ObjectiveTo explore the changes in volatile components， total polysaccharides， enzyme activity， and chromaticity value of Myristicae Semen Koji（MSK） during the fermentation process， and conduct correlation analysis. MethodsBased on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）， the changes of volatile components in MSK at different fermentation times were identified. The phenol sulfuric acid method， dinitrosalicylic acid method（DNS）， and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt method（CMC-Na） were used to investigate the total polysaccharide content， amylase activity， and cellulase activity during the fermentation process. Visual analysis technology was used to explore the changes in chromaticity values， revealing the fermentation process of MSK and the dynamic changes of various measurement indicators， partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） was used to explore the differential compounds of MSK at different fermentation degrees， and Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between volatile components of MSK and total polysaccharides， enzyme activity， and chromaticity values. ResultsA total of 60 volatile compounds were identified from MSK， the relative contents of components such as （+）-α-pinene， β-phellandrene， β-pinene， （+）-limonene， and p-cymene obviously increased， while the relative contents of components such as safrole， methyl isoeugenol， methyleugenol， myristicin， and elemicin significantly decreased. During the fermentation process， the total polysaccharide content showed an upward trend， while the activities of amylase and cellulase showed an initial increase followed by a decrease， and reached their maximum value at 40 h. the overall brightness（L^*） and total color difference（ΔE^*） gradually increased， while the changes in red-green value（a^*） and yellow-blue value（b^*） were not obvious. PLS-DA results showed that MSK could be clearly distinguished at different fermentation times， and 13 differential biomarkers were screened out. Pearson correlation analysis results showed that the contents of α-terpinene， β-phellandrene， methyleugenol， β-cubebene and myristic acid had an obvious correlation with chromaticity values. ConclusionAfter fermentation， the volatile components， total polysaccharides， amylase activity， and cellulase activity of MSK undergo significant changes， and there is a clear correlation between them and chromaticity values， which reveals the dynamic changes in the fermentation process and related indicators of MSK， laying a foundation for the quality control.

Cerebral small vessel disease（CSVD） refers to a series of clinical， imaging， and pathological syndromes caused by various etiologies affecting arterioles，capillaries， and venules in the brain， and the main clinical manifestations of CSVD include cognitive impairment， gait and balance disorders， urinary incontinence， and mental and behavioral disorders such as depression， anxiety， apathy， and personality changes. At present， the pathophysiological mechanism of CSVD remains unclear. As one of the most important trace elements in the human body， zinc ions play an important role in the development of the nervous system， and the change in zinc ion concentration will affect a variety of nervous system diseases；therefore， the research on the association between zinc ion homeostasis and the development and progression of cSVD has gradually become a hot topic. This article reviews the mechanism of the development and progression of CSVD， the role of zinc ions in the nervous system， the association between zinc ions and the development and progression of CSVD， and the latest research advances.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), as a significant central nervous system damage disease with high frequency in the world, leads to a huge number of patients with impaired health and lower quality of life every year. Lung injury is a common and dangerous consequence, which dramatically raises the mortality of patients. Discovering the pathophysiology of lung injury after TBI and discovering viable therapeutic targets has become an important need for clinical diagnosis and therapy. Neurotransmitters, as the fundamental chemical agents of the nervous system for signal transmission, not only govern neuronal activity and apoptosis in TBI but also significantly influence the pathophysiological mechanisms of lung injury subsequent to TBI. The imbalance is intricately linked to the onset and progression of lung damage. This paper systematically reviews the clinical characteristics and predominant pathogenesis of lung injury following TBI, emphasizing the role of key neurotransmitters, including glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and acetylcholine (ACh), in lung injury post-TBI. It examines their influence on inflammatory response, vascular permeability, and pulmonary circulation function. Additionally, the paper evaluates the research advancements and potential applications of targeted therapeutic strategies for various neurotransmitter systems, such as receptor antagonists, transporter inhibitors, and neurotransmitter analogues. This research aims to offer a theoretical framework for clarifying the neural regulatory mechanisms of lung injury following TBI and to establish a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and enhancement of the prognosis of the patients.
Humans ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism* ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism* ; Lung Injury/metabolism* ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism* ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism* ; Norepinephrine/metabolism* ; Dopamine/metabolism* ; Acetylcholine/metabolism*

A foot trajectory control method is proposed for biomimetic robot.Compared with traditional methods,the method uses a single CPG neuron to directly apply the foot trajectory generated by the oscillator to the hexapod robot.The joint angles is solved reversely for realizing the rhythmic foot swing,thereby achieving lateral walking.The step distance and step amplitude in foot trajectory,and the forward and backward swing trajectories during the swing phase can be adjusted by setting the load factor,period,amplitude and other parameters in the CPG oscillator.The feasibility of applying the improved Hopf model to foot trajectory is verified through the joint simulation using Matlab and Coppeliasim.Compared with traditional methods,the improved model has high flexibility in parameter adjustment and performs well in concurrency processing.

Objective To establish a nomogram model for efficiently predicting overall survival(OS)and cancer-specific survival(CSS)in patients with CRCHBM.Method 2239 patients from 2010 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results Program(SEER)databases and Wuhan Union Hospital Cancer Center.SEER is randomly assigned to the training and internal validation cohorts,and the Wuhan database serves as the external validation.Cox regression analyses were used to determine the independent clinicopathological prognosis factors affecting OS and CSS,and a nomogram was constructed to predict OS and CSS.The clinical utility of columnar plots was assessed using calibration curves,area under the curve(AUC),and decision curve analysis(DCA).Result OS column line graphs were constructed based on nine independent predictors:age,tumor location,degree of differentiation,tumor size,TNM stage,chemotherapy,primary focus surgery,number of lymph nodes sampled,and serum carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)level.The C-index of the nomogram to predict the 1-,3-,and 5-year OS were 0.764,0.790,and 0.805 in the training group,0.754,0.760,and 0.801 in the internal validation group,and 0.822,0.874,and 0.906 in the external validation group.CSS column line graphs were constructed based on 3 independent predictors of TNM staging,radiotherapy and chemotherapy.The 1-,3-,and 5-year CSS AUROC values of the training group were 0.791,0.757,and 0.782,respectively.0.682,0.709,0.625 in the internal validation group and 0.759,0.702,0.755 in the external validation group,respectively.The results of receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC),ROC and DCA showed that the use of our model was more effective in predicting OS and CSS than other single clinicopathological features.Conclusion In summary,the nomogram based on significant clinicopathological features can be conveniently used to predict OS and CSS individually in patients with CRCHBM.

Objective To investigate the contribution of microglia in the basolateral amygdala(BLA)to pain hypersensitivity and pain-related aversion in knee-joint monoarthritis mice.Methods A total of 61 mice were used for behavioral tests(14 mice in the control group and 47 mice in the model group),and other 6 mice were used for cell morphology(3 mice in each group).An animal model of knee-joint monoarthritis was established by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA)into the knee-joint cavity of mice.The von Frey and Hargreaves tests were used to examine mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in mice,respectively.The place escape/avoidance paradigm test was used to examine pain-related aversion.Open field test and elevated plus maze test were used to examine anxiety-like behaviors in mice.Morphological changes of microglia in the BLA area after CFA injection were assessed by 3D reconstruction of microglia in the BLA brain region using immunofluorescence staining and Imaris software.Results Compared with the control group,CFA-arthritic mice produced significant mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral hindpaw and maintained for at least 12 and 19 days,respectively.Meanwhile,CFA injection induced pain-related aversion and anxiety-like behaviors in mice,accompanied by significant activation of BLA microglia.Inhibition of BLA microglia activation alleviated CFA-induced hyperalgesia and aversive behaviors but had no significant effects on anxiety-like behaviors.Conclusion CFA-arthritic mice produce hyperalgesia,pain-related aversion,and anxious behavior,in which hyperalgesia and pain-related aversion may be mediated by the activation of microglia in BLA.

Objective:To investigate the practicality of TrueFidelity deep learning reconstruction algorithm in low-dose abdominal and pelvic CT angiography (CTA).Methods:The patients who required abdominal and pelvic CTA were prospectively included at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University from June 2020 to March 2021. All patients underwent low-dose CTA with a tube voltage of 80 kV and smart tube current modulation (100-720 mA). Images were reconstructed using the traditional FBP, adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction with a strength of 50% (ASIR-V 50%), TrueFidelity with medium (TF-M) and high (TF-H) strength. The CT value and standard deviation (SD value) of the abdominal aorta, psoas major muscle and subcutaneous fat in the same layer were measured, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) were calculated. We also introduced the measurement of skewness of CT value in psoas major muscle with uniform density. The above indexes of the four groups of reconstructed images were compared. A 5-point scoring method was used to evaluate the granularity, fuzziness and beam-hardening artifacts of all images. Objective measurement indicators, such as CT values, were tested by repeated measure ANOVA with the Bonferroni post hoc test.Results:There were forty-six patients in the study. The volume CT dose index of the scan was low at (1.09±0.31)mGy. There was no significant difference in CT values of vessels and muscles between the four groups ( P>0.05), but there was a significant difference in SD value( P<0.001). The SD value of the FBP group was the largest and that of the TF-H group was the smallest. The difference between SNR and CNR was statistically significant ( P<0.001), and the overall trend was opposite to that of the SD value. There was no significant difference in the skewness between the four groups. The granularity score of the FBP group was the largest, that of the TF-H group was the smallest, and there was a significant difference among the four groups. The score of fuzziness in the TF-H group was slightly higher than that in the other three groups, but there was no significant difference. The beam-hardening artifact score of FBP and ASIR-V 50% group was the worst, and the TF-H group was the best ( P<0.001). Conclusions:Compared with FBP and ASIR-V, TrueFidelity reconstruction algorithm provides better image quality (comprehensively considering image noise, fuzziness, uniformity, and hardening artifacts) in low-dose CT scanning of abdominal and pelvic vessels, and TF-H has the best image quality.

Objective To evaluate the degree of brain atrophy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3(SCA3)patients based on artificial intelligence(AI)technology,and to explore the correlation between the degree of brain atrophy and the severity of the disease.Methods The clinical and imaging data of 23 SCA3 patients(SCA3 group)and 24 healthy controls(HC)(HC group)were collected.The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale(ICARS)was used to evaluate the severity of ataxia in patients with SCA3.AI technology was used to process the 3D-T1 WI MR image data of the SCA3 and HC groups to segment and measure the volume and volume percentage of brain,followed by correlation analyses between brain structural alterations and the severity of ataxia in SCA3 patients.Results There were no significant differences in gender and age between the two groups(P＞0.05).The SCA3 group had a significant reduction in the volume and volume percentage of various brain regions,such as the frontal,temporal,parietal,occipital,limbic,right cerebral white mat-ter,subcortical gray matter,cerebellum and brainstem,compared to the HC group(multiple hypothesis testing adjusted P＜0.01).In the SCA3 group,the ICARS showed positive correlation with patient age(r=0.571,P=0.004)and negative correlation with the vol-ume of the left cerebellar white matter,vermis,medulla oblongata,and the volume percentages of bilateral cerebellar white matter,vermis,pons,medulla oblongata(P＜0.05).Conclusion The significant atrophy of the supratentorial and subtentorial regions of the brain in SCA3 patients.The globus pallidus exhibits the most substantial atrophy,suggesting its potential as an imaging diagnostic marker of SC A3.

Objective To identify epidemiological characteristics and pathogen distribution of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD)in Hebei Children's Hospital in order to support prevention and treatment of HFMD.Methods A total of 1 698 cases throat swab samples from children diagnosed as HFMD from 2016 to 2023 were collected.Real-time PCR was used to detect the specific classification of HFMD.Statistical analysis was performed according to the year,season,age,and sex and enterovirus type of HFMD in the children.Results From 2016 to 2023,the ratio of male to female patients among the 1 698 children admitted to Hebei Children's Hospital was 1.72∶1.Among them,the highest incidence rate in summer was 778 cases,accounting for 45.8%of all cases,followed by autumn,with a total of 614 cases,accounting for 36.2%of cases.The highest incidence was recorded in age group of 1-3 years,with a total of 1 032 cases(60.8%).The lowest incidence was 38 cases in age group＞6 years old(2.2%);There were 988 cases of HFM(58.2%)caused by different strains of enterovirus undefined(EVU)except enterovirus 71(EV71)and coxsackievirus A16(CA16).Conclusions HFMD found in Hebei Children's Hospital from 2016 to 2023 are mainly caused by enteroviruses except EV 71 and coxsackievirus A16.High morbid-ity is found in children aged 1-3 years,and summer and autumn are the main epidemic seasons.This result may facilitate and support decision making and strategy development in disease prevention and control as well as to strengthen public health resources.