Although global brain science research has progressed rapidly in recent decades, several fundamental questions in neuroscience remain unresolved. In particular, the physical mechanism underlying neural signal transmission remains controversial, and the carriers responsible for neural information storage and retrieval have not yet been fully clarified. These unresolved issues motivate us to re-examine the processes of neural information generation, transmission, integration, storage, and retrieval from multiple perspectives. A key observation is that neural electromagnetic activities are closely associated with time. Their duration, temporal structure, and dynamic evolution play crucial roles in neural information processing. In this work, we analyze neural electromagnetic activities from the perspective of temporal scales (referred to here as the “time course”). By reviewing and integrating findings from previous studies, we examine the characteristic time requirements and dynamic features of neural processes occurring at different stages of information processing. These stages include neural signal generation, signal transmission along axons, synaptic integration, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation and retrieval. Based on this temporal analysis, we outline a framework describing neural electromagnetic activities across a wide range of time scales, spanning from microseconds to minutes, hours, or even longer periods associated with long-term memory, which suggests that neural information processing involves multiple physical processes operating at different time levels. Rapid electromagnetic events may occur on microsecond scales, whereas electrophysiological phenomena such as action potentials typically last on the order of milliseconds. Longer time scales are associated with synaptic plasticity and memory-related processes. From this perspective, we propose that the physical carrier of neural information may be transient electromagnetic pulses with durations on the microsecond scale. In this framework, action potentials can be interpreted as the macroscopic electrophysiological manifestation of underlying electromagnetic processes triggered by ionic currents across neuronal membranes. Rather than being the fundamental neural signal itself, the action potential may represent a measurable membrane-level response associated with the successful activation of these electromagnetic events. Moreover, we discuss a possible mechanism for long-term memory storage. Considering the apparent temporal contradiction between the millisecond-scale excitation of neurons and the long-term persistence of memories, we believe that long-term memory information may be stored within neural network topologies formed by electrical synapse coupling. Such structures, referred to as electrically coupled memory networks (ECMNs), may enable neurons within the same network to respond rapidly and synchronously to stimuli, thereby facilitating efficient memory retrieval. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering the temporal organization of neural electromagnetic activities when interpreting neural signaling mechanisms. It may provide new insights into the physical nature of neural information carriers and the mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval. Furthermore, highlighting the potential role of electromagnetic interactions in neural activity may contribute to the development of new theoretical frameworks and experimental approaches in neuroscience. Such perspectives may also offer valuable references for future research on neural coding, brain function mechanisms, and neuromodulation technologies.

Aim To investigate the effect of Brusatol a-gainst small cell lung cancer(SCLC)and its potential mechanism.Methods CCK-8 assay and flow cytome-try were used to detect the cytotoxic effect of Brusatol on SCLC cells.Western blot was employed to measure the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins,in-cluding cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(cleaved-PARP),B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax).Network pharma-cology databases were utilized to identify common tar-gets of Brusatol,SCLC,and apoptosis.Kyoto Encyclo-pedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)and Gene On-tology(GO)enrichment analyses were performed on the intersecting genes.Molecular docking simulations between Brusatol and core targets were conducted using the CB-DOCK2 online platform to calculate binding en-ergies and sites.Western blot was further applied to detect the expression levels of signal transducer and ac-tivator of transcription 3(STAT3)and phosphorylated-STAT3(p-STAT3).Results Brusatol inhibited SCLC cell growth and induced apoptosis,significantly downregulating Bcl-2 and cleaved-PARP while upregu-lating Bax expression(P＜0.05).Network pharma-cology analysis revealed 108 common targets of Brusa-tol and SCLC,with the top three core targets being ep-idermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),STAT3,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF).Molecular docking re-sults indicated strong binding affinity between bruceine D and these core targets.Western blot validation con-firmed that bruceine D suppressed the expression of STAT3 and p-STAT3.Conclusion Brusatol exerts anti-SCLC effects by inhibiting STAT3 to induce apop-tosis in SCLC cells.

Aim To examine the pathogenesis of disul-fide death gene in vascular dementia(VD)by bioin-formatics analysis of disulfide death differentially ex-pressed genes(DEGs)combined with experimental verification.Methods The death DEGs of disulfide were screened and their correlation was analyzed.The VD patients data in the data set were analyzed by clus-tering and typing and gene set variation.The clustering risk of DEGs was tested with a nomogram model,and the optimal learning model was predicted.After the es-tablishment of VD rat model,water maze test,HE stai-ning and RT-qPCR detection were performed to verify the results of health information.Results Four DEGs including SLC7A11 were obtained,which had antago-nistic or synergistic interaction with each other.The genetic data could be divided into two subtypes with significant differences.After typing,VD disulfide DEGs were mainly concentrated in GnRH signaling pathways.The accuracy of the nomogram prediction model was high.Generalized linear was the best ma-chine learning model.Compared with the sham opera-tion group,the escape latency of rats in the model group was prolonged,the number of crossing platforms decreased,the relative mRNA expression levels of Slc3a2 and Slc7a11 decreased,and LRPPRC in-creased.Conclusions SLC7A11 and other disulfide death DEGs and its related GnRH signaling pathway may be an important part of the pathogenesis of VD di-sulfide death.SLC3A2,LRPPRC and SLC7A11 can be used as characteristic genes in the regulation of VD by disulfide death,which may affect VD progression through the regulation of disulfide death.

Aim To examine the pathogenesis of disul-fide death gene in vascular dementia(VD)by bioin-formatics analysis of disulfide death differentially ex-pressed genes(DEGs)combined with experimental verification.Methods The death DEGs of disulfide were screened and their correlation was analyzed.The VD patients data in the data set were analyzed by clus-tering and typing and gene set variation.The clustering risk of DEGs was tested with a nomogram model,and the optimal learning model was predicted.After the es-tablishment of VD rat model,water maze test,HE stai-ning and RT-qPCR detection were performed to verify the results of health information.Results Four DEGs including SLC7A11 were obtained,which had antago-nistic or synergistic interaction with each other.The genetic data could be divided into two subtypes with significant differences.After typing,VD disulfide DEGs were mainly concentrated in GnRH signaling pathways.The accuracy of the nomogram prediction model was high.Generalized linear was the best ma-chine learning model.Compared with the sham opera-tion group,the escape latency of rats in the model group was prolonged,the number of crossing platforms decreased,the relative mRNA expression levels of Slc3a2 and Slc7a11 decreased,and LRPPRC in-creased.Conclusions SLC7A11 and other disulfide death DEGs and its related GnRH signaling pathway may be an important part of the pathogenesis of VD di-sulfide death.SLC3A2,LRPPRC and SLC7A11 can be used as characteristic genes in the regulation of VD by disulfide death,which may affect VD progression through the regulation of disulfide death.

Aim To investigate the effect of Brusatol a-gainst small cell lung cancer(SCLC)and its potential mechanism.Methods CCK-8 assay and flow cytome-try were used to detect the cytotoxic effect of Brusatol on SCLC cells.Western blot was employed to measure the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins,in-cluding cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(cleaved-PARP),B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax).Network pharma-cology databases were utilized to identify common tar-gets of Brusatol,SCLC,and apoptosis.Kyoto Encyclo-pedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)and Gene On-tology(GO)enrichment analyses were performed on the intersecting genes.Molecular docking simulations between Brusatol and core targets were conducted using the CB-DOCK2 online platform to calculate binding en-ergies and sites.Western blot was further applied to detect the expression levels of signal transducer and ac-tivator of transcription 3(STAT3)and phosphorylated-STAT3(p-STAT3).Results Brusatol inhibited SCLC cell growth and induced apoptosis,significantly downregulating Bcl-2 and cleaved-PARP while upregu-lating Bax expression(P＜0.05).Network pharma-cology analysis revealed 108 common targets of Brusa-tol and SCLC,with the top three core targets being ep-idermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),STAT3,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF).Molecular docking re-sults indicated strong binding affinity between bruceine D and these core targets.Western blot validation con-firmed that bruceine D suppressed the expression of STAT3 and p-STAT3.Conclusion Brusatol exerts anti-SCLC effects by inhibiting STAT3 to induce apop-tosis in SCLC cells.

OBJECTIVE: Investigation on the clinical application of HURWA robot and Smith & Nephew Cori robot in total knee arthroplasty(TKA). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 84 patients with knee osteoarthritis who underwent robotic-assisted TKA (RATKA) between June 2023 and March 2025. According to the different robotic systems used, the patients were divided into the domestic HUARUN robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty group (HRATKA group) and the Smith & Nephew Cori robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty group (CRATKA group). There were 42 patients in the HRATKA group, including 16 males and 26 females; the age ranged from 56 to 73 years old, with an average of (64.70±8.30) years old;the body mass index (BMI) was (25.10±2.30) kg·m^-2;21 cases were on the right side and 21 cases on the left side;in terms of Kellgren-Lawrence(K-L) classification, there were 15 cases of Grade Ⅲ and 27 cases of Grade Ⅳ;the disease duration ranged from 3 to 25 years, with an average of (15.5±7.5) years. The CRATKA group also included 42 patients, with 14 males and 28 females;the age ranged from 58 to 74 years old, with an average of (65.60±7.50) years old;the BMI was (24.50±2.70) kg·m^-2; 20 cases were on the right side and 22 cases on the left side;regarding K-L classification, there were 11 cases of Grade Ⅲ and 31 cases of Grade Ⅳ;the disease duration ranged from 2 to 26 years, with an average of (16.5±8.8) years. Collect general data of all patients, including age, gender, height, weight, surgical site, K-L classification, incision length, and operation time. To evaluate prosthesis position, compare the frontal tibia component (FTC) angle, lateral femoral component (LFC) angle, lateral tibia component (LTC) angle, and frontal femoral component angle between the two groups of patients after surgery. Measure the deviation of the hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle to assess lower limb alignment. Additionally, compare the following indicators between the two groups:Knee Society Score (KSS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, knee range of motion (ROM), hemoglobin (HB) level, hematocrit (HCT) level, complication rate, and in-hospital satisfaction. RESULTS: All patients successfully completed the surgery as scheduled, and all were followed up after the operation. The follow-up period ranged from 5 to 17 months with an average of (11.2±6.1) months. There were 4 cases of venous thrombosis in the HRATKA group and 3 cases in the CRATKA group;each group had 2 cases of wound exudation. No mechanical-related complications, pulmonary embolism, or other severe complications occurred. Comparison of the incision length and hospital stay between the HRATKA group and the CRATKA group showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). The operation time in the HRATKA group was (96.80±7.10) minutes, which was longer than that in the CRATKA group (90.10±8.80) minutes, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In the HRATKA group, the HKA angle was (178.93±1.11) degree, the FFC angle was (89.00±0.91)°, and the LFC angle was (7.31±2.17) degree;the corresponding values in the CRATKA group were (178.05±1.34)°, (87.88±1.74)°, and (10.60±2.84) degree respectively. The differences in these three indicators between the two groups were all statistically significant (P<0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the FTC angle or LTC angle between the two groups (P>0.05). There was also no statistically significant difference in the total perioperative blood loss between the two groups (P>0.05). At 3 days after surgery, the VAS score for movement in the HRATKA group (5.95±1.45) points was higher than that in the CRATKA group (4.50±0.97) points, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05);at 90 days after surgery, there was no statistically significant difference in the movement VAS score between the two groups (P>0.05). Additionally, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in the KSS, ROM at 3 and 90 days after surgery, or satisfaction degree during hospitalization (all P>0.05). CONCLUSION The domestic HURWA robot demonstrates excellent performance in osteotomy efficiency and lower limb alignment recovery. The Smith & Nephew Cori robot has a significant advantage in soft tissue assessment and joint stability optimization. Both robotic systems offer high-quality surgical treatments that significantly improve short-term knee function.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/instrumentation* ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Robotic Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/surgery*

Paclitaxel (PTX), a valuable natural product derived from Taxus species, exhibits remarkable anti-cancer properties. It penetrates nanopores in microtubule walls, interacting with tubulin on the lumen surface and disrupting microtubule dynamics, thereby inducing cytotoxic effects in cancer cells. PTX and its derivatives have gained approval for treating various diseases due to their low toxicity, high efficiency, and broad-spectrum application. The widespread success and expanding applications of PTX have led to increased demand, raising concerns about accessibility. Consequently, researchers globally have focused on developing alternative production methods and applying nanocarriers in PTX delivery systems to enhance bioavailability. This review examines the challenges and advancements in PTX sourcing, production, physicochemical properties, anti-cancer mechanisms, clinical applications, trials, and chemo-immunotherapy. It aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the rational development and effective utilization of PTX.
Humans ; Paclitaxel/pharmacology* ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Animals ; Taxus/chemistry*

Objective: To investigate the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8-10 in Guangming, Longhua and Yantian District of Shenzhen in 2023, and to explore the influencing factors of thyroid volume. To evaluate prevention strategies and to provide a scientific basis for the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders. Methods: Urine and household salt samples were randomly collected from 580 non-boarding students aged 8-10 years foriodine content detection. Thyroid volume was measured using a fully digital ultrasound imaging system, and goiter prevalence was calculated. Results: A total of 580 samples was tested. The median salt iodine concentration was 23.86 mg/kg, with 93.62% qualified iodized salt and 94.48% coverage rate. The median of urinary iodine was 265.00 μg/L, mainly distributed between 200 - < 300 μg/L and ≥300 μg/L. The proportion of children with ap⁃ propriate iodine was 20. 86% , and the proportion of children with insufficient or excessive urinary iodine levels was 10. 86% and 68. 28% of the total surveyed population , respectively. The median thyroid volume was 3. 27 mL , and the goiter rate was 1. 72% . Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age was the risk factor for thyroid volume (8=0 328, P<0.05). while urinary iodine was the protective factor for thyroid volume(B=-4.134x10-4,P<0.05). Conclusion The qualified iodized salt rate, median of urinary iodine,and goiter prevalence of 580 children aged 8 - 10 meet the elimination criteria for iodine deficiency disorders. Age and urinary iodine are closely related to thyroid volume change. The urinary iodine level of children is generally high and requires serious attention.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the early clinical outcomes of 3D printed individualised customised prostheses for in hip revision in patients with combined severe bone defects. METHODS: Twenty-two patients from January 2021 to May 2023 underwent hip revision using 3D printed personalised customised prostheses were retrospective analyzed, including 10 males and 12 females, age 28 to 78 with a mean of (58.9±12.8) years old. All of patients were combined with severe bone defects (Parprosky type Ⅲ). Among of them, 9 patients had periprosthetic infections and 13 patients had aseptic prosthesis loosening. All patients were treated with a 3D printed personalised prosthesis protocol, patients with the periprosthetic infection received a second stage revision after infection control. The operation time, preoperative waiting time, intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded, and the clinical efficacy were evaluated at the final follow-up using the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, the Harris hip score. RESULTS: One patient was lost to follow-up and the remaining 21 patients were followed up for 10 to 15 with a mean of (12.91±1.44) months after surgery. All patients completed surgery as planned, with an operative time of 135 to 390 with a mean of (165.4±39.3) minutes and a preoperative waiting time of 7 to 16 with a mean of (10.5±3.3) days. Regarding patient complications:one patient had a severe intraoperative periprosthetic femoral fracture due to the combination of severe osteoporosis; one patient had an intraoperative greater trochanteric femur fracture. At the latest follow-up, all patients had good position of the custom-made prosthesis and no loosening of the prosthesis;all patients had good wound healing and no local redness or swelling. The total Harris score at the final follow-up (85.86±7.04) was significantly improved compared to the preoperative (44.86±2.36), P<0.001. The VAS at the last follow-up (2.19±0.87) was significantly improved compared with preoperative (7.41±0.96), P<0.001. CONCLUSION The clinical efficacy of 3D-printed personalised customised prosthesis in combined severe bone defect hip revision is satisfactory, but due to the increased preoperative waiting time of the patients and certain risks, certain indications should be mastered when applying in the clinic.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Adult ; Retrospective Studies ; Hip Prosthesis ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Reoperation ; Prosthesis Design ; Treatment Outcome

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting both upper and lower motor neurons. ALS patients develop progressive muscle atrophy, muscle weak and paralysis, finally died of respiratory failure. ALS is characterized by fast aggression and high mortality. What' s more, the disease is highly heterogeneous with unclear pathogenesis and lacks effective drugs for therapy. In this review, we summarize the main pathological mechanisms and the current drugs under development for ALS, which may provide a reference for the drug discovery in the future.