ObjectiveTo explore the effects of Jingui Shenqiwan （JSW） and Liuwei Dihuangwan （LDW） on the reproductive ability and brain function of normal mice and compare the actions of the two medications. MethodsSeven groups of female and male mice were divided at a ratio of 2∶1. Except for the control group， the other six groups were as follows： a group of both males and females receiving JSW （3.0 g·kg^-1）， a group of both males and females receiving LDW （4.5 g·kg^-1）， a group of males receiving water and females receiving JSW， a group of males receiving water while females receiving LDW， a group of females receiving water while males receiving JSW， and a group of females receiving water while males receiving LDW. Each group was administered the drug for 14 days and then caged together at a 2∶1 （female∶male） ratio to detect the number of pregnant mice and calculate the pregnancy rate. Pregnant mice continued receiving the drug until they naturally gave birth， which was followed by the observation of newborn mice， calculation of their average number， and the measurement of the offspring's preference for sugar water and neonatal recognition index. At the end of the experiment， the weights of the thymus and spleen were measured to calculate the organ coefficients， and mRNA or protein expression was analyzed in the brain and testes or ovaries. A 1% sucrose solution was used to examine the euphoria of their brain reward systems， while novel object recognition test （NOR） was applied to assess their memory capabilities. mRNA expression was detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） assay， and protein expression was analyzed with Western blot. ResultsCompared with the control group， oral administration of JSW to both male and female mice for 14 days significantly increased the pregnancy rate of female mice on day 2 after being caged together （P<0.05）， while LDW showed a trend but no statistical significance. Additionally， compared with the control group， JSW could upregulate the gene expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone （GnRH） in the thalamus， as well as reproductive stem cell factor （SCF） and tyrosine kinase receptor （c-Kit） in the testes and reproductive stem cell marker mouse vasa homologue （MVH） in the ovaries， upregulate the expression of proteins influencing neuronal functional activity， such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）， in hippocampal neurons （P<0.05）， and enhance sucrose preference in male mice （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group， JSW significantly increased sucrose preference and novel object recognition index in offspring mice （P<0.05）， which was related to the upregulation of hippocampal dopamine D1 receptor （D1R） and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor （Nmdar） gene expression. Compared with the control group， both JSW and LDW could upregulate the protein expression of glucocorticoid receptor （GR）， BDNF， and tyrosine kinase receptor B （TrkB） in the hippocampus of offspring mice （P<0.05）. ConclusionJSW significantly enhances the reproductive ability of normal mice， which is not only related to the release of gonadotropin but also associated with its regulation of brain function. Additionally， JSW has a certain regulatory effect on the brain function of the offspring mice.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Shenge Bushen Capsules （SBC） on sexual development in normal 3-week-old mice. MethodsThe experiment consisted of two parts. In the first part， mice were divided into four groups： The control group and the low， medium， and high-dose SBC groups （234.7， 469.4， 938.7 mg·kg^-1， respectively）. In the second part， mice were divided into four groups： Control group， Pseudostellariae Radix polysaccharide （PRP） group， total flavonoids group， and SBC group， all receiving a dose of 469.4 mg·kg^-1. After 7 days of administration， the vaginal opening of female mice and the descent of testes and scrotum in male mice， as well as the ovarian and testicular organ indices， were observed. After 4 weeks of administration， female and male mice were housed together for 2 days， and the pregnancy rate of females was monitored. After delivery， the pregnant female mice continued receiving the treatment for 4 weeks， and the sexual development of their offspring， including vaginal opening， testicular descent， and organ indices of ovaries and testes， was observed. Serum sex hormones were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone （GnRH） and growth hormone （GH） proteins in the hypothalamus was assessed by Western blot. ResultsCompared with the control group， there was no significant effect on the vaginal opening of female mice or the descent of testes in male mice after 7 days of SBC administration. After 4 weeks of administration， the pregnancy rate in the low-dose group was significantly reduced （P<0.05）， but no significant effects were observed in the other groups. The three doses of SBC did not significantly affect the ovarian or testicular organ indices， and there was no significant upregulation in the expression of GnRH or GH in the hypothalamus. The primary component of SBC， Pseudostellariae Radix polysaccharide， significantly reduced the vaginal opening in female mice after 7 days of administration （P<0.05）. After 4 weeks， the serum estradiol levels of non-pregnant female mice were decreased （P<0.05）， but there was no significant effect on the expression of GnRH or GH proteins in the hypothalamus of either male or female mice. Additionally， there were no significant effects on precocious puberty indicators， such as vaginal opening and testicular descent， in the offspring mice. ConclusionSBC does not significantly promote precocious puberty in young mice， and it does not have any noticeable effects on the pregnancy rate of adult mice or the sexual development of their offspring.

Objective By combining biological detection and imaging evaluation, a clinical prediction model is constructed based on a large cohort to improve the accuracy of distinguishing between benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of the 32 627 patients with pulmonary nodules who underwent chest CT and testing for 7 types of lung cancer-related serum autoantibodies (7-AABs) at our hospital from January 2020 to April 2024. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to screen independent risk factors for benign and malignant pulmonary nodules, based on which a nomogram model was established. The performance of the model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results A total of 1 017 patients with pulmonary nodules were included in the study. The training set consisted of 712 patients, including 291 males and 421 females, with a mean age of (58±12) years. The validation set included 305 patients, comprising 129 males and 176 females, with a mean age of (58±13) years. Univariate ROC curve analysis indicated that the combination of CT and 7-AABs testing achieved the highest area under the curve (AUC) value (0.794), surpassing the diagnostic efficacy of CT alone (AUC=0.667) or 7-AABs alone (AUC=0.514). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that radiological nodule diameter, nodule nature, and CT combined with 7-AABs detection were independent predictors, which were used to construct a nomogram prediction model. The AUC values for this model were 0.826 and 0.862 in the training and validation sets, respectively, demonstrating excellent performance in DCA. Conclusion The combination of 7-AABs with CT significantly enhances the accuracy of distinguishing between benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. The developed predictive model provides strong support for clinical decision-making and contributes to achieving precise diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules.

[Objective] To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) complicated with underactive bladder (UAB) who respond poorly to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). [Methods] A retrospective analysis was performed on 10 patients with BPH and UAB treated with TURP by the same surgeon in Zhongda Hospital Southeast University during Jan.2018 and Jan.2023.The residual urine volume was not significantly relieved after operation, and the maximum urine flow rate and urine volume per discharge were not significantly improved.All patients underwent phase I SNM, and urinary diaries were recorded before and after surgery to observe the average daily frequency of urination, volume per urination, maximum urine flow rate, and residual urine volume. [Results] The operation time was (97.6±11.2) min.During the postoperative test of 2-4 weeks, if the residual urine volume reduction by more than 50% was deemed as effective, SNM was effective in 6 patients (60.0%). Compared with preoperative results, the daily frequency of urination [(20.2±3.8) times vs. (13.2±3.2) times], volume per urination [(119.2±56.7) mL vs. (246.5±59.2) mL], maximum urine flow rate [(8.7±1.5) mL/s vs. (16.5±2.6) mL/s], and residual urine volume [(222.5±55.0) mL vs. (80.8±16.0) mL] were significantly improved, with statistical significance (P<0.05). There were no complications such as bleeding, infection, fever or pain.The 6 patients who had effective outcomes successfully completed phase II surgery, and the fistula was removed.During the follow-up of 1 year, the curative effect was stable, and there were no complications such as electrode displacement, incision infection, or pain in the irritation sites.The residual urine volume of the other 4 unsuccessful patients did not improve significantly, and the electrodes were removed and the vesicostomy tube was retained. [Conclusion] SNM is safe and effective in the treatment of BPH with UAB patients with poor curative effects after TURP.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the chemical composition of Danshenyin and its blood components in rats after oral administration. MethodsUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS） coupled with PeakView 1.2 software was used to systematically characterize and identify the components of Danshenyin aqueous extract and its migratory components in rat blood after oral administration based on the retention time， quasi-molecular ion peaks， secondary fragmentation ions， and literature reports， and a preliminary compounds identification of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma aqueous extract， the co-decoction of Santali Albi Lignum and Amomi Fructus was carried out to attribute the chemical constituents of the aqueous extract of Danshenyin. ResultsA total of 73 compounds， including 21 phenolic acids， 23 diterpenes， 6 flavonoids， 7 organic acids， 3 volatile oils and 13 others， were identified from the aqueous extract of Danshenyin. And 36 prototypes and 15 metabolites were identified in rat plasma， the major metabolic pathways included reduction， hydration， hydroxylation， demethylation， methylation， sulfation and others， these metabolites were mainly derived from tanshinones and salvianolic acids. ConclusionThe main blood components of the aqueous extract of Danshenyin are salvianolic acids and tanshinones， which may be the material basis of the efficacy. This study can provide reference for pharmacological research， quality control， and clinical application of Danshenyin.

A 36-year-old male patient presented with repeated myocardial infarction. Despite regular dual-antiplatelet therapy and intensive lipid-lowering therapy, he still experienced restenosis after coronary stent implantation. He then transferred to the Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. According to the disease history, combined with coronary artery inflammation observed by PET/CT and effective anti-inflammatory treatment, he was finally diagnosed with Behçet’s disease (BD) combined with isolated coronary arteritis. BD has been included in the Chinese Second Catalog of Rare Diseases, and the disease that only involves the coronary arteries is even rarer, which makes it very easy to misdiagnose and underdiagnosis in clinical practice. Strengthening the understanding of the complex clinical phenotypes of various vasculitis, attaching importance to multidisciplinary consultation, and dynamically following up are of great value for the early diagnosis of this disease.

ObjectiveTo investigate the processing technology of calcined Haematitum based on the concept of quality by design（QbD） and to assess its health risk. MethodsTaking whole iron content， Fe²⁺ dissolution content and looseness as critical quality attributes（CQAs）， and calcination temperature， calcination time， spreading thickness and particle size as critical process parameters（CPPs） determined by the failure mode and effect analysis（FMEA）， the processing technology of calcined Haematitum was optimized by orthogonal test combined with analytic hierarchy process-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation（AHP-CRITIC） hybrid weighting method. The contents of heavy metals and harmful elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry， and the health risk assessment was carried out by daily exposure（EXP）， target hazard quotient（THQ） and lifetime cancer risk（LCR）， and the theoretical value of the maximum limit was deduced. ResultsThe optimal processing technology for calcined Haematitum was calcination at 650 ℃， calcination time of 1 h， particle size of 0.2-0.5 cm， spreading thickness of 1 cm， and vinegar quenching for 1 time［Haematitum-vinegar（10：3）］. The contents of 5 heavy metals and harmful elements in 13 batches of calcined Haematitum were all decreased with reductions of up to 5-fold. The cumulative THQ of 2 batches of samples was>1， while the cumulative THQ of all batches of Haematitum was>1. The LCR of As in 1 batches of Haematitum was 1×10^-6-1×10^-4， and the LCR of the rest was<1×10^-6， and the LCRs of calcined Haematitum were all<1×10^-6， indicating that the carcinogenic risk of calcined Haematitum was low， but special attention should still be paid to Haematitum medicinal materials. Preliminary theoretical values of the maximum limits of Cu， As， Cd， Pb and Hg were formulated as 1 014， 25， 17， 27， 7 mg·kg^-1. ConclusionThe optimized processing technology of calcined Haematitum is stable and feasible， and the contents of heavy metals and harmful elements are reduced after processing. Preliminary theoretical values of the maximum limits of Cu， As， Cd， Pb and Hg are formulated to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of standards for the limits of harmful elements in Haematitum.

ObjectiveBased on the concept of quality by design（QbD）， the processing process of calcined Pyritum was optimized， and its X-ray diffraction（XRD） fingerprint was established. MethodsThe safety， effectiveness and quality controllability of calcined Pyritum were taken as the quality profile（QTPP）， the color， hardness， metallic luster， phase composition， the contents of heavy metals and hazardous elements were taken as the critical quality attributes（CQAs）， and the calcination temperature， calcination time， paving thickness and particle size were determined as the critical process parameters（CPPs）. Differential thermal analysis， X-ray diffraction（XRD） and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS） were used to analyze the correlation between the calcination temperature and CQAs of calcined Pyritum. Then， based on the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation（CRITIC）-entropy weight method， the optimal processing process of calcined Pyritum was optimized by orthogonal test. Powder XRD was used to analyze the phase of calcined Pyritum samples processed according to the best process， and the mean and median maps of calcined Pyritum were established by the superposition of geometric topological figures， and similarity evaluation and cluster analysis were carried out. ResultsThe results of single factor experiments showed that the physical phase of Pyritum changed from FeS₂ to Fe₇S₈ during the process of temperature increase， the color gradually deepened from dark yellow， and the contents of heavy metals and harmful elements decreased. The optimized processing process of calcined Pyritum was as follows：calcination temperature at 750 ℃， calcination time of 2.5 h， paving thickness of 3 cm， particle size of 0.8-1.2 cm， vinegar quenching 1 time［Pyritum-vinegar（10∶3）］. After calcination， the internal structure of Pyritum was honeycomb-shaped， which was conducive to the dissolution of active ingredients. XRD fingerprints of 13 batches of calcined Pyritum characterized by 10 common peaks were established. The similarities of the relative peak intensities of the XRD fingerprints of the analyzed samples were>0.96， and it could effectively distinguish the raw products and unqualified products. ConclusionTemperature is the main factor affecting the quality of calcined Pyritum. After processing， the dissolution of the effective components in Pyritum increases， and the contents of heavy metals and harmful substances decrease， reflecting the function of processing to increase efficiency and reduce toxicity. The optimized processing process is stable and feasible， and the established XRD fingerprint can be used as one of the quality control standards of calcined Pyritum.

ObjectiveTo investigate the processing technology of calcined Haematitum based on the concept of quality by design（QbD） and to assess its health risk. MethodsTaking whole iron content， Fe²⁺ dissolution content and looseness as critical quality attributes（CQAs）， and calcination temperature， calcination time， spreading thickness and particle size as critical process parameters（CPPs） determined by the failure mode and effect analysis（FMEA）， the processing technology of calcined Haematitum was optimized by orthogonal test combined with analytic hierarchy process-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation（AHP-CRITIC） hybrid weighting method. The contents of heavy metals and harmful elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry， and the health risk assessment was carried out by daily exposure（EXP）， target hazard quotient（THQ） and lifetime cancer risk（LCR）， and the theoretical value of the maximum limit was deduced. ResultsThe optimal processing technology for calcined Haematitum was calcination at 650 ℃， calcination time of 1 h， particle size of 0.2-0.5 cm， spreading thickness of 1 cm， and vinegar quenching for 1 time［Haematitum-vinegar（10：3）］. The contents of 5 heavy metals and harmful elements in 13 batches of calcined Haematitum were all decreased with reductions of up to 5-fold. The cumulative THQ of 2 batches of samples was>1， while the cumulative THQ of all batches of Haematitum was>1. The LCR of As in 1 batches of Haematitum was 1×10^-6-1×10^-4， and the LCR of the rest was<1×10^-6， and the LCRs of calcined Haematitum were all<1×10^-6， indicating that the carcinogenic risk of calcined Haematitum was low， but special attention should still be paid to Haematitum medicinal materials. Preliminary theoretical values of the maximum limits of Cu， As， Cd， Pb and Hg were formulated as 1 014， 25， 17， 27， 7 mg·kg^-1. ConclusionThe optimized processing technology of calcined Haematitum is stable and feasible， and the contents of heavy metals and harmful elements are reduced after processing. Preliminary theoretical values of the maximum limits of Cu， As， Cd， Pb and Hg are formulated to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of standards for the limits of harmful elements in Haematitum.

ObjectiveBased on the concept of quality by design（QbD）， the processing process of calcined Pyritum was optimized， and its X-ray diffraction（XRD） fingerprint was established. MethodsThe safety， effectiveness and quality controllability of calcined Pyritum were taken as the quality profile（QTPP）， the color， hardness， metallic luster， phase composition， the contents of heavy metals and hazardous elements were taken as the critical quality attributes（CQAs）， and the calcination temperature， calcination time， paving thickness and particle size were determined as the critical process parameters（CPPs）. Differential thermal analysis， X-ray diffraction（XRD） and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS） were used to analyze the correlation between the calcination temperature and CQAs of calcined Pyritum. Then， based on the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation（CRITIC）-entropy weight method， the optimal processing process of calcined Pyritum was optimized by orthogonal test. Powder XRD was used to analyze the phase of calcined Pyritum samples processed according to the best process， and the mean and median maps of calcined Pyritum were established by the superposition of geometric topological figures， and similarity evaluation and cluster analysis were carried out. ResultsThe results of single factor experiments showed that the physical phase of Pyritum changed from FeS₂ to Fe₇S₈ during the process of temperature increase， the color gradually deepened from dark yellow， and the contents of heavy metals and harmful elements decreased. The optimized processing process of calcined Pyritum was as follows：calcination temperature at 750 ℃， calcination time of 2.5 h， paving thickness of 3 cm， particle size of 0.8-1.2 cm， vinegar quenching 1 time［Pyritum-vinegar（10∶3）］. After calcination， the internal structure of Pyritum was honeycomb-shaped， which was conducive to the dissolution of active ingredients. XRD fingerprints of 13 batches of calcined Pyritum characterized by 10 common peaks were established. The similarities of the relative peak intensities of the XRD fingerprints of the analyzed samples were>0.96， and it could effectively distinguish the raw products and unqualified products. ConclusionTemperature is the main factor affecting the quality of calcined Pyritum. After processing， the dissolution of the effective components in Pyritum increases， and the contents of heavy metals and harmful substances decrease， reflecting the function of processing to increase efficiency and reduce toxicity. The optimized processing process is stable and feasible， and the established XRD fingerprint can be used as one of the quality control standards of calcined Pyritum.