (all P<0.05). Among the multi-type combination regimens, the cure rate of sofosbuvir (SOF)-containing regimens was 97.00%, that of velpatasvir (VEL)-containing regimens was 95.45%, and the cure rate of other treatment regimens, including the regimens with ribavirin (RIB) intervention, was 93.10%. Among the patients with treatment failure, 45.00% had genotype 3, 40.00% had abnormal abdominal ultrasound results, and all presented with elevated baseline AST test levels. ConclusionThe clinical treatment of HCV patients should consider the differences in genotype and biochemical test results. DAAs combined regimens for HCV have achieved a high cure rate in Dehong Prefecture and are applicable to HCV patients with diverse clinical characteristics, providing research evidence for wider application.

Objective:To investigate the sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody and influencing factors in cross-border couples in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture(Dehong).Methods:A cohort design was used to recruit HIV-negative people in cross-border couples in Dehong in 2017. Follow-up was conducted in 2023, and questionnaire survey and HIV test were carried out to calculate the sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the influence factors for HIV infections.Results:A total of 36 278 HIV-negative persons in cross-border couples were included in the 2017 baseline survey, of whom 22 438 (61.9%) were tested in follow-up in 2023. The sero-conversion rate between 2017 and 2023 was 0.51% (115/22 438). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that length of marriage <6 years, Jingpo ethnic group, education level of primary school or below, drug use, illegal marriage and HIV infected spouse were the risk factors of HIV infection in male spouses, and length of marriage <6 years, Jingpo ethnic group, illegal marriage and HIV infected spouse were the risk factors in female spouses.Conclusions:The sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody in cross-border couples in Dehong was relatively high. HIV infection was mainly caused by secondary transmission in the couples, and men might also be infected through drug use. It is necessary to strengthen the registration and management of cross-border couples, especially the couples with discordant HIV infection status, and the intervention in drug users to reduce the risk for secondary transmission of HIV in the cross-border couples.

BACKGROUND:Eupatilin,a flavonoid active component derived from Artemisia sinensis,has been reported to relieve inflammation and improve neurological scores in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage,but its role and mechanism in learning and memory remain unclear.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of eupatilin on learning and memory abilities and P38 mitogen activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3(STAT3)pathway proteins in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage.METHODS:A total of 50 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham surgery group,model group,eupatilin group,hesperetin group,eupatilin+hesperetin group,with 10 rats in each group.Except for the sham surgery group,the rats in the other groups were used to construct a subarachnoid hemorrhage model through intravascular perforation.Two hours after successful modeling,the eupatilin group was injected with 10 mg/kg eupatilin via the tail vein,the hesperetin group was injected with 50 mg/kg hesperetin(p38 MAPK/STAT3 signaling pathway activator)via the tail vein,the eupatilin+hesperetin group was injected with 10 mg/kg eupatilin and 50 mg/kg hesperetin via the tail vein,and the sham surgery group and the model group were injected with 10 mL/kg saline via the tail vein.The drug treatment lasted for 24 hours.The neurologic deficit score and Morris water maze experiment were applied to detect the neurological function and learning and memory abilities of rats.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to detect the histopathological changes of the hippocampus.TUNEL method was used to detect neuronal apoptosis.Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to detect the number of doublecortin-positive cells in hippocampal tissue.Western blot was applied to detect the expression of p38 MAPK/STAT3 protein in hippocampal tissue.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the sham surgery group,rats in the model group had lower neurological deficit scores,learning and memory abilities,and number of doublecortin-positive cells(P<0.05),and higher neuronal apoptosis rate and protein expression of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and p-STAT3/STAT3(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,rats in the eupatilin group showed higher neurological deficit scores,learning and memory abilities,and number of doublecortin-positive cells(P<0.05),and lower neuronal apoptosis rate and protein expression of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and p-STAT3/STAT3(P<0.05),while those in the nerolone group showed lower neurological deficit scores,learning and memory abilities,and number of doublecortin-positive cells(P<0.05),and higher neuronal apoptosis rate and protein expression of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and p-STAT3/STAT3(P<0.05).Compared with the eupatilin group,rats in the eupatilin+hesperetin group had lower neurological deficit scores,learning memory abilities,and number of doublecortin-positive cells(P<0.05),and higher neuronal apoptosis rate and protein expression of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and p-STAT3/STAT3(P<0.05).Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that compared with the model group,the nerve cells were more neatly arranged in the eupatilin group,disorganized in the hesperetin group,and arranged in a similar way to the model group in the eupatilin+hesperetin group.To conclude,eupatilin may improve learning and memory abilities of rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage by inhibiting the p38 MAPK/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Objective:To observe the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on learning and memory ability and nucle-ar factor E2 related factor 2(Nrf2),glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1),reactive oxygen species(ROS)in hippocampus of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBI)and its anti-oxidative stress mechanism.Methods:A total of 76 neonatal rats were randomly divided into Sham opera-tion group(Sham),HIBI model group(HIBI),electroacupuncture group(HIBI+EA),and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 group(HIBI+EA+ML385).The neonatal rat model of HIBI was established by classical Rice method.The HIBI+EA group was treated with electroacupuncture for 30 min/d for 14 consecutive days.In the HIBI+EA+ML385 group,30 mg/kg ML385 was intraperitoneally injected at 1 h before each electroacupuncture intervention.Morris water maze test was performed on 21 days after modeling to test the learning and memory ability of neonatal rats in each group.Nissl staining and HE staining were used to observe the morphology of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region,and DHE flu-orescent probe was used to detect the expression of ROS in the hippocampal CA1 region.The contents of Nrf2,GPX4 and NQO1 in hippocampus were detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with the Sham group,the HIBI group had severe pathological damage,a prolonged escape latency,a decreased number of platform crossings,a significantly increased expression of ROS,and a significantly decreased expression of Nrf2,GPX4,and NQO1(P<0.05).Com-pared with HIBI group,the pathological damage was significantly attenuated,the escape latency was shortened,the number of platform crossings was increased,the expression of ROS was decreased,and the expression of Nrf2,GPX4 and NQO1 was increased in HIBI+EA group(P<0.05).Compared with HIBI+EA group,the pathological damage was aggravated,the escape latency was prolonged,the number of crossing the platform was decreased,the expression of ROS was increased,and the expression of Nrf2,GPX4,and NQO1 was decreased in HIBI+EA+ML385 group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Electroacupuncture can effectively improve the learning and memory ability of hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats,which is related to its effect in reducing oxidative stress in hippocampal neurons by regulating Nrf2 signa-ling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody and influencing factors in cross-border couples in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture(Dehong).Methods:A cohort design was used to recruit HIV-negative people in cross-border couples in Dehong in 2017. Follow-up was conducted in 2023, and questionnaire survey and HIV test were carried out to calculate the sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the influence factors for HIV infections.Results:A total of 36 278 HIV-negative persons in cross-border couples were included in the 2017 baseline survey, of whom 22 438 (61.9%) were tested in follow-up in 2023. The sero-conversion rate between 2017 and 2023 was 0.51% (115/22 438). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that length of marriage <6 years, Jingpo ethnic group, education level of primary school or below, drug use, illegal marriage and HIV infected spouse were the risk factors of HIV infection in male spouses, and length of marriage <6 years, Jingpo ethnic group, illegal marriage and HIV infected spouse were the risk factors in female spouses.Conclusions:The sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody in cross-border couples in Dehong was relatively high. HIV infection was mainly caused by secondary transmission in the couples, and men might also be infected through drug use. It is necessary to strengthen the registration and management of cross-border couples, especially the couples with discordant HIV infection status, and the intervention in drug users to reduce the risk for secondary transmission of HIV in the cross-border couples.

Objective:To observe the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on learning and memory ability and nucle-ar factor E2 related factor 2(Nrf2),glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1),reactive oxygen species(ROS)in hippocampus of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBI)and its anti-oxidative stress mechanism.Methods:A total of 76 neonatal rats were randomly divided into Sham opera-tion group(Sham),HIBI model group(HIBI),electroacupuncture group(HIBI+EA),and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 group(HIBI+EA+ML385).The neonatal rat model of HIBI was established by classical Rice method.The HIBI+EA group was treated with electroacupuncture for 30 min/d for 14 consecutive days.In the HIBI+EA+ML385 group,30 mg/kg ML385 was intraperitoneally injected at 1 h before each electroacupuncture intervention.Morris water maze test was performed on 21 days after modeling to test the learning and memory ability of neonatal rats in each group.Nissl staining and HE staining were used to observe the morphology of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region,and DHE flu-orescent probe was used to detect the expression of ROS in the hippocampal CA1 region.The contents of Nrf2,GPX4 and NQO1 in hippocampus were detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with the Sham group,the HIBI group had severe pathological damage,a prolonged escape latency,a decreased number of platform crossings,a significantly increased expression of ROS,and a significantly decreased expression of Nrf2,GPX4,and NQO1(P<0.05).Com-pared with HIBI group,the pathological damage was significantly attenuated,the escape latency was shortened,the number of platform crossings was increased,the expression of ROS was decreased,and the expression of Nrf2,GPX4 and NQO1 was increased in HIBI+EA group(P<0.05).Compared with HIBI+EA group,the pathological damage was aggravated,the escape latency was prolonged,the number of crossing the platform was decreased,the expression of ROS was increased,and the expression of Nrf2,GPX4,and NQO1 was decreased in HIBI+EA+ML385 group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Electroacupuncture can effectively improve the learning and memory ability of hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats,which is related to its effect in reducing oxidative stress in hippocampal neurons by regulating Nrf2 signa-ling pathway.

BACKGROUND:Eupatilin,a flavonoid active component derived from Artemisia sinensis,has been reported to relieve inflammation and improve neurological scores in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage,but its role and mechanism in learning and memory remain unclear.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of eupatilin on learning and memory abilities and P38 mitogen activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3(STAT3)pathway proteins in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage.METHODS:A total of 50 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham surgery group,model group,eupatilin group,hesperetin group,eupatilin+hesperetin group,with 10 rats in each group.Except for the sham surgery group,the rats in the other groups were used to construct a subarachnoid hemorrhage model through intravascular perforation.Two hours after successful modeling,the eupatilin group was injected with 10 mg/kg eupatilin via the tail vein,the hesperetin group was injected with 50 mg/kg hesperetin(p38 MAPK/STAT3 signaling pathway activator)via the tail vein,the eupatilin+hesperetin group was injected with 10 mg/kg eupatilin and 50 mg/kg hesperetin via the tail vein,and the sham surgery group and the model group were injected with 10 mL/kg saline via the tail vein.The drug treatment lasted for 24 hours.The neurologic deficit score and Morris water maze experiment were applied to detect the neurological function and learning and memory abilities of rats.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to detect the histopathological changes of the hippocampus.TUNEL method was used to detect neuronal apoptosis.Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to detect the number of doublecortin-positive cells in hippocampal tissue.Western blot was applied to detect the expression of p38 MAPK/STAT3 protein in hippocampal tissue.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the sham surgery group,rats in the model group had lower neurological deficit scores,learning and memory abilities,and number of doublecortin-positive cells(P<0.05),and higher neuronal apoptosis rate and protein expression of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and p-STAT3/STAT3(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,rats in the eupatilin group showed higher neurological deficit scores,learning and memory abilities,and number of doublecortin-positive cells(P<0.05),and lower neuronal apoptosis rate and protein expression of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and p-STAT3/STAT3(P<0.05),while those in the nerolone group showed lower neurological deficit scores,learning and memory abilities,and number of doublecortin-positive cells(P<0.05),and higher neuronal apoptosis rate and protein expression of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and p-STAT3/STAT3(P<0.05).Compared with the eupatilin group,rats in the eupatilin+hesperetin group had lower neurological deficit scores,learning memory abilities,and number of doublecortin-positive cells(P<0.05),and higher neuronal apoptosis rate and protein expression of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and p-STAT3/STAT3(P<0.05).Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that compared with the model group,the nerve cells were more neatly arranged in the eupatilin group,disorganized in the hesperetin group,and arranged in a similar way to the model group in the eupatilin+hesperetin group.To conclude,eupatilin may improve learning and memory abilities of rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage by inhibiting the p38 MAPK/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Objective:To analyze the epidemic characteristics and trends of newly reported HIV-infected people among Chinese and Burmese in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (Dehong Prefecture) of Yunnan Province, China, from 2000 to 2023, and provide evidence for formμlating AIDS prevention and control measures for the Burmese living in Dehong.Methods:The data were obtained from the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System. The distribution of HIV-infected people with different population characteristics was analyzed, and the Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the temporal trend of crude detection rate in different genders, ethnicities, and ages.Results:From 2000 to 2023, 24 989 newly HIV infections were reported in Dehong Prefecture, of which 14 594 (58.4%) were Chinese and 10 395 (41.6%) were Burmese. Compared with Chinese, Burmese women (32.9%, 3 416/10 395), those aged 20-29 (40.9%, 4 248/10 395), and Jingpo people (26.7%, 2 773/10 395) accounted for a higher proportion. The new diagnosis rate of Chinese nationals increased from 1.0/10 000 in 2000 to 15.4/10 000 in 2004, and then showed a downward trend, falling to 1.2/10 000 in 2023. Among them, compared with other age groups, Dai and other ethnic groups and women, the new diagnosis rate among 20-49 age group, Jingpo and men were relatively higher, at 1.7/10 000, 2.3/10 000 and 1.3/10 000 respectively. Regarding the method of detection, the Chinese HIV-infected people were mainly detected by key population testing (35.7%), while the Burmese HIV-infected people by key population testing (28.9%) and physical examination for entry-exit personnel (25.3%). The transmission routes of both nationalities were mainly heterosexual transmission, but compared with Chinese HIV-infected persons, the proportion of Burmese infected persons through non-marital non-commercial transmission was relatively higher (66.4% vs. 60.6%). The proportion of Chinese nationals with a first CD4 +T lymphocyte (CD4) counts of <200 cells/μl (28.9%) was higher than that of Burmese nationals (19.8%). Conclusions:The rising trend of HIV infection among Chinese and Burmese people in Dehong Prefecture from 2000 to 2023 slowed down. The new diagnosis rate was higher in the 20-49 age group, Jingpo and men. Compared with Burmese HIV-infected people, the proportion of Chinese HIV-infected people with first CD4 counts <200 cells/μl was relatively higher. Comprehensive interventions should be further carried out for Myanmar nationals, and efforts should be made to expand testing for Chinese nationals.

ObjectiveTo investigate the factors that influence the first CD4+T lymphocyte counts in newly reported HIV-infected cases aged 50 and above in Dehong Prefecture of Yunnan Province during 2016 to 2021， and to understand the patient immune status and disease progression so as to provide scientific basis for HIV prevention and control strategies in the future. MethodsData was collected from the national HIV/AIDS information system. Multivariate logistic regression was used for the analysis of factors affecting the first CD4+T lymphocyte counts. ResultsA total of 642 cases of HIV infection were newly reported， among them， 571 cases had CD4+T lymphocyte counts and 200 cases （35.03%） had CD4+T lymphocyte counts <200 cells·μL^-1. Patients who were in the 50-59 age group， male， divorced or widowed， and less educated were more likely to have CD4+T lymphocyte counts <200 cells·μL^-1. Compared with active testing consultants， forced reeducation through labor or drug rehabilitation cases were less likely to have CD4+T lymphocyte counts <200 cells·μL^-1. ConclusionThere is no obvious upward trend in newly reported HIV infected persons aged 50 years and above in Dehong Prefecture during 2016 to 2021. However， the situation of CD4+T lymphocyte counts <200 cells·μL^-1 is still serious. Attention should be paid to the key groups： male， Chinese nationality， farmers， Han nationality， married or divorced， junior high school education or below， and heterosexual transmission. It is necessary to strengthen the intervention in people aged 50 and above and improve the detection efficiency.

OBJECTIVE To compare the components of volatile oil from Gardenia jasminoides and their liver protective effect before and after stir-frying with wine. METHODS Steam distillation was used to exact the volatile oil from G. jasminoides and wine stir-fried G. jasminoides. The components of volatile oil were identified by GC-MS method， and the relative mass fraction of each component was calculated by peak area normalization method. The rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， positive control group （bifendate suspension 35 mg/kg）， G. jasminoides low-dose and high-dose groups [1， 2 g/kg （calculated by crude drug）] and wine stir-fried G. jasminoides low-dose and high-dose groups [1， 2 g/kg （calculated by crude drug）] with 10 rats in each group. Liver injury model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 40% carbon tetrachloride in rats of each group after continuous intragastric administration of corresponding drug solution for 7 days. The status， serum biochemical indexes， liver biochemical indexes and liver pathological sections of rats in each group were compared. RESULTS Twenty-three volatile oil components from G. jasminoides and 25 volatile oil components from wine stir-fried G. jasminoides were identified； there were 18 common volatile oil components， of which the contents of 17 common components were decreased， while the content of one common component was increased due to stir-frying with wine. Compared with model group， the symptoms of depression and liver cell damage of rats in each administration group were improved to varying degrees； the serum levels of adenosine deaminase， alanine transaminase， aspartate transaminase， direct bilirubin， lactate dehydrogenase，prealbumin， total bile acid and total bilirubin were significantly decreased， while the total protein level was significantly increased； the level of malondialdehyde in liver tissue was significantly decreased， there were statistical significance （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS During stir-frying with wine， the contents of 17 volatile oil components are decreased， while the content of one volatile oil component is increased. Wine stir-fried G. jasminoides shows liver protective effect. .