Liver transplantation is the preferred treatment for end-stage liver disease, but recipients require long-term immunosuppressive therapy to control rejection, which may lead to complications and affect their long-term survival. Immune tolerance refers to the ability of organ transplant recipients to maintain their immune system's tolerance to the graft without relying on long-term immunosuppressants. Immune tolerance is an ideal goal pursued in the field of organ transplantation, which can reduce adverse drug reactions and improve long-term survival rates. Cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to induce such tolerance after liver transplantation. Therefore, this article reviews the application progress of cell therapies such as regulatory T cells, regulatory dendritic cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, etc. in inducing immune tolerance after liver transplantation, in order to provide reference for the clinical application of immune tolerance induction after liver transplantation.

Objective To analyze the epidemiologic burden of colorectal cancer in Xishan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2020. Methods Indicators of epidemiologic burden were calculated, including incidence rate, mortality rate, age-specific incidence/mortality rates, potential years of life lost (PYLL), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) based on the National Disease Control and Prevention Center’s "Cancer Information Registration and Reporting System" and "Cause of Death Registration System". Results From 2018 to 2020, the ASR (China) for the incidence of colorectal cancer in Xishan District, Kunming City increased from 25.27/10⁵ to 26.29/10⁵, while the ASR (China) for mortality decreased from 17.11/10⁵ to 16.03/10⁵. The PYLL in 2018–2020 were 1399.63, 1376.78, and 1571.56 person-years, respectively, whereas the DALY in 2018–2020 were 1927.74, 1875.05, and 1945.17 person-years, respectively. The morbidity, mortality, PYLL, and DALY were generally higher in males than in females over 45 years of age. Conclusion Given the parallel trends of persistent incidence risk and steadily declining mortality for colorectal cancer in Xishan District, Kunming City, a three-tier prevention and control system centered on "lifestyle intervention–regular screening–positive case tracking" should be established, with a focus on covering high-risk populations, particularly males over 45 years of age.

AIM: To evaluate the postoperative clinical efficacy of non-diffractive extended depth of focus intraocular lens(EDOF IOL)in patients with highly myopic cataract(HMC).METHODS:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of patients diagnosed with HMC at the hospital from January 2022 to December 2024. Patients were divided into an observation group [undergoing femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery(FLACS)combined with non-diffractive EDOF IOL implantation] and a control group(undergoing FLACS combined with aspheric monofocal IOL implantation)according to the type of implanted IOL. Postoperative visual acuity(LogMAR), visual quality, and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS: A total of 33 patients(47 eyes)were finally included in this study, including 10 patients(17 eyes)in the observation group and 23 patients(30 eyes)in the control group. The observation group had a median age of 59.0(52.8, 63.8)y, with 8 males(13 eyes)and 2 females(4 eyes). The control group had a median age of 56.0(53.5, 60.0)y, with 13 males(17 eyes)and 10 females(13 eyes). At 3 mo postoperatively, the best-corrected distance visual acuity(BCDVA)was 0.10(0.08, 0.12)in the observation group and 0.20(0.10, 0.40)in the control group(P=0.586). However, the best-corrected intermediate visual acuity(BCIVA)[0.10(0.10, 0.10)vs 0.50(0.40, 0.90), P=0.032] and best-corrected near visual acuity(BCNVA)[0.20(0.18, 0.20)vs 0.60(0.45, 1.45), P=0.044] in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group. The defocus curve showed that the uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)in the observation group was relatively stable within the range of -2.00 to +1.00 D, which was superior to that in the control group. Postoperative questionnaires showed that the spectacle independence rate(76%)and overall satisfaction(88%)in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(10% and 60%, respectively).CONCLUSION: Non-diffractive EDOF IOL significantly improves intermediate and near visual acuity, reduces spectacle dependence, and maintains distance visual acuity by extending the depth of focus, providing better postoperative visual quality and life satisfaction for HMC patients.

ObjectiveTo study the pharmacological substances and mechanisms through which sesquiterpene ZH-13 from Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum improves neuroinflammation. MethodsBV-2 microglial cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide （LPS） to induce neuroinflammation. The cells were divided into the normal group， the model group， and the ZH-13 low- and high-dose treatment groups （10， 20 μmol·L^-1）. The model group was treated with 1 μmol·L^-1 LPS. Cell viability was assessed using the cell proliferation and activity assay （CCK-8 kit）. Nitric oxide （NO） release in the cell supernatant was measured using a nitric oxide kit （Griess method）. The mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）， and interleukin-6 （IL-6） were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. The phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） pathway proteins was assessed by Western blot. ResultsCompared with the model group， ZH-13 dose-dependently reduced NO release from BV-2 cells under LPS stimulation （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In the 20 μmol·L^-1 ZH-13 treatment group， the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β， TNF-α， iNOS， and IL-6 were significantly reduced compared to the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In both the low- and high-dose ZH-13 groups， the expression of the inflammatory factor TNF-α and the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK） in the upstream MAPK pathway were significantly reduced （P<0.05）. After stimulation with the JNK agonist anisomycin （Ani）， both low- and high-dose ZH-13 treatment groups showed reduced phosphorylation of JNK proteins compared to the Ani-treated group （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe sesquiterpene compound ZH-13 from Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum significantly ameliorates LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses in BV-2 cells by inhibiting excessive JNK phosphorylation and reducing TNF-α expression. These findings elucidate the pharmacological substances and mechanisms underlying the sedative and calming effects of Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum.

The abnormal accumulation of neutrophil extracellular traps （NETs） can promote the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer， which is considered a potential therapeutic target for this disease. The Miraculous Pivot·Inquiry About Statement （《灵枢·口问》） have recorded the concept of "defensive qi stagnation". Based on the recognition that the function of defensive qi is similar to the immune function of neutrophils， and combining traditional Chinese medicine theory with clinical practice， it is proposed that the abnormal accumulation of NETs may be a pathological product of "defensive qi stagnation"， with the spleen being the critical site of pathology. Further exploring the application strategy of cleaning spleen and restoring defensive qi method in pancreatic cancer treatment， it is proposed to employ three approaches such as dredging method to eliminate spleen stagnation and inhibit pancreatic cancer proliferation， cleaning method to remove spleen dampness and suppress the inflammatory micro-environment， and tonifying method to strengthen Weiqi and to improve the immune microenvironment， which aims to provide new insights for the clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer with traditional Chinese medicine.

This article combined the pathogenic characteristics of "latent wind" with the theory of collateral diseases to clarify the pathological features of tumor blood vessels， including their active proliferation， high permeabi-lity， and promotion of metastasis. The theory framework of "latent wind in collaterals" as the tumor mechanism was proposed， which suggests that at the site of tumor lesions， the collaterals inherit the nature of latent wind to grow excessively， adopt an open and discharge nature to leak essence， and tumor toxins， characterized by their rapid movement and frequent changes， spread and metastasize， driving the progression of malignant tumors. Focusing on the fundamental pathogenesis of "latent wind in collaterals"， specific clinical treatment principles and methods centered on treating wind are proposed， including regulating qi and dispelling wind， clearing heat and extinguishing wind， unblocking collaterals and expelling wind， and reinforcing healthy qi to calm wind， so as to provide references for enhancing the precision of traditional Chinese medicine in treating malignant tumors.

ObjectiveTomatoes are one of the highest-yielding and most widely cultivated economic crops globally, playing a crucial role in agricultural production and providing significant economic benefits to farmers and related industries. However, early blight in tomatoes is known for its rapid infection, widespread transmission, and severe destructiveness, which significantly impacts both the yield and quality of tomatoes, leading to substantial economic losses for farmers. Therefore, accurately identifying early symptoms of tomato early blight is essential for the scientific prevention and control of this disease. Additionally, visualizing affected areas can provide precise guidance for farmers, effectively reducing economic losses. This study combines hyperspectral imaging technology with machine learning algorithms to develop a model for the early identification of symptoms of tomato early blight, facilitating early detection of the disease and visual localization of affected areas. MethodsTo address noise interference present in hyperspectral images, robust principal component analysis (RPCA) is employed for effective denoising, enhancing the accuracy of subsequent analyses. To avoid insufficient information representation caused by the subjective selection of regions of interest, the Otsu’s thresholding method is utilized to extract tomato leaves effectively from the background, with the average spectrum of the entire leaf taken as the primary object of study. Furthermore, a comprehensive spectral preprocessing workflow is established by integrating multivariate scatter correction (MSC) and standardization methods, ensuring the reliability and effectiveness of the data. Based on the processed spectral data, a discriminant model utilizing a linear kernel function support vector machine (SVM) is constructed, focusing on characteristic wavelengths to improve the model's discriminative capability. ResultsCompared to full-spectrum modeling, this approach results in an 8.33% increase in accuracy on the test set. After optimizing the parameters of the SVM model, when C=1.64, the accuracies of the training set and test set reach 91.67% and 94.44%, respectively, demonstrating a 1.19% increase in training set accuracy compared to the unoptimized model, while maintaining the same accuracy on the test set, effectively alleviating issues of underfitting. ConclusionThis study successfully establishes an early discriminant model for tomato early blight using hyperspectral imaging and achieves visualization of early symptoms. Experimental results indicate that the SVM discriminant model based on characteristic wavelengths and a linear kernel function can effectively identify early symptoms of tomato early blight. Visualization of these symptoms in terms of disease probability allows for a more intuitive detection of early diseases and timely implementation of corresponding control measures. This visual analysis not only enhances the efficiency of disease identification but also provides farmers with more straightforward and practical information, aiding them in formulating more reasonable prevention strategies. These research findings provide valuable references for the early identification and visualization of plant diseases, holding significant practical implications for monitoring, identifying, and scientifically preventing crop diseases. Future research could further explore how to apply this model to disease detection in other crops and how to integrate IoT technology to create intelligent disease monitoring systems, enhancing the scientific and efficient management of crops.

The Chinese Pharmacopoeia is the legal technical standard which should be followed during the research, production, use, and administration of drugs. At present, the new edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is planned to be promulgated and implemented. This article summarizes and analyzes the main characteristics and the content of updates and amendments of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition(Volume Ⅰ), to provide a reference for the correct understanding and accurate implementation the new edition of the pharmacopoeia.

Background/Aims: Multiple rapid swallows (MRS) is a provocative test during high-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM) to evaluate contraction reserve (CR). This study aims to determine the prevalence of CR in patients with ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) and MRS performed in the upright position, and to assess the ideal number of MRS sequences. Methods: We enrolled adult patients diagnosed with IEM according to the Chicago classification version 4.0 who underwent HRM with 3 MRS sequences. Presence of CR was identified as either: the distal contraction integral (DCI) of the post-MRS sequence exceeding the mean DCI of single swallows (ratio > 1) or the mean DCI of the 3 post-MRS sequences surpassing the mean DCI of single swallows. The occurrence of CR was compared following 1, 2, and 3 MRS sequences. Results: When assessing CR in 57 patients referenced to mean single supine swallow DCI, the pooled prevalence of CR following 1, 2, and 3 MRS sequences was 23/57 (40.4%), 31/57 (54.4%), and 33/57 (57.9%), respectively. More patients had CR after 2 MRS sequences compared to 1 (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in CR between 2 and 3 MRS sequences (P = 0.160). More patients had CR after 2 (P = 0.013) and 3 MRS sequences (P = 0.034) when CR was referenced to single upright compared to single supine swallows. Conclusion Among patients with IEM, 58.0% had CR after 3 upright MRS sequences and 2 were adequate to assess CR.

Background/Aims: Multiple rapid swallows (MRS) is a provocative test during high-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM) to evaluate contraction reserve (CR). This study aims to determine the prevalence of CR in patients with ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) and MRS performed in the upright position, and to assess the ideal number of MRS sequences. Methods: We enrolled adult patients diagnosed with IEM according to the Chicago classification version 4.0 who underwent HRM with 3 MRS sequences. Presence of CR was identified as either: the distal contraction integral (DCI) of the post-MRS sequence exceeding the mean DCI of single swallows (ratio > 1) or the mean DCI of the 3 post-MRS sequences surpassing the mean DCI of single swallows. The occurrence of CR was compared following 1, 2, and 3 MRS sequences. Results: When assessing CR in 57 patients referenced to mean single supine swallow DCI, the pooled prevalence of CR following 1, 2, and 3 MRS sequences was 23/57 (40.4%), 31/57 (54.4%), and 33/57 (57.9%), respectively. More patients had CR after 2 MRS sequences compared to 1 (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in CR between 2 and 3 MRS sequences (P = 0.160). More patients had CR after 2 (P = 0.013) and 3 MRS sequences (P = 0.034) when CR was referenced to single upright compared to single supine swallows. Conclusion Among patients with IEM, 58.0% had CR after 3 upright MRS sequences and 2 were adequate to assess CR.