Objective To develop a risk predictive model of cognitive decline in a prospective cohort study in rural area of Xi'an and compare the predictive performance with that of the classical CAIDE model.Methods The cohort was established between October 2014 and March 2015 in two selected villages in rural Xi'an.Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)was applied to assess global cognition at baseline and 4-year follow-up,and cognitive decline was defined as a drop of ≥4 points in MMSE after 4-year follow-up.Participants were randomly split into training set and validation set in a ratio of 7∶3.The Logistic regression analysis was used to develop the predictive model,and the area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was applied to assess the performance of the risk model.Results Occurrence of cognitive decline after 4-year follow-up was 4.15％.Future cognitive decline was significantly predicted by age,low education and stroke(AUC in training set=0.73,95％CI:0.63-0.79;AUC in valid data=0.77,95％CI:0.67-0.87),while the classical CAIDE model did not predict the risk of cognitive decline well(AUC=0.68,95％CI:0.61-0.75).The results differed after stratification by APOE genotype,and showed a better predictive value of both our model(AUC=0.87,95％CI:0.78-0.96)and CAIDE model(AUC=0.89,95％CI:0.81-0.98)in APOE ε4 carriers.Conclusion The predictive model was developed based on age,educational level and stroke,and it predicted relatively well 4-year cognitive decline as compared with traditional CAIDE model,especially in APOE ε4 carriers.However,the model should be validated after longer follow-up and further improved to increase its predictive value.

Purpose To explore the application value of cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR)mapping and strain techniques in assessing ventricular function changes in patients with severe alcohol use disorder(AUD).Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 32 male patients with severe AUD as the study group in Hefei Fourth People's Hospital from January 2023 to April 2024,compared with 30 age-and gender-matched healthy subjects as the control group.Clinical data and CMR results were collected for all participants.CMR parameters included conventional functional parameters such as left and right ventricular ejection fraction,volume index and mass index;tissue characterization parameters such as Native T1,T2 mapping and extracellular volume fraction(ECV);and strain parameters including global longitudinal strain(GLS),global circumferential strain(GCS)and global radial strain(GRS)for both ventricles.The differences in the above indexes between the two groups were compared.Results The left ventricular end-diastolic volume index in the AUD group was significantly higher than in the control group(t=3.799,P<0.001).The left ventricular strain values(GLS,GCS,GRS)in the AUD group were significantly lower than those in the control group(t=4.459,4.435,-4.759,all P<0.001).The Native T1,T2 and ECV in the AUD group were significantly higher than those in the control group(t=6.301,5.650,7.069,all P<0.001).For the right ventricle,only right ventricular GLS and right ventricular GCS were significantly lower than in the control group(t=8.703,-2.814,both P<0.01).Conclusion CMR feature tracking technology can early identify ventricular function abnormalities in AUD patients.The increase in Native T1,T2 mapping and ECV suggests the presence of myocardial edema and fibrosis in AUD patients,which is closely related to left ventricular dysfunction.Multi-parameter CMR evaluation provides important diagnostic evidence for the early detection of cardiac involvement in severe AUD patients.

Purpose To explore the application value of cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR)mapping and strain techniques in assessing ventricular function changes in patients with severe alcohol use disorder(AUD).Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 32 male patients with severe AUD as the study group in Hefei Fourth People's Hospital from January 2023 to April 2024,compared with 30 age-and gender-matched healthy subjects as the control group.Clinical data and CMR results were collected for all participants.CMR parameters included conventional functional parameters such as left and right ventricular ejection fraction,volume index and mass index;tissue characterization parameters such as Native T1,T2 mapping and extracellular volume fraction(ECV);and strain parameters including global longitudinal strain(GLS),global circumferential strain(GCS)and global radial strain(GRS)for both ventricles.The differences in the above indexes between the two groups were compared.Results The left ventricular end-diastolic volume index in the AUD group was significantly higher than in the control group(t=3.799,P<0.001).The left ventricular strain values(GLS,GCS,GRS)in the AUD group were significantly lower than those in the control group(t=4.459,4.435,-4.759,all P<0.001).The Native T1,T2 and ECV in the AUD group were significantly higher than those in the control group(t=6.301,5.650,7.069,all P<0.001).For the right ventricle,only right ventricular GLS and right ventricular GCS were significantly lower than in the control group(t=8.703,-2.814,both P<0.01).Conclusion CMR feature tracking technology can early identify ventricular function abnormalities in AUD patients.The increase in Native T1,T2 mapping and ECV suggests the presence of myocardial edema and fibrosis in AUD patients,which is closely related to left ventricular dysfunction.Multi-parameter CMR evaluation provides important diagnostic evidence for the early detection of cardiac involvement in severe AUD patients.

Objective To develop a risk predictive model of cognitive decline in a prospective cohort study in rural area of Xi'an and compare the predictive performance with that of the classical CAIDE model.Methods The cohort was established between October 2014 and March 2015 in two selected villages in rural Xi'an.Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)was applied to assess global cognition at baseline and 4-year follow-up,and cognitive decline was defined as a drop of ≥4 points in MMSE after 4-year follow-up.Participants were randomly split into training set and validation set in a ratio of 7∶3.The Logistic regression analysis was used to develop the predictive model,and the area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was applied to assess the performance of the risk model.Results Occurrence of cognitive decline after 4-year follow-up was 4.15％.Future cognitive decline was significantly predicted by age,low education and stroke(AUC in training set=0.73,95％CI:0.63-0.79;AUC in valid data=0.77,95％CI:0.67-0.87),while the classical CAIDE model did not predict the risk of cognitive decline well(AUC=0.68,95％CI:0.61-0.75).The results differed after stratification by APOE genotype,and showed a better predictive value of both our model(AUC=0.87,95％CI:0.78-0.96)and CAIDE model(AUC=0.89,95％CI:0.81-0.98)in APOE ε4 carriers.Conclusion The predictive model was developed based on age,educational level and stroke,and it predicted relatively well 4-year cognitive decline as compared with traditional CAIDE model,especially in APOE ε4 carriers.However,the model should be validated after longer follow-up and further improved to increase its predictive value.

Objective To explore the impairment of attention network function in male patients with alcohol use disorder(AUD) and the main influencing factors of attention network function. Methods Forty-one patients with AUD after withdrawal therapy and 34 healthy controls (HC) matched with their demograph-ic data were selected as subjects of study. Attention function were assessed by attention network test (ANT). Results Compared with the healthy control group((30. 62±19. 74)ms,(98. 59±1. 46)%),there were sig-nificant differences in the reaction time of alerting network(t=-2. 479,P=0. 015) and the correct rate of the attention network test(t=-2. 074,P=0. 044) in the AUD group((17. 02±26. 42)ms,( 95. 07±10. 73)%). Pearson correlation analysis showed the alert network of AUD was negatively correlated with the age of first drinking(r=-0. 316,P=0. 044) and was positively correlated with the score of Penn alcohol craving scale (PACS) (r=0. 364,P=0. 019). The correct rate of attention network function in patients with AUD was negatively correlated with the years for education ( r=-0. 343, P=0. 028) and years for addiction ( r=-0. 337,P=0. 031). Linear regression analysis showed the attention network function of AUD patients was affected by the age of first drinking(β=0. 432,t=2. 079,P=0. 046),the years for addiction(β=-0. 555,t=-3. 127,P=0. 004) and years for uncontrol drinking(β=0. 309,t=2. 074,P=0. 047). Conclusion The AUD patients were demonstrated deficit in the alerting network. The impairment of attention function of AUD patients were influenced by their drinking condition.

ObjectiveTo explore working memory in male patients with alcohol dependence.Methods50 male patients with alcohol dependence(AD group) and 50 healthy controls(HC group) were assessed by digit span test,trail making test and verbal fluency test.The visual-object,visual-verbal,visual-space working memory tasks were used to measure the difference of working memory between the two groups.ResultsCompared with HC group,alcohol dependence group showed significant impairments in performance of error number of visual-object,visual-verbal,visual-space working memory tasks (AD group:(3.76±2.20),3(2,5),(3.74±2.40));(HC group:(2.94±1.60),2(1,3),2(1,4))(t=2.133,P=0.035;Z=-2.400,P=0.016;Z=-2.654,P=0.008).Moreover,scores of Michigan alcoholism screening test were positively correlated with the error number of verbal working memory task (r=0.371,P=0.008).ConclusionThe male patients with alcohol dependence exhibit impairments in all aspects of working memory.

Objective To explore the correlation between verbal memory and working memory in patients with alcohol dependence (AD).Methods A total of 40 patients with AD and 40 health controls were included in this study.N-back task was used to evaluate the verbal working memory.20 sets of phrases were used to evaluate long-term verbal memory.Results Correct number of verbal memory in AD group ((5.15±0.92)times) was lower than that of HC group ((7.35±3.07) times) after one-week baseline test,and the difference was statistically significant (t=4.344,P＜ 0.01).Compared with HC group ((1 436.37±192.50) ms,(1.08±0.89) times,(4.00±0.85) times,respectively),AD group((1 535.40± 192.50) ms,(1.90± 1.57)times,(2.60± 1.39)times) showed significantly impaired reply reaction time of 2-back,error number of 1-back and 2-back (t=-2.112,P=0.038;t=-2.899,P=0.005;t=-5.433,P＜0.01).The error number of 2-back task in AD group was negative correlated with verbal memory after one-week baseline test (r=-0.427,P=0.006).Conclusion The verbal memory is impaired in AD patients.Long-term verbal memory damage have a certain correlation with working memory.

Objective To explore the attentional biases to word-related cues in alcohol dependent (AD) patients and the correlations between the attentional bias and relapse after abstinence.Methods A total of 46 AD patients were compared with matched 44 health controls(HC) completed the Chinese Emotional Stroop Task that assessed the attentional bias at the beginning of the treatment.Time to relapse was assessed every months during detoxification.The correlations between the attentional bias and relapse were by Pearson correlation analysis,Logistic regression analysis on risk factors of relapsed after abstinence.Results The reaction time of neutral,negative and alcohol-related words in Chinese Emotional Stroop Task of AD group ((1 411 ±299),(1 329±318),(1 445±333) ms,respectively) was worse than that of HC group ((869 ± 278),(825 ± 213),(840 ± 222) ms,respectively),the difference was statistically significant (t=8.890,8.800,0.019,all P＜0.01).The error number of the neutral and negative-words of AD group((3.67±2.30),(3.74±2.31) times) was worse than that of HC group((2.25±2.11),(2.02±1.80) times,t=3.053,3.918,both P＜0.01).Time to relapse in AD patients were positively correlated to reaction time and error number of negative-related words,and error number of alcohol-related words (r=0.354,P=0.016; r=0.442,P=0.004; r=0.493,P=0.000).Through multiple regression analysis,the error number of the alcohol-related was very import factor.Conclusion The results suggest that patients with alcohol dependence have attentional bias in alcohol-related words as measured by the Chinese Emotional Stroop Task,and alcohol attentional bias could be as a predictor of alcohol abusers' treatment outcome.

Objective To explore the attentional biases to word-related cues in alcohol dependent (AD) patients and the correlations between the attentional bias and relapse after abstinence.Methods A total of 46 AD patients were compared with matched 44 health controls(HC) completed the Chinese Emotional Stroop Task that assessed the attentional bias at the beginning of the treatment.Time to relapse was assessed every months during detoxification.The correlations between the attentional bias and relapse were by Pearson correlation analysis,Logistic regression analysis on risk factors of relapsed after abstinence.Results The reaction time of neutral,negative and alcohol-related words in Chinese Emotional Stroop Task of AD group ((1 411 ±299),(1 329±318),(1 445±333) ms,respectively) was worse than that of HC group ((869 ± 278),(825 ± 213),(840 ± 222) ms,respectively),the difference was statistically significant (t=8.890,8.800,0.019,all P＜0.01).The error number of the neutral and negative-words of AD group((3.67±2.30),(3.74±2.31) times) was worse than that of HC group((2.25±2.11),(2.02±1.80) times,t=3.053,3.918,both P＜0.01).Time to relapse in AD patients were positively correlated to reaction time and error number of negative-related words,and error number of alcohol-related words (r=0.354,P=0.016; r=0.442,P=0.004; r=0.493,P=0.000).Through multiple regression analysis,the error number of the alcohol-related was very import factor.Conclusion The results suggest that patients with alcohol dependence have attentional bias in alcohol-related words as measured by the Chinese Emotional Stroop Task,and alcohol attentional bias could be as a predictor of alcohol abusers' treatment outcome.

Objective To investigate the error monitoring function damages on the patients with schizo?phrenia ( SCH) . Methods A total of 32 patients with schizophrenia were compared with matched 34 health con?trols ( HC) on the error monitoring tasks which were compiled by E?Prime. Results The comparison between SCH group ((713.22±174.52)ms,( 491.14±170.29) ms,( 1060.31±130.84) ms,(8.28±12.55)time,( 8.00± 7.53)time respectively) and HC group ((560.73±156.94) ms,(395.62±188.03) ms,(989.85±104.33) ms, (2.97±4.13) times,(3.12±6.50) times) on the reaction time of choice,assessment,incongruent condition,the numbers of uncertain and the numbers of dropout were significant ( t=-3.737, P=0.000;t=-2.159, P=0.035;t=-2.426, P=0.018;t=-2.282, P=0.022;t=-2.824, P=0.006) . The SCH group and HC group did not signifi?cantly difference in Full Correct((124.72±23.74)/(131.74±21.96)times),Full Error((15.69±17.64)/(13.35± 18.63)times),Part Correct((6.83±10.40)/(4.21±7.03)times),Part Error((2.91±10.91)/(0.62±1.10)times) and Accuracy((0.831±0.161)/(0.874±0.159))(P>0.05).There was no significantly correlation among the course of disease,HAMA,HAMD and the error monitoring. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the error monitoring function damages on the patient with SCH may be involved in the dysfunction of anterior cingulate cortex.