OBJECTIVES: To investigate the molecular mechanism by which salvianolic acid B (Sal-B) modulates mitochondrial functional homeostasis and alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice. METHODS: Mouse cardiomyocyte HL-1 cells were pretreated with 5 μmol/L Sal-B with or without sh-Sirt1 transfection before exposure to hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR), and the changes in ATP production, mitochondrial superoxide activity, substrate oxidation level were evaluated. In the animal experiment, 36 C57BL/6J mice were randomized into 3 groups (n=12) for sham operation or ligation of the left anterior coronary artery to induce myocardial I/R injury with or without intravenous injection of Sal-B+I/R (50 mg/kg). In the rescue experiment, 60 adult C57BL/6J mice were randomized into 5 groups (n=12): sham-operated group, myocardial I/R group, Sal-B+I/R group, I/R+Sal-B+Sirt1fl/fl group, and I/R+Sal-B+cKO-Sirt1 group. Myocardial injury was evaluated with HE staining, and cardiac function was assessed by measurement of the ejection fraction and fractional shortening using echocardiography. RESULTS: In HL-1 cells with HR injury, Sal-B pretreatment significantly increased cellular ATP production, reduced mitochondrial superoxide anion levels, and enhanced oxygen consumption level. In the mouse models of myocardial I/R injury, Sal-B pretreatment markedly ameliorated I/R-induced structural disarray of the cardiac myocytes and improved cardiac ejection. Cycloheximide chase with Western blotting and ubiquitination assays after Sirt1-IP showed that Sal-B significantly inhibited Sirt1 degradation in HL-1 cells. Sirt1 knock-down reversed Sal-B-induced increases in ATP production, reduction in superoxide, and elevation of OCR in HL-1 cells. Cardiomyocyte-specific Sirt1 knockout obviously reversed Sal-B-mediated improvement in cardiac ejection function and myocardial structure damage in mice with myocardial I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS Sal-B promotes mitochondrial functional homeostasis in cardiomyocytes with HR injury and improves cardiac function in mice after myocardial I/R by inhibiting Sirt1 protein degradation.
Animals ; Sirtuin 1/metabolism* ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice ; Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects* ; Benzofurans/pharmacology* ; Homeostasis/drug effects* ; Male ; Mitochondria/drug effects* ; Depsides

Objective:To observe the effects of isokinetic muscle strength training at different angular velocities on knee hyperextension in patients after stroke,and to find out better angular velocity.Method:Eighty patients with knee hyperextension after stroke were randomly divided into four groups:the control group,30°/s group,60°/s group and 90°/s group,20 cases in each group.The control group received only routine rehabilitation treatment,and the other three groups received an additional 30°/s,60°/s or 90°/s isokinetic knee flexion/extension training besides the routine treatment,respectively.Before and 3 weeks after treatment,peak torque(PT),peak torque to body weight ratio(PT/BW),average electromyographic(AEMG)and integrated electromyographic(iEMG)of the extensor and flexor knee muscles,the effective rate of knee hyperextension and lower limb Fugl-Meyer motor function score(FMA)were measured.Result:Before treatment,there was no significant difference among the four groups(P>0.05).After 3 weeks treatment,PT,PT/BW,AEMG,iEMG of the extensor and flexor knee muscles and FMA in four groups were significantly improved as compared with those before treatment(P<0.01).Moreover,the improvement of evaluation results in the 30°/s group,60°/s group and 90°/s group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),and those in the 30°/s group and 60°/s group were higher than those in the 90°/s group(P<0.05).However,no significant difference was found between 30°/s group and 60°/s group(P>0.05).In addition,the effective rate of knee hyperextension in the 30°/s group or 60°/s group(85%)was significantly higher than that in the control group(40%)(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the 90°/s group and the control group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Isokinetic muscle strength training at different angular velocities can increase the muscle strength of knee flexors and extensors,improve the control ability of knee joint,and better improve knee hyperexten-sion in patients after stroke.The lower angular velocity(≤60°/s)has a better effect.

Objective:To observe the effects of isokinetic muscle strength training at different angular velocities on knee hyperextension in patients after stroke,and to find out better angular velocity.Method:Eighty patients with knee hyperextension after stroke were randomly divided into four groups:the control group,30°/s group,60°/s group and 90°/s group,20 cases in each group.The control group received only routine rehabilitation treatment,and the other three groups received an additional 30°/s,60°/s or 90°/s isokinetic knee flexion/extension training besides the routine treatment,respectively.Before and 3 weeks after treatment,peak torque(PT),peak torque to body weight ratio(PT/BW),average electromyographic(AEMG)and integrated electromyographic(iEMG)of the extensor and flexor knee muscles,the effective rate of knee hyperextension and lower limb Fugl-Meyer motor function score(FMA)were measured.Result:Before treatment,there was no significant difference among the four groups(P>0.05).After 3 weeks treatment,PT,PT/BW,AEMG,iEMG of the extensor and flexor knee muscles and FMA in four groups were significantly improved as compared with those before treatment(P<0.01).Moreover,the improvement of evaluation results in the 30°/s group,60°/s group and 90°/s group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),and those in the 30°/s group and 60°/s group were higher than those in the 90°/s group(P<0.05).However,no significant difference was found between 30°/s group and 60°/s group(P>0.05).In addition,the effective rate of knee hyperextension in the 30°/s group or 60°/s group(85%)was significantly higher than that in the control group(40%)(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the 90°/s group and the control group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Isokinetic muscle strength training at different angular velocities can increase the muscle strength of knee flexors and extensors,improve the control ability of knee joint,and better improve knee hyperexten-sion in patients after stroke.The lower angular velocity(≤60°/s)has a better effect.

Plastics are widely used in human daily life, which bring great convenience. Nevertheless, the disposal of a large amount of plastic wastes also brings great pressure to the environment. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a polymer thermoplastic material produced from petroleum. It has become one of the most commonly used plastics in the world due to its durability, high transparency, light weight and other characteristics. PET can exist in nature for a long time due to its complex structure and the difficulty in degradation, which causes serious pollution to the global ecological environment, and threatens human health. The degradation of PET wastes has since become one of the global challenges. Compared with physical and chemical methods, biodegradation is the greenest way for treating PET wastes. This review summarizes the recent advances on PET biodegradation including microbial and enzymatic degradation of PET, biodegradation pathway, biodegradation mechanisms, and molecular modification of PET-degrading enzymes. In addition, the prospect for achieveing efficient degradation of PET, searching and improving microorganisms or enzymes that can degrade PET of high crystallinity are presented, with the aimto facilitate the development, application and molecular modification of PET biodegradation microorganisms or enzymes.
Humans ; Polyethylene Terephthalates/metabolism* ; Polymers ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Petroleum

Objective To investigate whether endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be an alternative method for diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) by comparing the ability of EUS versus CT and transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS) in the diagnosis of muddy stones of the common bile duct. Methods A prospective study was conducted for 53 patients suspected of muddy stones of the common bile duct who attended Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from July 2019 to December 2021, and all patients underwent EUS, TUS, and CT before ERCP. With ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) for removing muddy stones of the common bile duct as the gold standard for the diagnosis of muddy stones of the common bile duct, EUS, TUS, and CT were compared in terms of their ability to display the muddy stones of the common bile duct. The chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results In the 53 patients, EUS, TUS, and CT had a positive rate of 88.68%, 50.94%, and 62.26%, respectively, in detecting muddy stones of the common bile duct. As for the positive results confirmed by EST under ERCP, EUS had a sensitivity of 93.75%, a specificity of 60.00%, and an accuracy of 90.57% in detecting muddy stones of the common bile duct, while TUS had a sensitivity of 56.25%, a specificity of 100.00%, and an accuracy of 60.38% and CT had a sensitivity of 66.67%, a specificity of 80.00%, and an accuracy of 67.92%. There was a significant difference between EUS and CT in the accuracy in detecting muddy stones of the common bile duct ( χ 2 =8.26, P =0.004), and there was also a significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between EUS and TUS ( χ 2 =13.05, P < 0.001). Conclusion EUS is more accurate than TUS and CT in the diagnosis of muddy stones of the common bile duct, and instead of ERCP, EUS is thus recommended for suspected muddy stones of the common bile duct when TUS and CT fail to identify the lesions in clinical practice, so as to make a confirmed diagnosis and reduce related costs and complications.

Objective To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on the mRNA expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rats with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC).Methods Sixty healthy male Wistar rat models of AOSC induced by complete common bile duct ligation and injection of E.coli into the bile duct through an intubation tube were replicated successfully.After modeling,the peripheral blood was collected and mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured.According to random number table method,the mononeuclear cells were divided into model group (no drug added in culture of mononuclear cells) and low,medium and high dose DEX groups (final concentrations 0.4,0.8,1.2 μg/L DEX were in low,medium and high DEX mononuclear cell cultures,respectively).After the mononuclear cells were cultured for 24 hours,the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),interleukins (IL-1 and IL-6) in the supernatant of the cultured mononuclear cells were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) was detected by immunity transmission turbidimetry.The expression of TREM-1 mRNA in the mononuclear cells was detected by reverse trantscription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results Compared with the model group,the levels of TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,CRP were decreased,the TREM-1 mRNA expressions were down-regulated in the different DEX dose groups,and the degrees of descent in medium and high dose groups were more significant than those in low dose group [TNF-oα (ng/L):95.5±8.6,88.9±5.3 vs.131.1 ± 14.2;IL-1 (ng/L):53.5±8.3,48.3 ± 6.7 vs.73.7 ± 12.8;IL-6 (ng/L):266.9±26.2,252.1 ± 17.7 vs.349.9±40.4;CRP (ng/L):4.3 ± 1.1,3.9 ±0.7 vs.5.6 ± 1.7;TREM-1 mRNA (A value):0.43 ± 0.18,0.39 ± 0.16 vs.0.65 ±0.25,all P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion DEX can down-regulate the expression of TREM-1 mRNA and inhibit the formation and secretion of inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6 and CRP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rats with ASOC.

Objective To investigate the effects of microRNA-294 (miR-294) on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB 1) secretion in sepsis by targeting triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM-1).Methods miRNA-294 was predicted to regulate TREM-1 specially through bioinformatics analysis.Mice macrophage cell lines RAW264.7 were cultured in vitro,the cells were divided into non-inflammatory stage and inflammatory stage,and the cells in the two stages were subdivided into five groups as follows:normal control (NC),NC mimic transfection (NCm),NC inhibitor transfection (NCi),miR-294 mimic transfection (miR-294m) and miR-294 inhibitor transfection (miR-294i) groups.The ability of miR-294 was confirmed with dual-luciferase activity assay.At non-inflammatory stage,the cells were transfected with mimic or inhibitor of miR-294 or NC using TurboFectTM siRNA Transfection Reagent for 48 hours,mRNA expression of TREM-1 was detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).At inflammatory stage,6 hours after stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS,1 mg/L),the concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6 and HMGB1 were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),the protein expression of TREM-1 was determined by Western Blot.Results ① Dual-luciferase activity assay demonstrated that TREM-1 was the target of miR-294.② In non-inflammatory stage,the expression of TREM-1 mRNA (2-ΔΔ~) in miR-294m group was significantly lower than that of the NC and NCm groups (0.673 ± 0.049 vs.1.000 ± 0.003,0.915 ± 0.039,t1=2.184,t2=5.421,both P＜0.001),the expression of TREM-1 protein (gray scale) was (50.00 ± 1.19)％ of NCm group (t=41.586,P＜0.001).③ In inflammatory stage,the concentrations of TNF-α (ng/L) in miR-294m group was significantly lower than that of the NC group (1 547.18 ±47.18 vs.2 702.11 ± 327.20,t=4.212,P=0.010),the concentrations of IL-6 (ng/L) was significantly lower than that of the NC and NCm groups (505.28 ± 33.33 vs.837.66 ± 69.43,918.72 ± 119.39,t1 =4.382,P1=0.015; t2=5.451,P2=0.021),the level of TREM-1 protein (gray scale) was (51.33 ±0.88)％ of NCm group (t=63.368,P＜0.001).Conclusion miR-294 reduce TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in LPS-induced RAW264.7 through inhibiting the expression of TREM-1 specifically.

Objective To evaluate the effects of propofol on TREM-1 expression in THP-1 cells stimulated by lipo-polysaccharide (LPS). Methods Cells were divided into 7 groups: (1) control group; (2) LPS group that was exposed to LPS in final concentration of 100μg/L;(3) Progroup that was incubated with 100μmol/L propofol;(4-7) groups combined 100μg/L LPS with propofol at different dose of 12.5μmol/L (P1 group), 25μmol/L (P2 group), 50μmol/L (P3 group), 100μmol/L (P4 group) respectively. After 16 hours of incubation, the TNF-α concentration in supernatants were measured by ELISA. TREM-1 expression were examined by FACS and TREM-1 mRNA were detected using qRT-PCR. Results TREM-1 on THP-1 increased significantly in group P3 and group P4 compared with LPS group (P<0.05). The concentra-tions of TNF-αin P3 and P4 (P<0.05) decreased substantially in supernatant compared with LPS group. TREM-1 mRNA transcription level in group LPS rise considerably (P < 0.05) compared to that in control group, and it dropped greatly in group P4 (P <0.05) compared with that in group LPS. Conclusion Propofol could enhance TREM-1 expression on sur-face of THP-1 stimulated by LPS. Propofol reduces TNF-αlevel in culture supernatant. And propofol may restrain TREM-1 mRNA expression.

With the continuous improvement and innovation of modern engineering technology and biomedical technology,many efforts and process have been made on multifunctional prosthesis systems and have gained more and more attentions.The multifunctional powered prosthesis has become one of the research areas in the current muscular rehabilitation medicine and neural engineering.The bionic control of prosthesis,especially using the neural signal to control the upper prosthesis effectively,is one of the most important fields of prosthesis technology.Choosing the proper neural signals seems to be particularly important for bionic prosthetic control strategy.Currently,several different signal controls such as EMG control,EEG control,voice signal control and peripheral nerve signal control have been proposed and investigated for the bionic control of multi-function prosthesis.This paper reviews the latest efforts and progress of multifunctional upper prosthesis.

Objective To investigate clinical significance and application of modified pelvic floor reconstruction developed by Peking Union Medical College Hospital ( MPFR ) in treatment of severe pelvic organ prolapse (POP) by comparing the effectiveness, quality of postoperative sexual life, life satisfaction and risk factors for POP recurrence with the following two surgical procedures: traditional total vaginal hysterectomy with anterior-posterior colporrhaphy (TVH-APC) and total vaginal hysterectomy with lateral colporrhaphy and sacrospinous ligament fixation and vaginal bridge repair and episiotomy (TVH-LC-SSLFVBR-EP). Methods Totally 173 patients with severe POP and at least two compartments defects of pelvic floor underwent surgeries in the study, 86 patients (group A) were treated by MPFR with polypropylene mesh application, 58 (group B) were treated by TVH-APC, and 29 patients (group C) were treated by TVH-LC-SSLF-VBR-EP. Peri-operative data and outcomes of postoperative courses at 6, 12, 18 months were collected and analyzed, in the meantime, the risk factors of recurrence were studied. Results (1) No statistical difference was observed among the above 3 groups in terms of length of operation, amount of blood loss, length of hospital stay, and morbidity after surgery ( P ＞ 0.05). ( 2 ) Cost hospitalization was ( 11 448 ±3049) Yuan in group A, which was significantly higher than (7262 ± 1607) Yuan in group B and (7140 ± 1817 ) Yuan in group C (P ＜ 0.05 ). (3) The length of vaginal cuff of (7.5 ± 1.4) cm in group A and ( 5.6 ± 1.1 ) cm in group C were significantly longer than (7.1±0.6) cm in group B ( P＜0.05). The width of vaginal cuff of (4.3±0.3) cm in group A was larger than (3.4±0.3) cm in group B and (3.3±0.4) cm in group C (P＜0.05). (4) The recurrence rate at 12 months after surgery was 12.8% (11/86)in group A, which was similar with 17.2%(5/29) in group C (P＞0.05) and significantly less than 36.2% (21/58) in group B (P＜0.05). The rate of active sexual life of 16.3% (14/86) in group A was significantly higher than 1.7% (1/58) in group B and 0 in group C ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The index of life quality improvement at 12 months after surgery was 48±12 in group A, which was no less than 53±16 in group C ( P＞0.05) and higher than 27 ± 9 in group B ( P＜0.05). (5 ) Mesh rejection was observed in 6 patients in group A within 3 months after surgery, while the posterior vaginal wall was exclusively involved. No difference was found in urinary retention or urinary incontinence among three groups (P ＞0. 05 ). (6) The severe degree of POP, type of surgical procedure ( TVT-APC), anterior compartment defect of pelvic floor,and early days of performing pelvic floor reconstruction surgeries were high risk factors for POP recurrence (P＜ 0.05). Conclusions MPFR has a better curative effect and lower recurrence rate on patients with POP. It can help patients regain integrity of anatomical structure and functions of pelvic floor. TVH-LCSSLF-VBR-EP is also effective.