Sleep is an instinctive behavior alternating awakening state, sleep entails many active processes occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. The function of sleep is to restore cellular energy, enhance immunity, promote growth and development, consolidate learning and memory to ensure normal life activities. However, with the increasing of social pressure involved in work and life, the incidence of sleep disorders (SD) is increasing year by year. In the short term, sleep disorders lead to impaired memory and attention; in the longer term, it produces neurological dysfunction or even death. There are many ways to directly or indirectly contribute to sleep disorder and keep the hormones, including pharmacological alternative treatments, light therapy and stimulus control therapy. Exercise is also an effective and healthy therapeutic strategy for improving sleep. The intensities, time periods, and different types of exercise have different health benefits for sleep, which can be found through indicators such as sleep quality, sleep efficiency and total sleep time. So it is more and more important to analyze the mechanism and find effective regulation targets during sleep disorder through exercise. Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter in the nervous system, which not only participates in action initiation, movement regulation and emotion regulation, but also plays a key role in the steady-state remodeling of sleep-awakening state transition. Appreciable evidence shows that sleep disorder on humans and rodents evokes anomalies in the dopaminergic signaling, which are also implicated in the development of psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia or substance abuse. Experiments have shown that DA in different neural pathways plays different regulatory roles in sleep behavior, we found that increasing evidence from rodent studies revealed a role for ventral tegmental area DA neurons in regulating sleep-wake patterns. DA signal transduction and neurotransmitter release patterns have complex interactions with behavioral regulation. In addition, experiments have shown that exercise causes changes in DA homeostasis in the brain, which may regulate sleep through different mechanisms, including cAMP response element binding protein signal transduction, changes in the circadian rhythm of biological clock genes, and interactions with endogenous substances such as adenosine, which affect neuronal structure and play a neuroprotective role. This review aims to introduce the regulatory effects of exercise on sleep disorder, especially the regulatory mechanism of DA in this process. The analysis of intracerebral DA signals also requires support from neurophysiological and chemical techniques. Our laboratory has established and developed an in vivo brain neurochemical analysis platform, which provides support for future research on the regulation of sleep-wake cycles by movement. We hope it can provide theoretical reference for the formulation of exercise prescription for clinical sleep disorder and give some advice to the combined intervention of drugs and exercise.

Neuroscience is a significant frontier discipline within the natural sciences and has become an important interdisciplinary frontier scientific field. Brain is one of the most complex organs in the human body, and its structural and functional analysis is considered the “ultimate frontier” of human self-awareness and exploration of nature. Driven by the strategic layout of “China Brain Project”, Chinese scientists have conducted systematic research focusing on “understanding the brain, simulating the brain, and protecting the brain”. They have made breakthrough progress in areas such as the principles of brain cognition, mechanisms and interventions for brain diseases, brain-like computation, and applications of brain-machine intelligence technology, aiming to enhance brain health through biomedical technology and improve the quality of human life. Due to limited understanding and comprehension of neuroscience, there are still many important unresolved issues in the field of neuroscience, resulting in a lack of effective measures to prevent and protect brain health. Therefore, in addition to actively developing new generation drugs, exploring non pharmacological treatment strategies with better health benefits and higher safety is particularly important. Epidemiological data shows that, exercise is not only an indispensable part of daily life but also an important non-pharmacological approach for protecting brain health and preventing neurodegenerative diseases, forming an emerging research field known as motor neuroscience. Basic research in motor neuroscience primarily focuses on analyzing the dynamic coding mechanisms of neural circuits involved in motor control, breakthroughs in motor neuroscience research depend on the construction of dynamic monitoring systems across temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, high spatiotemporal resolution detection of movement processes and movement-induced changes in brain structure and neural activity signals is an important technical foundation for conducting motor neuroscience research and has developed a set of tools based on traditional neuroscience methods combined with novel motor behavior decoding technologies, providing an innovative technical platform for motor neuroscience research. The protective effect of exercise in neurodegenerative diseases provides broad application prospects for its clinical translation. Applied research in motor neuroscience centers on deciphering the regulatory networks of neuroprotective molecules mediated by exercise. From the perspectives of exercise promoting neurogenesis and regeneration, enhancing synaptic plasticity, modulating neuronal functional activity, and remodeling the molecular homeostasis of the neuronal microenvironment, it aims to improve cognitive function and reduce the incidence of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. This has also advanced research into the molecular regulatory networks mediating exercise-induced neuroprotection and facilitated the clinical application and promotion of exercise rehabilitation strategies. Multidimensional analysis of exercise-regulated neural plasticity is the theoretical basis for elucidating the brain-protective mechanisms mediated by exercise and developing intervention strategies for neurological diseases. Thus,real-time analysis of different neural signals during active exercise is needed to study the health effects of exercise throughout the entire life cycle and enhance lifelong sports awareness. Therefore, this article will systematically summarize the innovative technological developments in motor neuroscience research, review the mechanisms of neural plasticity that exercise utilizes to protect the brain, and explore the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of major neurodegenerative diseases. This aims to provide new ideas for future theoretical innovations and clinical applications in the field of exercise-induced brain protection.

As China accelerates its efforts in deep space exploration and long-duration space missions, including the operationalization of the Tiangong Space Station and the development of manned lunar missions, safeguarding astronauts’ physiological and cognitive functions under extreme space conditions becomes a pressing scientific imperative. Among the multifactorial stressors of spaceflight, microgravity emerges as a particularly potent disruptor of neurobehavioral homeostasis. Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in regulating behavior under space microgravity by influencing reward processing, motivation, executive function and sensorimotor integration. Changes in gravity disrupt dopaminergic signaling at multiple levels, leading to impairments in motor coordination, cognitive flexibility, and emotional stability. Microgravity exposure induces a cascade of neurobiological changes that challenge dopaminergic stability at multiple levels: from the transcriptional regulation of DA synthesis enzymes and the excitability of DA neurons, to receptor distribution dynamics and the efficiency of downstream signaling pathways. These changes involve downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra, reduced phosphorylation of DA receptors, and alterations in vesicular monoamine transporter expression, all of which compromise synaptic DA availability. Experimental findings from space analog studies and simulated microgravity models suggest that gravitational unloading alters striatal and mesocorticolimbic DA circuitry, resulting in diminished motor coordination, impaired vestibular compensation, and decreased cognitive flexibility. These alterations not only compromise astronauts’ operational performance but also elevate the risk of mood disturbances and motivational deficits during prolonged missions. The review systematically synthesizes current findings across multiple domains: molecular neurobiology, behavioral neuroscience, and gravitational physiology. It highlights that maintaining DA homeostasis is pivotal in preserving neuroplasticity, particularly within brain regions critical to adaptation, such as the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. The paper also discusses the dual-edged nature of DA plasticity: while adaptive remodeling of synapses and receptor sensitivity can serve as compensatory mechanisms under stress, chronic dopaminergic imbalance may lead to maladaptive outcomes, such as cognitive rigidity and motor dysregulation. Furthermore, we propose a conceptual framework that integrates homeostatic neuroregulation with the demands of space environmental adaptation. By drawing from interdisciplinary research, the review underscores the potential of multiple intervention strategies including pharmacological treatment, nutritional support, neural stimulation techniques, and most importantly, structured physical exercise. Recent rodent studies demonstrate that treadmill exercise upregulates DA transporter expression in the dorsal striatum, enhances tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and increases DA release during cognitive tasks, indicating both protective and restorative effects on dopaminergic networks. Thus, exercise is highlighted as a key approach because of its sustained effects on DA production, receptor function, and brain plasticity, making it a strong candidate for developing effective measures to support astronauts in maintaining cognitive and emotional stability during space missions. In conclusion, the paper not only underscores the centrality of DA homeostasis in space neuroscience but also reflects the authors’ broader academic viewpoint: understanding the neurochemical substrates of behavior under microgravity is fundamental to both space health and terrestrial neuroscience. By bridging basic neurobiology with applied space medicine, this work contributes to the emerging field of gravitational neurobiology and provides a foundation for future research into individualized performance optimization in extreme environments.

The aim of this study was to clarify the genetic diversity and population history of Ixodes persulcatus in some ar-eas of Inner Mongolia in order to provide accurate data for effective vector control programs and reveal the transmission mecha-nism.Samples were collected in 10 areas of Inner Mongolia during the active tick season(April 2021-July 2023)using the flag-dragging and manual sampling methods.The 16S rRNA and COI gene were sequenced to clarify genetic diversity of I.per-sulcatus.The positivity rates for the COI gene and 16S rRNA were 90.00％and 98.33％respectively.Overall,18 and 15 haplotypes were identified for the COI gene and 16S rRNA,respectively,with a total haplotype diversity＞0.762 and total nucleotide diversity＜0.005.The Tajima's values and Fu's Fs were negative for significance.A nucleotide mismatch map was shown as a single peak.The genetic differentiation index FST of the population indicates a small degree of genetic differ-entiation of the population,while analysis of molecular vari-ance indicates that the variation within populations was greater than between populations.Phylogenetic tree and haplotype network plots showed confounding distributions between hap-lotypes.I.persulcatus from the Hinggan League and Hulun-buir regions can adapt to environmental changes and possess abundant genetic diversity.Genetic differentiation is mainly concentrated within the population and no geographical isolation was observed.

Objective:To investigate the clinical features and prognostic factors of patients with primary extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)in the rituximab era.Methods:The continuous data of newly diagnosed DLBCL patients with complete case data and first-line treated with rituximab,cyclophosphamide,epirubicin,vincristine,prednisone(R-CHOP)or R-CHOP treatment admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 2013 to November 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical and molecular immunological features and prognosis of extranodal DLBCL were analyzed,Logistics regression model was used to analyzed the influencing factors of patients prognosis.Results:A total of 237 patients were enrolled,of which 54.4％(129 cases)were primary extranodal sources of DLBCL,and the most common extranodal sites were as follows:stomach(19.4％),colon(14.7％),tonsils(12.4％),skin/muscle(9.3％),central(7.7％),nasal/nasopharynx(6.2％),bone marrow(5.4％),testes(4.7％).The 3-year PFS and OS of DLBCL patients with extranodal involvement of bone marrow,central,liver,gastrointestinal or pulmonary origin were significantly lower than those of other patients with extranodal DLBCL of non-special site origin,and the difference was statistically significant(PFS:65.2％vs 76.7％,P=0.008;OS:82.6％vs 88.3％,P=0.04).Multivariate analysis showed that the prognostic factors affecting OS included NCCN-IPI score＞3(OR:0.142,95％CI:0.041-0.495,P=0.002),non-germinal center source(OR:2.675,95％CI:1.069-6.694,P=0.036),and DEL patients(OR:0.327,95％CI:0.129-0.830,P=0.019).An NCCN-IPI score＞3 was the only independent adverse prognostic factor for PFS(OR:0.235,95％CI:0.116-0.474,P＜0.001).Conclusion:Patients with primary extranodal source DLBCL are more common in gastrointestinal involvement,and the overall prognosis is worse than that of patients with lymph node origin.NCCN-IPI score is an important independent adverse prognostic factor for predicting overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with primary extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Objective:To investigate the early predictive value of halving time(HT)of BCR-ABLIS for deep molecular response(DMR)in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia(CML)treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI).Methods:The continuous data of newly diagnosed CML patients with complete case data and first-line imatinib treatment admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 2014 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.Combined with the clinical characteristics of the patients and the efficacy analysis at each time point,a logistic regression model was used to explore the independent influencing factors of DMR,and combined HT of BCR-ABLIS with BCR-ABLIS level at 3 months to predict DMR of the patients.Results:Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that HT and 3-month BCR-ABLIS levels were independent influencing factors for MR4,MR4.5,and stable MR4.5(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis determined that the best cut-off value of HT was 28 days.Compared with patients with HT＞28 d,patients with HT ≤28 d were more likely to obtain DMR at 2,3,and 5 years,respectively(74.2％vs 27.3％,71.2％vs 22.7％,and 63.6％vs 25.0％,all P＜0.001).The patients were divided into 4 groups according to BCR-ABLIS levels at 3 months and HT.Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the patients in the BCR-ABLIS ≤10％and HT≤28 d group had a higher probability of obtaining cumulative MR4 and MR4.5 than those in the BCR-ABLIS≤10％and HT＞28 d group(P＜0.05);Patients in the BCR-ABLIS＞10％and HT≤28 d group had a higher probability of obtaining cumulative MR4 and MR4.5 than those in the BCR-ABLIS＞10％and HT＞28 d group(P＜0.05).Conclusion:In addition to BCR-ABLIS level,HT of BCR-ABLIS can be used as another important predictor of treatment efficacy in CML patients.The combination of BCR-ABLIS level and HT has a more accurate predictive value for long-term molecular response of CML patients after TKI treatment.

Objective:To explore the therapeutic efficacy and prognostic factors of induction therapy for secondary central nervous system lymphoma(SCNSL).Methods:Clinical data of patients diagnosed with SCNSL from 2010 to 2021 at Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital were retrospectively collected.A retrospective cohort study was performed on all and grouped patients to analyze the efficacy and survival.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the adverse prognostic factors.Results:Thirty-seven diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with secondary central involvement were included in the research.Their 2-year overall survival(OS)rate was 46.01％and median survival time was 18.1 months.The 2-year OS rates of HD-MTX group and TMZ group were 34.3％and 61％,median survival time were 8.7 and 38.3 months,and median progression-free survival time were 8.1 and 47 months,respectively.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age,sex,IPI,Ann Arbor stage were correlated with patient survival time.The median survival time of patients with CD79B,KMT2D,CXCR4.ERBB2,TBL1XR1,BTG2,MYC,MYD88,and PIM1 mutations was 8.2 months,which was lower than the overall level.Conclusion:HD-MTX combined with TMZ as the first-line strategy may improve patient prognosis,and early application of gene sequencing is beneficial for evaluating prognosis.

Objective To explore the impact of artificial intelligence(AI)-assisted computing systems on the success rate of surgery,stereoscopic vision,and quality of life in patients with intermittent exotropia.Methods A total of 108 children(216 eyes)with intermittent exotropia who visited Ziyang Hospital of West China Hospital,Sichuan University from March 2021 to April 2023 were collected and randomly divided into Group A and Group B,with 54 children(108 eyes)in each group.Group A used the traditional calculation method,while Group B used the AI-assisted calculation method to determine the surgical volume of strabismus in children by the angles of strabismus at 6m and 33 cm.The success rate of surgery,postoperative angle of strabismus,stereoscopic visual function,horizontal and vertical perceptual eye positions,and quality of life[Child Intermittent Exotropia Questionnaire(CIXTQ)score]were compared between the two groups at 1 day,1 month,3 months and 6 months after surgery.Results At 1 day,1 month,3 months and 6 months after surgery,the success rate of surgery in Group B was significantly higher than that in Group A(all P＜0.05).Compared with the val-ues at 1 day after surgery,the angles of strabismus at 6 m and 33 cm in the two groups were significantly reduced at 1 month,3 months and 6 months after surgery(all P＜0.05);Group B had significantly lower angles of strabismus at 6 m and 33 cm than Group A at 1 day,1 month,3 months and 6 months after surgery(all P＜0.05).At 1 month,3 months and 6 months after surgery,the central and far stereoscopic visions of children in the two groups gradually increased,with the increase rate in Group B being significantly higher than that in Group A(Finter-group=76.59,P＜0.05);the proportion of children without stereoscopic vision in both groups gradually decreased,with a decrease rate in Group B being significantly higher than that in Group A(Finter-group=137.74,P＜0.05).At 1 month,3 months and 6 months after surgery,the horizon-tal and vertical perceptual eye positions in Group B showed a significant descend range compared with those in Group A(all P＜0.05).At 1 day,1 month,3 months and 6 months after surgery,the exotropia displacement of children in both groups gradually increased,and the displacement of children in Group B was significantly smaller than that in Group A at 1 month,3 months and 6 months postoperatively(all P＜0.05).At 1 month,3 months and 6 months after surgery,the CIX-TQ scores of children in the two groups increased gradually,with CIXTQ scores in Group B being significantly higher than those of Group A(all P＜0.05).Conclusion AI-assisted computing systems can effectively improve the success rate of intermittent exotropia surgery,enhance the establishment of stereoscopic visual function,improve visual quality,and sig-nificantly improve the quality of life of children.

Objective Visual electrophysiology and optical correlation tomography angiography(OCTA)were used to investigate differences in preoperative retinal function in patients with type 2 diabetic cataract(DC)without obvious retinopathy(NDR)and to determine the clinical application of whole-process blood glucose man-agement(WBGM)for improving postoperative vision in DC patients.Methods This study investigated the preop-erative and postoperative visual electrophysiology(N75,P100,photopic FERG,and scotopic FERG),peripapil-lary retinal nerve fiber layer(pRNFL)and peripapillary capillary vessel density(ppVD)data,as well as trends in these data changes during blood glucose management intervention.Results As the course of T2DM progressed,FBG and HbA1c increased,the N75 and P100 lategraduancy periods of patients gradually lengthened,and the photopic FERG,scotopic FERG,pRNFL,and ppVD values decreased at each postoperative time point.At the same time,the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of patients after surgery gradually decreased(P<0.05).Compared with that at 1 week after surgery,the BCVA of Group A(without whole-process blood glucose manage-ment)gradually increased at 1 month and 3 months after surgery but showed a downward trend at 1 year after sur-gery.The BCVA of Group B(with whole-process blood glucose management)gradually stabilized at 1 month after surgery,and at all time points after surgery,the BCVA of Group B was better than that of Group A.The results showed that N75 and P100 in Group A were greater than those in Group B,while the photopic and scotopic FERG,pRNFL,and ppVD(%)in Group A were lower than those in Group B.In addition,N75 and P100 in Group A showed a gradual prolongation trend at various time points after surgery,while photopic FERG,scotopic FERG,pRNFL,and ppVD(%)showed a gradually decreasing trend.However,the above data in Group B gradu-ally stabilized at 3 months after DC surgery,approaching the preoperative level of the group(P<0.05).In the state of whole blood glucose management,although N75 and P100 both reached their longest durations at 1 week af-ter surgery,N75,P100,photopic FERG,scotopic FERG,and pRNFL showed a gradually decreasing trend at 1 month and 3 months after surgery,while ppVD(%)gradually increased(P<0.05).At various time points from 3 months to 1 year after surgery,the overall trend of the above indicators remained stable and close to the preoperative values(P>0.05).Conclusion According to the results of the quantitative analysis of visual electrophysiology and OCTA,in DC patients without obvious retinopathy and with the worsening of diabetes,retinal function decreased,but whole-process blood glucose management effectively restored retinal function and improved visual quality after surgery.

Objective To describe the changing trend and related factors of prevalence rates of healthcare-associa-ted infection(HAI)in a tertiary hospital in the past 10 years,and analyze the influencing factors for HAI.Methods A cross-sectional survey on HAI was conducted for 10 consecutive years from 2013 to 2022(one day was selected as the survey day each year),data were collected.The distribution and related factors of prevalence rates of HAI were analyzed by trend-x2 test and Pearson correlation coefficient.Multivariate logistic regression and multilayer percep-tron(MLP)models were constructed to analyze the independent effect and significance of factors.Results From 2013 to 2022,the prevalence rates of HAI ranged from 4.66％to 8.07％in this hospital,showing a linear upward trend.The proportions of ICU patients and utilization rate of central venous catheters within 2 days before the sur-vey showed linear upward trends,while the proportion of patients with urinary catheters within 2 days before the survey and proportion of patients undergoing surgery within 30 days before the survey decreased.The MLP model revealed that the top 3 important factors for HAI were length of hospital stay＞10 days,admission in ICU,and in-dwelling central venous catheters within 2 days before the survey.Multivariate logistic regression model indicated that length of hospital stay＞10 days,indwelling central venous catheters or urinary catheters within 2 days before the survey,surgery within 30 days before the survey,and admission in ICU were independent influencing factors for HAI.Conclusion The incidence of HAI in this hospital presents a linear increase in recent 10 years,the causes should be further analyzed and the direction of intervention should be determined through targeted surveillance.Adopting trend test statistical analysis method,logistic regression,MLP multi-factor model can further explore the data value of HAI prevalence survey.