Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, often accompanied by motor function disorders. Sarcopenia not only has skeletal muscle dysfunction but also has neurocognitive dysfunction. At present, there is no research to explore the relationship between ADHD and skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a causal effect between ADHD and sarcopenia. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study data of ADHD, appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength, and walking pace (WP) were extracted from public databases. The bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the correlation between ADHD and sarcopenia-related indicators, and the inverse-variance weighted analysis as the primary analysis method. Results: Based on the forward MR analysis, a potential causal relationship exists between ADHD and ALM (odds ratio [OR]=1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012–1.029, p<0.001). The reverse MR analysis indicates a link between WP and the risk of ADHD (OR=2.712, 95% CI: 1.609–4.571, p<0.001), with an accelerated WP increasing the likelihood of ADHD. Nevertheless, other MR analysis results did not show significant differences. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate an intricate causal relationship between ADHD and sarcopenia, suggesting the absence of a clear link. WP may be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the risk of ADHD. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the ALM of ADHD patients.

Neurofibromas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors. It is more common in neurofibromatosis type Ⅰ. However, isolated vagal nerve neurofibroma（VNN） of the neck is extremely rare, and only a few case reports have been reported. Its etiology and pathogenesis are not clear. The diagnosis is mainly based on pathological examination and immunohistochemistry, and surgical resection is the main treatment. This study reports a rare case of giant solitary vagus neurofibroma in the neck. The patient was a 29-year-old female who was found to have a mass on the right side of the neck by physical examination, which was considered to be a vagus nerve tumor by neck ultrasound and imaging examination. The tumor was completely removed during the operation, with the size of about 10.0 cm×2.5 cm, and the patient had no special discomfort. Postoperative pathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed neurofibroma. After surgery, the patient had right vocal cord paralysis, hoarseness, choking and paroxysmal cough. After swallowing function training and voice rehabilitation treatment in the department, the patient recovered satisfactorily. There was no complication and recurrence during the follow-up of 1 year. This article reviews the literature to improve the diagnosis and treatment of solitary vagus neurofibroma in the neck by combining its medical history, imaging features, pathology and immunohistochemistry, and surgical treatment.
Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Neurofibroma ; Vagus Nerve/pathology* ; Neck ; Cranial Nerve Neoplasms

Objective To analyze the pathological types and causes of misdiagnosis of thyroglossal duct cyst(TGDC).Methods The clinical data of 173 patients diagnosed with TGDC before operation in Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University from January 2013 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Combined with postoperative pathology,a total of 15 patients were found to be misdiagnosed before operation,and the causes of misdiagnosis were summarized.Results The pathological types of 14 misdiagnosed cases in-cluded seven cases of dermoid cyst,three cases of thyroglossal duct papillary carcinoma,one case of accessory thyroid gland,one case of nodular goiter with intracapsular hemorrhage,one case of cervical lymphadenitis and one case of inflammatory nodule.All the 14 patients underwent standard Sistrunk surgery,and regular follow-up after surgery showed no hypothyroidism,recurrence or metastasis.Preoperative static thyroid imaging proved that the neck mass was vago thyroid in one patient,and surgery was not performed to avoid hypothy-roidism or parathyroidism caused by surgery.Conclusion Misdiagnosis of TGDC as other diseases is rare,cli-nicians should raise awareness to avoid the adverse consequences caused by blind operation.

China has classified the Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) as a statutory category B infectious disease and managed it according to Category B since January 8, 2023.In view that Omicron variant is currently the main epidemic strain in China, in order to guide the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infection in children with the times, refer to the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Infection (Trial 10 th Edition), Expert Consensus on Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fourth Edition) and the Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy for Pediatric Related Viral Infections.The Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fifth Edition) has been formulated and updated accordingly on related etiology, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis and treatment, and added key points for the treatment of COVID-19 related encephalopathy, fulminating myocarditis and other serious complications for clinical reference.

Objective:To investigate drug resistance gene in Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP) and the distribution of 13 respiratory pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP).Methods:A total of 100 BALF of children with MPP in Peking University Third Hospital and Peking University First Hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were collected.Fluorogenic quantitative PCR was used to detect nucleic acid and it′s drug resistance gene of MP and multiple PCR method was adopted to detect influenza A virus, influenza A virus-H 1N 1, influenza A virus-H 3N 2, influenza B, human parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, human bocavirus, human rhinovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, human metapneumovirus, MP, human coronavirus, and respi-ratory syncytial virus gene, and the results were compared by using Chi square test. Results:In 100 BALF samples, MP and drug resistance gene were detected by fluorogenic quantitative PCR.Totally, 83 cases (83.00%) were MP positive and 78 cases (93.98%) were drug resistant.All of them had the point mutations A2063G in V region of 23S rRNA domain.A total of 13 kinds of respiratory pathogens were detected by multiplex PCR method, and 89 cases (89.00%) were positive.Totally, 79 cases (79.00%) were MP positive, of which 74 cases (74.00%) detected only MP, and 5 cases (5.00%) detected MP combined with other pathogens.Other pathogens were detected in 10 cases (10.00%). The virus detection rate of 0-4 years old group was higher than that of >4-6 years old group ( P=0.042) and >6 years old group ( P=0.002), and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions:MP can be detected in most BALF samples of MPP children, the drug resistance phenomenon is serious, and the main point mutation is A2063G.There were other respiratory pathogens and 2 or 3 pathogens were detected in a small number of BALF samples.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease.Previous studies have shown that children are vulnerable to monkeypox and are also at high risk for severe disease or complications.In order to improve pediatricians′ understanding of monkeypox and achieve early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment and early disposal, the committee composed of more than 40 experts in the related fields of infectious diseases, pediatrics, infection control and public health formulate this expert consensus, on the basis of the latest clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox released by the World Health Organization (WHO), the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox (version 2022) issued by National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China and other relevant documents.During the development of this consensus, multidisciplinary experts have repeatedly demonstrated the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, discharge criteria, prevention, case management process and key points of prevention and control about monkeypox.