Background Co-exposure to noise and microwave radiation occurs frequently. The central nervous system has been identified as a sensitive target organ for both noise and microwave exposure individually, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The specific biological effects resulting from co-exposure to these two factors have yet to be fully elucidated. Objective To clarify the effects of co-exposure to noise and microwave on neurobehavior and hippocampal tissue structure, and to explore the underlying mechanism through the assessment of serum cytokines. Methods C57BL/6N mice were selected and randomly assigned to a blank control group, a noise group, a microwave group, and a combined noise & microwave exposure group. To establish the exposure models, the noise group was subjected to broadband noise at 100 dB for 2 h, while the microwave group received radiation at a central frequency of 9.375 GHz with an average power density of 12 mW·cm⁻² and a specific absorption rate of 2.58 W·kg⁻¹ for 15 min. Open field and tail suspension tests assessed anxiety-like emotional behaviour; novel object recognition and Y-maze tests evaluated cognitive function. Histological changes in hippocampal tissue were examined using haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and Nissl staining under light microscopy. Serum cytokine levels were measured using radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results After 3 d of exposure, the noise, microwave, and combined exposure groups showed significant reductions in exploration frequency, duration, and distance within the central zone of the open field test compared to the control group (P < 0.01); the combined exposure group exhibited increased ratios of peripheral-to-central exploration time and distance (P < 0.05). After 7 d of exposure, compared with the control group, the noise group maintained a decrease in central zone exploration time (P < 0.01), while the combined exposure group showed persistent decline across all central zone metrics (P < 0.05) and elevated peripheral-to-central ratios (P < 0.05); compared to the microwave group, the combined exposure group showed significant less time in the central zone (P < 0.05) and higher peripheral-to-central ratios (P < 0.05). Regarding behaviour and cognition, compared with the control group, the combined exposure group showed increased immobility time in the tail suspension test after 3 d of exposure (P < 0.01). At this interval, all exposure groups demonstrated reduced frequency and duration of novel object recognition (P < 0.05), with the combined exposure group showing a marked decrease in novel arm exploration time (P < 0.01). After 7 d of exposure, compared with the control group, the noise group showed reduced novel object recognition frequency (P < 0.05), and both the noise and microwave groups exhibited decreased novel arm exploration time (P < 0.05). Pathological alterations including an increased number of hyperchromatic nuclei and depleted Nissl bodies were observed in the CA3 and DG regions across all exposure groups with the most severe lesions observed in the combined exposure group. Serum levels of central nervous system-specific protein β (S-100β), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and corticosterone (CORT) were significantly elevated in all exposure groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) levels increased in the combined exposure group (P < 0.05), while CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) levels rose in both the noise and combined groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Specifically, S-100β and CXCL10 levels in the combined exposure group were higher than those in the microwave group (P < 0.05); moreover, levels of S-100β, GFAP, CORT, AQP4, and CXCL10 in the combined exposure group were significantly higher than those in the noise group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Combined exposure to noise and microwave radiation induces pathological changes in the hippocampus of mice, increases levels of serum stress hormones and neuro-specific biomarkers. These impairments are more severe than those observed following single-factor exposure. The underlaying mechanism may be related to systemic stress response, neuronal damage, astrocyte activation, and changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, leading to emotional behavioral abnormalities and cognitive decline.

ObjectiveTo sort out the pre-ethical review status of drug clinical trials in a tertiary A hospital， summarize practical experience， and provide references for pre-ethical review. MethodA retrospective analysis was conducted on the ethical review of pre-ethical projects in a tertiary A hospital from 2018 to 2023. ResultsFrom 2018 to 2023， a total of 285 pre-ethical projects were reviewed in this tertiary hospital， including 79 projects where it served as the leading unit. Among these， 279 clinical trials ultimately received approval of the ethical review committee， while 6 projects were not approved due to sponsors’ refusal to modify study protocols. In terms of trial phases， phase III clinical trials constituted the largest proportion， and the oncology center was the department with the highest number of projects. In 2023， the average time for pre-ethical review projects from submission to approval was 43 calendar days， 3 days longer than for other project types. In 2023， this hospital reviewed 75 pre-ethical review projects， including 58 where it served as a participating unit. Among these， 42 projects received approval later than the leading unit， while 9 projects were approved earlier than the leading unit’s ethical approval date. Among the pre-ethical review projects applied in 2023， 70 projects obtained drug clinical trial notifications from the National Medical Products Administration， while 5 projects had unknown notification status due to the lack of ethical approval or discontinuation. Of the projects receiving approval notifications， 16 were annotated with matters requiring enhanced attention during clinical trials， and 7 necessitated protocol improvements. ConclusionThis tertiary A hospital has implemented multiple measures to optimize the management of pre-ethical review. This ethical review model does not compromise the quality of ethical review and contributes to accelerating the initiation of clinical trials. Notably， it is crucial to construct a patient-centered drug development system. Clinical trials guided by this concept align with ethical values， laying the foundation for the smooth conduct of clinical trials， assisting in the drug development process， and safeguarding patients’ medication needs.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Huayu Mingmu prescription on retinal angiogenesis and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin （PI3K/Akt/mTOR）-hypoxia inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor A （HIF-1α/VEGFA） signaling pathway in diabetic retinopathy （DR） rats. MethodsSixty-four SPF-grade male SD rats were used in the study. Eleven rats were randomly selected as the normal group， while the remaining 53 rats were fed a high-sugar， high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin （STZ） intraperitoneal injection to establish a type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） rat model. DR model evaluation was performed after 12 weeks of diabetes. The rats were then divided into model， low-dose， medium-dose， and high-dose groups of Huayu Mingmu prescription （9.29， 18.57， 37.14 g·kg^-1）， and a calcium dobesilate group （0.16 g·kg^-1）， with 10 rats in each group. The rats were orally administered the corresponding doses of Huayu Mingmu prescription and calcium dobesilate. The normal and model groups received equal volumes of physiological saline via gavage for 8 consecutive weeks. Retinal vascular changes were observed through fundus photography， and pathological changes in retinal tissue were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Retinal microvascular pathological changes were examined through retinal vascular network preparation and periodic acid-Schiff （PAS） staining. Immunofluorescence （IF） was used to detect the expression of VEGFA and angiopoietin-2 （Ang-2） in retinal tissue. Western blot was employed to detect the protein expression of PI3K， Akt， mTOR， HIF-1α， VEGFA， and VEGFR2 in retinal tissue. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to assess the mRNA expression of PI3K， Akt， mTOR， HIF-1α， VEGFA， and VEGFR2 in retinal tissue. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group exhibited significant pathological changes in retinal tissue， including the appearance of acellular capillaries， as well as significant endothelial cell （E） proliferation and pericyte （P） loss （P<0.01）. The E/P was significantly elevated （P<0.01）. Protein and mRNA expression levels of PI3K， Akt， mTOR， HIF-1α， VEGFA， and VEGFR2 in retinal tissue were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the expression of Ang-2 protein was significantly elevated （P<0.01）. In contrast， retinal tissue in the treatment groups showed alleviated pathological changes， with reduced endothelial cell proliferation and pericyte loss （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Among the treatment groups， the high-dose Huayu Mingmu prescription and the calcium dobesilate group exhibited a decreased E/P （P<0.01）. Protein and mRNA expression levels of PI3K， Akt， mTOR， HIF-1α， VEGFA， and VEGFR2 in retinal tissue were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the expression of Ang-2 protein was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionHuayu Mingmu prescription can intervene in retinal neovascularization in DR rats， delay the progression of DR， and its mechanism may be related to antagonizing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling pathway.

Objective:To evaluate the lung ultrasound characteristics of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children and to investigate the value of lung ultrasound monitoring in clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 62 children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia admitted to Xi'an Chest Hospital from 7 November to 30 November 2023 was performed，and the characteristic parameters of bedside lung ultrasound and their related clinical data were collected. Pathological lung ultrasound features such as interrupted pleural line，well-spaced B-lines，coalescent B-lines，small subpleural patchy pulmonary consolidation，large pulmonary consolidation and pleural effusion in 12 scan areas of both lungs were observed. The maximum upper and lower diameters，right and left diameters，and anterior and posterior diameters of the large pulmonary consolidations were measured，and the changes in the above signs before and after treatment were measured and compared.Results:In sixty-two children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia，including 32 males and 30 females，with a mean age of（8.18 ± 2.05）years old and a mean hospital stay of（8.79 ± 2.93）days，lung ultrasound showed interrupted pleural line，well-spaced B-lines，coalescent B-lines，small subpleural patchy pulmonary consolidation，large pulmonary consolidation and pleural effusion，with the incidence of 93.5%（58 /62），33.9%（21/62），32.3%（20/62），59.7%（37/62），66.1%（41/62）and 17.7%（11/62），respectively，in which the large pulmonary consolidations presented rich blood supply were more common in the L6 and L4 areas，while the pleural effusions were more common in the L6 area.The signs of interrupted pleural line，coalescent B-lines，large pulmonary consolidation and pleural effusion were significantly improved after treatment compared with before treatment（all P<0.05）. The upper and lower diameters，left and right diameters，and anterior and posterior diameters of large pulmonary consolidations were significantly reduced after treatment compared with before treatment［（4.19 ± 2.42）cm vs.（2.84 ± 2.31）cm， t=2.613， P=0.011；（2.80 ± 1.82）cm vs.（1.96 ± 1.62）cm， t=2.226， P=0.029；（3.41 ± 2.11）cm vs.（2.12 ± 1.82）cm， t=2.972， P=0.004］.With the process of treatment，the dynamic observation of lung ultrasound showed that the well-spaced B-lines/coalescent B-lines gradually decreased until they completely disappeared or a small number of B-lines remained，and the area of the large pulmonary consolidation showed a dynamic downward trend（all P<0.001），and the area of large pulmonary consolidations gradually decreased until they completely disappeared or only small subpleural patchy pulmonary consolidations and well-spaced/coalescent B-lines remained，and at the same time，the pleural effusion gradually absorbed until it disappeared. Conclusions:Lung ultrasound can detect the distribution area of lung lesions，morphology and blood supply characteristics of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia，as well as the dynamic changes after treatment，and lung ultrasound can dynamically monitor and evaluate the progression and regression of the disease in real time，providing a reliable imaging evidence for clinical practice.

AIM:This study aims to investigate the impact of TWIK-1 channels on abnormal pacemaker activi-ties induced by hypokalemia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.METHODS:The gene sequences encoding hu-man TWIK-1,specific TWIK-1 shRNA and TWIK-1-T118i mutant were synthesized and subsequently subcloned into lenti-viral vectors.To knock down the TWIK-1 gene in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes(hiPSC-CMs),the cells were transduced with lentivirus carrying the specific TWIK-1 shRNA sequences.For the overexpression of TWIK-1 or the TWIK-1-T118i mutant in HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes,the cells received lentiviral transduction containing the respective gene sequences.Patch-clamp techniques were employed to assess the effects of 1 mmol/L extracellular K+on the membrane potentials and whole-cell currents of the cardiomyocytes.RESULTS:Under conditions of 1 mmol/L extra-cellular K+,depolarization of membrane potentials was observed in the hiPSC-CMs and the HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes ex-pressing human TWIK-1 channel,leading to the induction of abnormal pacemaker activities.This phenomenon could be reversibly abolished by the removal of extracellular Na+or inhibited through TWIK-1 knockdown.In contrast,the mem-brane potentials of HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes expressing human TWIK-1-T118i mutant hyperpolarized,with no occur-rence of abnormal pacemaker activities.The hiPSC-CMs exhibiting abnormal pacemaker activities at 1 mmol/L extracellu-lar K+demonstrated TWIK-1-like Na+leak currents,which were blocked by quinine,a non-selective blocker of TWIK-1.CONCLUSION:The TWIK-1 channels play a critical role in the development of hypokalemia-induced abnormal pace-maker activities in human cardiomyocytes by facilitating Na+leak currents.

Aluminum foil for pharmaceutical packaging is a material used for solid dosage forms.Guideline 9625 of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2025 edition),built on the concepts of whole-process quality control and risk management,specifies the quality requirements for aluminum foil.This article analyzed and discussed the critical quality attributes and technical control points of aluminum foil by examining its fundamental characteristics,production processes,and relevant domestic and international standards.This article aimed to provide guidance for stakeholders in understanding and applying the guidelines,thereby enhancing pharmaceutical packaging quality and fostering standardization across the industry.

Objective To investigate the correlation between PPARγ and female interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and to establish a predictive model. Methods Clinical data were collected from 89 female IC/BPS patients (observational group) admitted to the hospital from June 2022 to December 2023,and 90 healthy female volunteers undergoing physical examinations during the same period (control group). Plasma levels of inflammatory factors,total antioxidant capacity (TAC),total glutathione (GSH),malondialdehyde (MDA),and PPARγ levels were measured. Significant clinical features were identified using LASSO regression and fitted into a multivariate logistic regression model. The diagnostic efficacy was assessed through receiver operat-ing characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Compared to the control group,the observation group exhibited signifi-cantly elevated age,BMI,NLR,absolute neutrophil count,IFN-α,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α and CD3+CD4+T expression levels,while absolute lymphocyte count,IL-10,TAC,GSH and plasma PPARγ expression levels were significantly decreased (all P<0.05). LASSO regression identified 8 variables,including NLR,IFN-α,absolute neutrophil count,IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,CD3+CD4+T and PPARγ,which were incorporated into the predictive model. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated levels of IL-1β,TNF-α and CD3+CD4+T cells,along with reduced PPARγ levels,were independent risk factors for IC/BPS. ROC curve analy-sis indicated that the diagnostic efficacy of the combined PPARγ and clinical parameters (age,IL-1β,TNF-α and CD3+CD4+T) (AUC=0.901) was superior to PPARγ alone (AUC=0.839). Conclusion Plasma PPARγ levels are significantly reduced in female IC/BPS patients and serve as a potential diagnostic marker,with combined clinical parameters enhancing diagnostic accuracy.

This study was aimed at establishing a novel visual detection method for SARS-CoV-2 based on magnetic beads(MBs)enrichment and Au@Pt nanoparticles(Au@PtNPs)enzyme catalysis.According to the double-antibody sandwich method,MBs conjugated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody 1 enriched SARS-CoV-2 antigen in samples.After magnetic adsorption,separation,and washing,the enriched antigen reacted with Au@PtNPs labeled with SARS-CoV-2 antibody 2,thereby forming an immune com-plex.After another round of magnetic adsorption and washing,the color change was catalyzed by Au@PtNPs in the chromogenic solu-tion,and the results were determined through comparison of color changes:a blue color change indicated a positive result,whereas no obvious color change indicated a negative result.The sensitivity and specificity of this method were evaluated.This study successfully established a visual detection method based on MBs enrichment and Au@PtNPs enzyme catalysis for targeting SARS-CoV-2 antigens.The method was able to detect SARS-CoV-2 antigens within 30 minutes and SARS-CoV-2nucleocapsid protein samples with antigen concentrations above 3.125 ng/mL.The method showed no cross-reactivity with seasonal influenza(H1N1)or influenza B virus nu-cleoprotein.The visual detection method established in this study,based on Au@PtNPs enzyme catalysis and MBs enrichment,has high specificity and sensitivity,is simple and quick to operate,and provides a new approach for rapid viral detection.

AIM To investigate the effects of Modified Baitouweng Decoction and Lizhong Decoction on mouse ulcerative colitis(UC).METHODS The mouse model of UC was established by 3％dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)induction.The C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the blank group,the model group,the low,medium and high dose Modified Baitouweng Decoction and Lizhong Decoction groups(3,6,12 g/kg),and sulfasalazine group(300 mg/kg),for 7 days gavage of the appropriate drugs,with 10 mice in each group.The mice had their disease activity index(DAI)and colonic mucosal damage index(CMDI)calculated;their colonic length and unit colonic weight measured;their histopathologic changes of colon observed by HE;their colonic ROS,MDA levels and GSH-Px,SOD activities detected by superoxide anion fluorescent probes and kits;their colonic levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β detected by ELISA;their colonic LC3 expression detected by immunofluorescence method;and their colonic AMPK,mTOR and p70S6K protein expressions detected by Western blot method.RESULTS Compared with the blank group,the model group displayed significantly higher DAI score,CMDI score,unit colon weight,pathology score,ROS and MDA content,TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β levels,and mTOR and p70S6K protein expression(P＜0.01);and significantly lower colon length,GSH-Px and SOD activity,LC3 level,and phosphorylated AMPK protein expression(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the groups intervened with Modified Baitouweng Decoction and Lizhong Decoction or sulfasalazine shared decreased DAI score,CMDI score,unit colon mass,pathology score,ROS,MDA,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β levels,mTOR,p70S6K protein expressions(P＜0.01);and significantly improved symptomsin terms of the elevated colonic length,GSH-Px,SOD activities,LC3 level,AMPK protein expression(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Modified Baitouweng Decoction and Lizhong Decoction may attenuate inflammatory response and oxidative damage in UC mouse models via AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the density,species composition,and seasonal prevalence of domestic rodents in different habitats within Lanzhou garrisons,providing basic information for rodent prevention and control.Methods A total of 12 monitoring sites were sampled across urban,suburban,and rural residential areas from 2014 to 2022.Rodent density was monitored using the night-trapping method in the middle of odd-numbered months.Results From 2014 to 2022,346 domestic rodents were captured using 122 035 effective traps,with an average domestic rodent density of 0.28％.The highest domestic rodent density was 0.63％in 2016,and the lowest was 0.07％in 2020,showing significant differences across years,with an overall trend of initially decreasing and then increasing(χ2=136.555,P<0.001).The dominant species was Rattus norvegicus,accounting for 83.24％of the total rodents captured.Rattus norvegicus accounted for a relatively high proportion across different years,with a statistically significant difference in species composition(χ2=20.931,P<0.05).Rodent densities and species composition also varied significantly among the monitored habitats(P<0.001),with the highest densities observed in rural residential areas and the lowest in urban areas.Seasonal variation in rodent densities showed a bimodal pattern,with smaller peaks in January or March and a larger peak in July.Conclusions Domestic rodent density in Lanzhou garrisons has shown an upward trend in the past few years.Rodent control measures should focus on barracks in rural residential areas,with targeted interventions to reduce the risk of rodent-borne diseases.