Objective To identify factors affecting and key environmental factors of the Oncomelania hupensis snail density in the Yangtze River Delta region using machine learning methods. Methods Administrative village-level O. hupensis snail survey data in the Yangtze River Delta (including Shanghai Municipality, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province and Anhui Province) from 2011 to 2021 were retrieved from the Information Management System for Parasitic Disease Control of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Environmental factor data were captured from the Google Earth Engine platform, including elevation, slope, terrain, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation type, soil type, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), ammonium nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and inorganic phosphorus, and climatic factor data in the study region were retrieved from the Copernicus Climate Data Store, including annual precipitation, aridity index and annual mean temperature (AMT). O. hupensis snail survey data in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2011 to 2021 were randomly divided into a training set (70%) and a test set (30%), and five machine learning models were selected for machine learning model construction and comparative analysis of the O. hupensis snail density using the software R 4.3.0, including random forest (RF), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector machine (SVM), gradient boosting machine (GBM) and neural network (NN). The XGBoost model was employed to construct a predictive model for the O. hupensis snail density, and the impact of each environmental factor on O. hupensis snail distribution was quantified. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAPs) values were calculated to estimate the average contribution of each variable to the model prediction, and the core environmental factors affecting the O. hupensis snail population density were screened. Results Among the five machine learning models, the XGBoost model exhibited the optimal comprehensive performance, with the coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.855, mean squared error (MSE) of 0.188, root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.434 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.155, respectively. Analysis of factors affecting the O. hupensis snail density with the XGBoost model showed that among the 16 environmental factors, the top four high-impact factors ranked by SHAPs values included annual precipitation, elevation, aridity index and NDVI, with cumulative SHAPs contributions of 75%, which was higher than that of other environmental factors. If NDVI was higher than 0.6, the O. hupensis snail density increased with NDVI and peaked if NDVI was 0.8 (1.60 snails/0.1 m²). The O. hupensis snail density increased with elevation if the elevation ranged from 14 to 40 m, and slowly rose if the annual precipitation ranged from 900 to 1 300 mm, and then increased rapidly to the peak (1.52 snails/0.1 m²) if the annual precipitation ranged from 1 300 to 1 500 mm. In addition, the O. hupensis snail density increased rapidly to the maximum (1.60 snails/0.1 m²) if the aridity index ranged from 0.8 to 1.1, and decreased gradually if the aridity index exceeded 1.1. Conclusions The XGBoost model shows excellent performance in prediction of the O. hupensis snail density and identification of key environmental factors in the Yangtze River Delta region. Annual precipitation, elevation, aridity index and NDVI are key environmental factors affecting the distribution and density of O. hupensis snails in the Yangtze River Delta region.

To understand the progress of, summarize experiences from, and analyze problems in the national schistosomiasis elimination programme, this article presented the national schistosomiasis epidemiology and surveillance in the People’s Republic of China in 2025. By the end of 2025, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region maintained the achievement of schistosomiasis elimination, and 7 provinces of Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui and Jiangxi remained at the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission interruption. In 2025, there were 450 counties (cities, districts), 3 203 townships and 26 029 villages endemic for schistosomiasis in China, with a total population of 73.598 million in endemic villages. Among the 450 endemic counties (cities, districts), 421 (93.56%) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 29 (6.44%) reached the criteria of transmission interruption. In 2025, a total of 3 630 874 residents received immunological tests for schistosomiasis across endemic areas in China, with 31 588 seropositives identified (seroprevalence, 0.87%), and a total of 154 293 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 5 egg-positives detected. A total of 26 688 advanced schistosomiasis cases were recorded in China by the end of 2025. Of 529 683 bovines raised in schistosomiasis-endemic villages in China in 2025, 101 637 bovines received immunological tests for schistosomiasis, with 183 seropositives detected (seroprevalence, 0.18%), and 165 654 bovines received parasitological examinations, with no egg-positives identified. In 2025, Oncomelania hupensis snail survey was performed covering an area of 667 524.82 hm² in China, and 176 378.64 hm² O. hupensis snail habitats were identified, including 123.77 hm² emerging O. hupensis snail habitats and 953.71 hm² re-emerging O. hupensis snail habitats. A total of 19 283 schistosomiasis cases received chemotherapy with praziquantel in China in 2025, and 477 450 person-times and 304 279 herd-times received expanded chemotherapy, respectively. In addition, O. hupensis snail control with chemical treatment covered 116 475.10 hm² snail habitats across China in 2025, with an actual area with chemical control covering 68 510.93 hm² and an area with environmental improvements covering 1 101.84 hm². The national schistosomiasis surveillance results indicated that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections was both 0 among humans and bovines in 2025, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in O. hupensis snails. These data showed that the prevalence of schistosomiasis remained low in China in 2025; however, the area of O. hupensis snail habitats stayed high, with an increase in emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snail habitats. It is recommended to improve the surveillance and forecast mechanism for schistosomiasis and precisely implement the O. hupensis snail control programme in high-risk areas.

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is characterized by congenital vaginal hypoplasia and primordial uterus caused by Müllerian anomalies. Case reports concerning adenomyosis associated with MRKH syndrome are limited, and the formation and intervention of adenomyosis without endometrium are unclear. Here, we present the case of a patient with MRKH syndrome complicated with adenomyosis without endometrium, a hypoechoic solid mass next to the right ovary. According to the intraoperative observation and histopathological examination findings, the mass were diagnosed as adenomyosis of the primordial uterus. Moreover, our report provides insights about its mechanism of occurrence and interventions in MRKH syndrome combined with adenomyosis without endometrium.

Cancer-related fatigue(CRF)is an adverse symptom associated with cancer and its treatments,with a clinical inci-dence rate ranging from 60%to 90%,severely impacting patients'quality of life.The pathogenesis of CRF is complex,involving the interaction of multiple mechanisms such as inflammatory cytokine dysregulation,neuroendocrine disorders,and mitochondrial dysfunc-tion.Although existing clinical interventions like central nervous system stimulants and exercise interventions can partially alleviate symptoms,they are limited by side effects and applicability constraints.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)shows unique potential in the clinical treatment of CRF by exerting a variety of pharmacological effects.Therapeutic approaches including acupuncture,moxibus-tion,traditional Chinese herbal formulations,as well as Chinese herbal preparations and extracts,have been proven to significantly im-prove fatigue status in CRF patients.This article systematically reviews the internal relationship between the modern pathological mech-anism of CRF and the pathogenesis of"consumptive disease"of TCM,and conducts evidence-based evaluation of the existing TCM in-tervention programs,so as to provide a new theoretical basis and treatment strategy for the clinical prevention and treatment of CRF.

The host-microbe co-metabolism system, generating diverse exogenous and endogenous bioactive molecules that influence the host's immune and metabolic functions, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have elucidated the interaction between natural medicines and this co-metabolism system. Upon oral administration, natural medicine ingredients can undergo transformation by gut microbiota, potentially enhancing their bioavailability or anti-atherogenic efficacy. Furthermore, natural medicines can exert anti-atherogenic effects via modulation of endogenous host-microbe co-metabolism. This review presents an updated understanding of the dual association between natural medicines and host-microbe co-metabolites. It explores the critical function of microbial exogenous metabolites derived from natural medicines and uncovers the mechanisms underlying natural medicines' intervention on key nodes of endogenous host-microbe co-metabolism. These insights may offer new perspectives for cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment and guide future drug discovery efforts.
Humans ; Atherosclerosis/metabolism* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Biological Products/therapeutic use* ; Animals ; Host Microbial Interactions/drug effects*

Objective:To analyze the relationship among thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), thyroid function, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in early pregnant women in Xi'an.Methods:A prospective study included pregnant women who underwent prenatal check-ups at the Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital from November 2020 to October 2021, with a gestational age of 6 to 14 weeks. Thyroid function, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), and urinary iodine levels were measured, and the prevalence of thyroid disease and GDM was monitored. The subjects were divided into four groups: TPOAb positive only, TgAb positive only, both TPOAb and TgAb positive, and both TPOAb and TgAb negative, to compare the differences in the prevalence of thyroid disease and GDM among the groups. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test, Bonferroni correction, Chi-square test, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between TAI, thyroid disease, and GDM. Results:A total of 20 243 early pregnant women were included in this study, among which 1 615 (7.98%) were positive for TPOAb only; 865 (4.27%) were positive for TgAb only; 1 672 (8.26%) were positive for both TPOAb and TgAb (both positive group); and 16 091 (79.49%) were negative for both TPOAb and TgAb (both negative group). The thyroid stimulating hormone levels in the TPOAb positive only group, TgAb positive only group, and both positive group were significantly higher than those in the both negative group, respectively (Bonferroni correction, all P<0.05); the free thyroxine level in the TPOAb positive only group was significantly lower than that in the both negative group ( P<0.05). After adjusting for age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and urinary iodine levels, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared to the both negative group, the risk of developing hypothyroidism during pregnancy was significantly increased in the both positive group ( OR=11.49, 95% CI: 2.84-46.39); the risk of developing subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy was significantly increased in the TgAb positive only group ( OR=1.99, 95% CI: 1.05-3.76) and the both positive group ( OR=3.74, 95% CI: 2.49-5.63); the risk of developing GDM was significantly increased in the TgAb positive only group ( OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.04-1.96) and the both positive group ( OR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.53-2.46). Among early pregnant women with normal thyroid function, after adjusting for age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and urinary iodine levels, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared to the both negative group, the risk of developing GDM was significantly increased in the TgAb positive only group ( OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.06-2.02) and the both positive group ( OR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.40-2.32). Conclusion:TgAb positive only is a risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism and GDM. Screening for thyroid autoantibodies, especially TgAb, during pregnancy helps in the early identification of high-risk pregnant women for thyroid dysfunction and GDM.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect and possible related mechanisms of Sophora subprostrate polysaccharide(SSP)on intestinal epithelial cell injury in-duced by Tert-Butyl hydroperoxide(TBHP).The optimal dose of TBHP and the safe concentra-tion range of SSP were determined using the MTT method.In this study,IPEC-J2 cells were divid-ed into five groups:the control group,the model group,the SSPL group,the SSPM group and the SSPH group,and the cell morphology,cell survival rate and LDH release rate were observed and measured.The content of intracellular reactive ROS was observed and determined by DCFH-DA staining.The content of MDA in the supernatant and the antioxidant index of cells were determined by the reagent kit.Transcriptome technology was employed to analyze the potential mechanisms by which SSP mitigates oxidative damage in IPEC-J2 cells.The results showed that treatment with 625 μmol/L TBHP for 2 h significantly reduced the activity of IPEC-J2 cells,markedly increased LDH release(P＜0.05),inhibited CAT superoxide SOD and glutathione GPX activities(P＜0.05),and significantly elevated MDA and ROS levels(P＜0.05).Compared to the model group,after SSP treatment,intracellular ROS levels were significantly reduced(P＜0.05),while CAT,SOD,and GPX activities were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and MDA content and LDH re-lease were significantly decreased(P＜0.05)in a dose-dependent manner.Transcriptome analysis revealed that TBHP treatment significantly altered the transcriptional profiles of IPEC-J2 cells,while SSP treatment could restore the transcriptional profiles of the damaged cells to a certain ex-tent.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)indicated that the differentially expressed genes between the CC and TBHP groups were significantly enriched in oxidative phosphorylation,ribosome,and other pathways.Meanwhile,the differentially expressed genes between the SSP and TBHP groups were mainly enriched in oxidative phosphorylation,ap-optosis,glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,and other pathways.These results suggest that TBHP may disrupt normal oxidative respiration in IPEC-J2 cells by affecting oxidative phospho-rylation and interfering with metabolism pathways involving glycine,serine,and threonine,leading to oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells.Conversely,SSP treatment may potentially restore oxidative phosphorylation processes,alleviate lysosomal damage,reduce cell apoptosis,and miti-gate oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells through modulation of oxidative phosphoryla-tion,apoptosis,and lysosomal pathways.This discovery provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of SSP in alleviating oxidative damage in the porcine intestinal tract.

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is characterized by congenital vaginal hypoplasia and primordial uterus caused by Müllerian anomalies. Case reports concerning adenomyosis associated with MRKH syndrome are limited, and the formation and intervention of adenomyosis without endometrium are unclear. Here, we present the case of a patient with MRKH syndrome complicated with adenomyosis without endometrium, a hypoechoic solid mass next to the right ovary. According to the intraoperative observation and histopathological examination findings, the mass were diagnosed as adenomyosis of the primordial uterus. Moreover, our report provides insights about its mechanism of occurrence and interventions in MRKH syndrome combined with adenomyosis without endometrium.

Objective:To investigate the neurorestorative effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on neurological function recovery in rats with spinal cord injury and its potential mechanisms.Methods:Ninety adult SD rats were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups using a random number table: sham-operated group ( n=24), spinal cord injury group ( n=24), bFGF group ( n=24), bFGF autophagy pathway validation group ( n=6), bFGF+rapamycin group ( n=6), and bFGF+MHY1485 group ( n=6). A spinal cord injury model was established by impacting the T 10 spinal cord segment using a self-made Allen′s weight-drop impactor. The sham-operated group underwent a 3 cm midline dorsal incision without spinal cord injury; the bFGF group received immediate intrathecal injection of 100 μl bFGF solution (20 μg/L) after injury; the sham surgery group and spinal cord injury group received an equal volume of saline after injury; the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group received the identical treatment as the bFGF group; the bFGF+rapamycin group received the same treatment as the bFGF group with additional intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin (4 mg·kg -1·d -1); the bFGF+MHY1485 group received the identical bFGF treatment plus intraperitoneal injection of MHY1485 (10 mg·kg -1·d -1). At 28 days after injury, the rats were sacrificed and the spinal cord tissue was collected at 5 mm from the injury epicenter for HE staining and pathological observation. At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury, BBB scoring was used to assess hindlimb motor function; P wave latency and P1-N1 wave amplitude were recorded to evaluate neuroelectrophysiological changes; Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and evaluate changes in mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy activity. At 28 days after injury, behavioral alterations, neuroelectrophysiological changes, and auctophagy-related protein expression levels were assessed in the bFGF autophagy pathyway validation group, bFGF+rapamycin group and bFGF+MHY1485 group. Results:At 28 days after injury, the sham-operated group exhibited regular nuclear morphology, while the spinal cord injury group showed disordered cell structures and the bFGF group displayed relatively normal nuclear morphology. At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury, the BBB scores in both the spinal cord injury group and bFGF group were lower than those in the sham-operated group ( P<0.01), with higher scores in the bFGF group than those in the spinal cord injury group ( P<0.01). At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury, P-wave latency was longer and P1-N1 wave amplitude was lower in both the spinal cord injury group and bFGF group compared to those in the sham-operated group ( P<0.01), with shorter P-wave latency and higher P1-N1 wave amplitude in the bFGF group compared to those in the spinal cord injury group ( P<0.01). Western blot results indicated that at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury, in the spinal cord injury group, p-mTOR/mTOR levels were lower than those in both the sham-operated group and bFGF group ( P<0.01), while LC3-II expression levels were higher ( P<0.01); in the bFGF group, p-mTOR/mTOR levels were higher than those in the spinal cord injury group but lower than those in the sham-operated group ( P<0.01), and LC3-II expression levels were lower than those in the spinal cord injury group but higher than those in the sham-operated group ( P<0.01). At 28 days after injury, the BBB scores were higher in both the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group and bFGF+MHY1485 group than those in the bFGF+rapamycin group ( P<0.01), with higher scores in the bFGF+MHY1485 group than those in the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group ( P<0.01). P-wave latency was shorter in both the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group and bFGF+MHY1485 group than those in the bFGF+rapamycin group ( P<0.01), with shorter P-wave latency in the bFGF+MHY1485 group than that in the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group ( P<0.01). P1-N1 wave amplitude was lower in both the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group and bFGF+MHY1485 group than that in the bFGF+rapamycin group ( P<0.01), with lower P1-N1 wave amplitude in the bFGF+MHY1485 group than that in the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group ( P<0.01). The p-mTOR/mTOR levels were higher in both the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group and bFGF+MHY1485 group than those in the bFGF+rapamycin group ( P<0.01), with higher p-mTOR/mTOR levels in the bFGF+MHY1485 group than those in the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group ( P<0.01). The LC3-II expression levels were higher in both the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group and bFGF+MHY1485 group than those in the bFGF+rapamycin group ( P<0.01), with higher LC3-II expression levels in the bFGF+MHY1485 group than those in the bFGF autophagy pathway validation group ( P<0.01). Conclusion:bFGF can improve the pathological state, motor behavior, and neuroelectrophysiological function in rats with spinal cord injury, for which the mechanism of action may involve downregulating cellular autophagy function by activating the mTOR pathway, thereby inhibiting excessive autophagy to promote neuronal regeneration and repair.

Objective To explore the changes in neural activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and their corre-lation with executive function,and to analyze the neural mechanisms underlying the decline in executive function in T2DM patients.Methods Thirty-one T2DM patients(T2DM group)and thirty-two healthy controls(HC)(HC group)matched for body mass index(BMI)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)scans and N-back task tests were included.Differ-ences in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF),regional homogeneity(ReHo),and seed-based functional connectivity(FC)between the two groups were compared,and partial correlation analyses were performed between the difference results and N-back task performance.Results The T2DM group showed prolonged reaction time(RT)in the 1-back and 2-back tasks.T2DM patients exhibited increased ALFF in the bilateral caudate nucleus,left medial superior frontal gyrus,and right postcentral gyrus,as well as elevated ReHo in the right putamen.FC analysis revealed significant alterations in FC between the caudate nucleus,putamen,and multiple brain regions in T2DM patients,with some of these FC changes significantly correlated with RT and accuracy(ACC)in the N-back task.Conclusion The decline in executive function in T2DM patients may be associated with abnormal neural activity in brain regions such as the striatum,salience network,and frontoparietal control network.FC further decreases under increased cognitive load.These findings provide evidence for the study of the neural mechanisms of executive function impairment in T2DM patients.