OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential mechanisms of sepsis pathogenesis in intensive care unit (ICU), with a specific focus on the role of skin microbiota, and to evaluate the causal relationships between skin microbiota and ICU sepsis using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS: A two-sample MR analysis was performed using skin microbiota genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data from German population cohorts as exposures, combined with ICU sepsis susceptibility and 28-day mortality GWAS summary data from the IEU OpenGWAS database as outcomes. The primary causal effect estimates were generated using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by validation through MR-Egger and weighted median approaches. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests, along with sensitivity analyses, were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the results. RESULTS: Regarding risk of ICU sepsis, IVW analysis showed that order Pseudomonadales [odds ratio (OR) = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 0.88-0.98], family Flavobacteriaceae (OR = 0.93, 95%CI was 0.90-0.96), and genus Acinetobacter (OR = 0.96, 95%CI was 0.93-0.99) were significantly negatively correlated with the risk of ICU sepsis (all P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the risk of ICU sepsis and the presence of β-Proteobacteria (OR = 1.05, 95%CI was 1.00-1.11) and Actinobacteria (OR = 1.05, 95%CI was 1.00-1.11), both P < 0.05. Regarding 28-day mortality of ICU sepsis, IVW analysis showed that phylum Bacteroidetes (OR = 0.92, 95%CI was 0.86-0.99), family Streptococcaceae (OR = 0.92, 95%CI was 0.85-0.98), family Flavobacteriaceae (OR = 0.90, 95%CI was 0.83-0.97), genus Streptococcus (OR = 0.92, 95%CI was 0.86-0.99), ASV016 [Enhydrobacter] (OR = 0.92, 95%CI was 0.87-0.98), and ASV042 [Acinetobacter] (OR = 0.92, 95%CI was 0.88-0.97) were significantly negatively correlated with the 28-day mortality of ICU sepsis (all P < 0.05); family Moraxellaceae (OR = 1.09, 95%CI was 1.00-1.18) and ASV008 [Staphylococcus] (OR = 1.08, 95%CI was 1.03-1.14) was significantly positively correlated with the 28-day mortality of ICU sepsis (both P < 0.05). Sensitivity analysis and MR-PRESSO showed no heterogeneity, pleiotropy, or horizontal pleiotropy between skin microbiota and ICU sepsis risk and 28-day mortality rate. Analysis of confounding factors showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with relevant skin bacteria could independently and causally affect the risk of ICU sepsis or ICU sepsis related mortality rate, independent of other confounding factors. The Steiger test results indicated that the established causal relationship was not due to reverse causality. CONCLUSIONS Skin microbiota composition may influence both sepsis susceptibility and 28-day mortality in ICU settings. Family Flavobacteriaceae demonstrated protective effects against sepsis onset and mortality. These findings provide new perspectives for early detection and management strategies.
Humans ; Sepsis/mortality* ; Intensive Care Units ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis ; Microbiota ; Skin/microbiology* ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Risk Factors ; Skin Microbiome

Objective:To identify factors influencing treatment-free remission (TFR) outcomes in children and adolescent patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after imatinib (IM) discontinuation.Methods:This multicenter retrospective study analyzed 36 children and adolescent patients with CML from eight hematology centers in China (December 1, 2016, to September 27, 2024) who discontinued IM therapy with documented post-cessation outcomes. Clinical characteristics and molecular response dynamics were assessed. Univariate analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to assess factors associated with TFR outcomes.Results:A total of 36 patients were documented, comprising 17 males and 19 females. The median ages at CML diagnosis and IM discontinuation were 11 years ( IQR: 5,16) and 20 years ( IQR: 14,25), respectively. The median time from IM initiation to first deep molecular response (DMR) was 21 months ( IQR: 13, 38). Pre-discontinuation, patients received IM for a median duration of 96 months ( IQR: 84, 121) and maintained DMR for 74 months ( IQR: 63, 89). With a median post-discontinuation follow-up of 38 months ( IQR: 15, 68), cumulative TFR rates at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months were 74.1%, 60.7%, 60.7%, and 56.0%, respectively, generating an overall TFR rate of 58.3%. Fifteen patients lost major molecular response at a median of 5 months post-discontinuation ( IQR: 3, 11). All 15 patients resumed tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, comprising 13 who restarted IM and 2 who switched to dasatinib. By the last follow-up, 13 (86.7% ) patients regained DMR after a median treatment duration of 5 months ( IQR: 3, 17), and no disease progression occurred in any patient. Withdrawal syndrome occurred in 2 (5.6% ) patients. Univariate analysis revealed significantly higher TFR rates in patients with pre-discontinuation IM duration of ≥100 months vs <100 months (82.4% vs 36.8%, P=0.017) and pre-discontinuation DMR duration of ≥72 months vs <72 months (84.2% vs 29.4%, P=0.003). Multivariate Cox analysis identified pre-discontinuation DMR duration as an independent protective factor for TFR ( HR=5.419, 95% CI: 1.524–19.272, P=0.009) . Conclusion:DMR duration was identified as an independent protective factor influencing TFR outcomes in children and adolescent patients with CML after IM discontinuation. Patients who maintained DMR for ≥72 months before IM discontinuation demonstrated a significantly higher TFR rate.

Objective:To analyze the treatment-free remission (TFR) outcomes after discontinuation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in children with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).Methods:In this retrospective cohort study, clinical data of 14 chronic phase CML children aged <18 years who had achieved stable deep molecular response (DMR) for ≥ 2 years after standardized treatment with TKI and had a strong desire to discontinue TKI at Henan Cancer Hospital from September 30, 2016 to January 30, 2022 were collected retrospectively. According to the different TFR outcomes after discontinuation of TKI, patients were divided into loss of major molecular response (MMR) group and without loss of MMR group, differences in clinical characteristics between the two groups of children were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test. Results:Out of 14 children with TKI discontinuation, 7 were male and 7 were female. The age at diagnosis was 14.0 (4.8, 17.0) years, and the age at TKI discontinuation was 22.0 (12.5, 27.0) years. Among them, 8 children were treated with imatinib prior to TKI discontinuation and 6 children were treated with second-line substitution of the second-generation TKI nilotinib or dasatinib prior to TKI discontinuation. The follow-up time was 37.0 (27.8, 47.5) months, and 7 cases lost MMR at the time of discontinuation of 3.0 (2.0, 11.0) months. Eight children gained TFR at 6 months, 7 children gained TFR at 12 and 24 months. Amongst the 6 children who received second-generation TKI prior to TKI discontinuation, 2 children lost MMR at 3 and 11 months and 4 children gained TFR, among the 8 children who discontinued imatinib, 5 children lost MMR at the time 3.0 (2.0, 9.0) months and 3 children gained TFR. The age at diagnosis and TKI discontinuation, the time from TKI treatment to the acquisition of DMR, the duration of TKI treatment before TKI discontinuation, the duration of DMR before TKI discontinuation, and the number of children treated with second-generation TKI were not statistically different between the 7 children in the group that did not lose the MMR and the 7 children in the group that lost the MMR (all P>0.05) . All the 7 children with confirmed loss of MMR immediately restarted TKI therapy, and all regained DMR after 2.0 (2.0, 11.0) months of therapy. None of the children had disease progression. After TKI discontinued, only 1 child had mild bone pain, which could be relieved by oral antipyretic analgesic drugs. Conclusions:Children with CML who have achieved a durable stable DMR for≥2 years on TKI therapy can discontinue the TKI and obtain TFR. Both the longer duration of TKI therapy, the longer duration of DMR and the use of second-generation TKI therapy before TKI discontinuation, may allow more children with CML who are expecting TKI discontinuation to have access to TFR.

Objective:To identify factors influencing treatment-free remission (TFR) outcomes in children and adolescent patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after imatinib (IM) discontinuation.Methods:This multicenter retrospective study analyzed 36 children and adolescent patients with CML from eight hematology centers in China (December 1, 2016, to September 27, 2024) who discontinued IM therapy with documented post-cessation outcomes. Clinical characteristics and molecular response dynamics were assessed. Univariate analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to assess factors associated with TFR outcomes.Results:A total of 36 patients were documented, comprising 17 males and 19 females. The median ages at CML diagnosis and IM discontinuation were 11 years ( IQR: 5,16) and 20 years ( IQR: 14,25), respectively. The median time from IM initiation to first deep molecular response (DMR) was 21 months ( IQR: 13, 38). Pre-discontinuation, patients received IM for a median duration of 96 months ( IQR: 84, 121) and maintained DMR for 74 months ( IQR: 63, 89). With a median post-discontinuation follow-up of 38 months ( IQR: 15, 68), cumulative TFR rates at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months were 74.1%, 60.7%, 60.7%, and 56.0%, respectively, generating an overall TFR rate of 58.3%. Fifteen patients lost major molecular response at a median of 5 months post-discontinuation ( IQR: 3, 11). All 15 patients resumed tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, comprising 13 who restarted IM and 2 who switched to dasatinib. By the last follow-up, 13 (86.7% ) patients regained DMR after a median treatment duration of 5 months ( IQR: 3, 17), and no disease progression occurred in any patient. Withdrawal syndrome occurred in 2 (5.6% ) patients. Univariate analysis revealed significantly higher TFR rates in patients with pre-discontinuation IM duration of ≥100 months vs <100 months (82.4% vs 36.8%, P=0.017) and pre-discontinuation DMR duration of ≥72 months vs <72 months (84.2% vs 29.4%, P=0.003). Multivariate Cox analysis identified pre-discontinuation DMR duration as an independent protective factor for TFR ( HR=5.419, 95% CI: 1.524–19.272, P=0.009) . Conclusion:DMR duration was identified as an independent protective factor influencing TFR outcomes in children and adolescent patients with CML after IM discontinuation. Patients who maintained DMR for ≥72 months before IM discontinuation demonstrated a significantly higher TFR rate.

Objective:To analyze the treatment-free remission (TFR) outcomes after discontinuation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in children with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).Methods:In this retrospective cohort study, clinical data of 14 chronic phase CML children aged <18 years who had achieved stable deep molecular response (DMR) for ≥ 2 years after standardized treatment with TKI and had a strong desire to discontinue TKI at Henan Cancer Hospital from September 30, 2016 to January 30, 2022 were collected retrospectively. According to the different TFR outcomes after discontinuation of TKI, patients were divided into loss of major molecular response (MMR) group and without loss of MMR group, differences in clinical characteristics between the two groups of children were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test. Results:Out of 14 children with TKI discontinuation, 7 were male and 7 were female. The age at diagnosis was 14.0 (4.8, 17.0) years, and the age at TKI discontinuation was 22.0 (12.5, 27.0) years. Among them, 8 children were treated with imatinib prior to TKI discontinuation and 6 children were treated with second-line substitution of the second-generation TKI nilotinib or dasatinib prior to TKI discontinuation. The follow-up time was 37.0 (27.8, 47.5) months, and 7 cases lost MMR at the time of discontinuation of 3.0 (2.0, 11.0) months. Eight children gained TFR at 6 months, 7 children gained TFR at 12 and 24 months. Amongst the 6 children who received second-generation TKI prior to TKI discontinuation, 2 children lost MMR at 3 and 11 months and 4 children gained TFR, among the 8 children who discontinued imatinib, 5 children lost MMR at the time 3.0 (2.0, 9.0) months and 3 children gained TFR. The age at diagnosis and TKI discontinuation, the time from TKI treatment to the acquisition of DMR, the duration of TKI treatment before TKI discontinuation, the duration of DMR before TKI discontinuation, and the number of children treated with second-generation TKI were not statistically different between the 7 children in the group that did not lose the MMR and the 7 children in the group that lost the MMR (all P>0.05) . All the 7 children with confirmed loss of MMR immediately restarted TKI therapy, and all regained DMR after 2.0 (2.0, 11.0) months of therapy. None of the children had disease progression. After TKI discontinued, only 1 child had mild bone pain, which could be relieved by oral antipyretic analgesic drugs. Conclusions:Children with CML who have achieved a durable stable DMR for≥2 years on TKI therapy can discontinue the TKI and obtain TFR. Both the longer duration of TKI therapy, the longer duration of DMR and the use of second-generation TKI therapy before TKI discontinuation, may allow more children with CML who are expecting TKI discontinuation to have access to TFR.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of Huangqi Jiedu Decoction (HQJD) in the treatment of breast cancer with the syndrome of Zheng deficiency and toxic incandescence by network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.Methods:The main active ingredients and targets of HQJD were screened through the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) systematic pharmacology database and analysis platform. The relevant targets of breast cancer with the syndrome of Zheng-deficiency, toxic-incandescence were obtained using OMIM, GeneGards and Drugbank databases, and the relevant targets of HQJD for the treatment of breast cancer with the syndrome of Zheng-deficiency and toxic incandescence were obtained by intersection; The Cytoscape 3.9.1 software was used to build the protein protein interaction (PPI) network and the " drug active component target disease" network on the basis of String 11.0 database, and the core active components and core targets of HQJD in treating breast cancer with the syndrome of Zheng-deficiency and toxic-incandescence were inferred according to the topological parameters. gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed on core targets using R language; and molecular docking verification on the main active ingredients and core targets were conducted.Results:230 effective targets of active ingredients of HQJD were screened, and 15 467 active ingredients of breast cancer with syndrome of Zheng-deficiency/toxic-incandescence were obtained; 217 intersection targets; GO function enrichment analysis showed that the treatment of HQJD for breast cancer with the syndrome of Zheng-deficiency and toxic-incandescence mainly involved oxidative stress and cytochemical stress; The enrichment analysis of KEGG pathway showed that HQJD treatment of breast cancer with the syndrome of Zheng-deficiency and toxic-incandescence was mainly related to phosphatidylinositol 3-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and other signal pathways. The molecular docking results showed that the main active ingredients such as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, luteolin had good binding ability with core targets.Conclusions:HQJD has the characteristics of multi-component, multi target and multi pathway in the treatment of breast cancer with syndrome of Zheng-deficiency and toxic-incandescence, and its main mechanism may be related to PI3K-Akt, IL-17, P53 and other signal pathways.

Objective To develop and validate a fatigue risk nomogram model in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD)patients.Methods A prospective study design was adopted,and 430 COPD patients recruited from a tertiary A hospital in Huzhou City from January to December 2022 were conveniently selected for model construction,and 129 patients were recruited from the same hospital from January to June 2023 for external validation of the model.The general information questionnaire,Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale,2-item Patient Health Questionnaire,modified British Medical Research Council Dyspnea Index,International Physical Activity Questionnaire,and Fatigue Severity Scale were used for questionnaire survey.The risk prediction model and nomograms model were constructed using Logistic regression analysis and R 4.3.2 software,and the area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to test the prediction effect of the model.Results Univariate and binary logistic regression analysis results showed that age(OR=1.095),gender(OR=2.077),dyspnea(OR=3.309),sleep quality(OR=1.979),anemia(OR=3.289),the number of acute exacerbation(OR=2.991)were independent influencing factors for fatigue in COPD patients.The internal evaluation and external validation results of the model showed that the areas under the curve are 0.912 and 0.844 respectively,and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test P values were 0.806 and 0.526 respectively.The average absolute errors were 0.013 and 0.019 respectively.Conclusion The COPD fatigue risk prediction model constructed in this study has good prediction effect.The visual nomogram is intuitive,convenient and easy to operate.It can provide a tool for early screening of fatigue in COPD patients.

Objective:To explore the pathogenesis of flunarizine-induced parkinsonism from gut-brain axis perspective.Methods:Thirty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group and flunarizine group ( n=15). Mice in the control group were given 0.1 mL 50% polyethylene glycol 400+50% saline by gavage once/d for 2 weeks, while mice in the flunarizine group were given 6 mg/mL flunarizine+50% polyethylene glycol 400+50% saline by gavage at a daily dose of 30 mg/kg for 2 weeks. Body mass was recorded 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 d after drug administration, and motor function was assessed by rotarod test 14 d after drug administration; 16s RNA sequencing was performed in the feces to observe the intestinal flora; intestinal transit function was detected by Evans blue by gavage; and then, the mice were sacrificed and homogenate or frozen sections (brain and intestinal tissues) were prepared; dopamine-ergic neuron expression was detected by Western blotting; RT-qPCR was applied to detect the expressions of inflammatory factors in the substantia nigra, and immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the expressions of ZO-1 and Claudin-5 in the intestinal epithelial tissues. Results:Compared with the control group, the flunarizine group had lower body mass ratio 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 d after drug administration (ratio to body mass before drug administration). Compared with the control group, the flunarizine group had significantly shortened residence time in rod rotating and lower rotational speed when falling ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the flunarizine group had decreased tyrosine hydroxylase protein in the substantia nigra without significant difference ( P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the flunarizine group had significantly increased interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the substantia nigra (1.00±0.00 vs. 2.79±0.83; 1.00±0.00 vs. 3.39±1.37), significantly lower intestinal Evans blue propulsion rate (80.67%±4.51% vs. 50.67%±6.03%), and statistically decreased ZO-1 and Claudin-5 expressions in the colonic epithelial tissues (27.01±1.41 vs. 16.32±2.83; 37.00±2.80 vs. 24.52±2.12, P<0.05). Totally, 576 microorganisms were noted in both control group and flunarizine group, 744 in the control group alone, and 634 in the flunarizine group alone. The intestinal flora β diversity indices in the 2 groups were significantly different based on weighted Unifrac-principle coordinates analysis (PCoA, PCoA1: 39.88%; PCoA2: 30.69%). Compared with the control group, the microbial colony structure of mice in flunarizine group was dominated by phylum thick-walled bacteria and phylum warty microbacteria, and by families Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansiaceae. Compared with the control group, the flunarizine group had significantly decreased relative abundance of Ackermannia spp. and Lactobacillus spp. in the intestinal flora ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Flunarizine may contribute to the pathogenesis of DIP by causing structural disturbances in the intestinal flora and inducing neuroinflammation based on the gut-brain axis.

Objectives:To investigate the intravascular ultrasound(IVUS)evaluated efficacy of the"L-sandwich"technique in the percutaneous coronary intervention treatment of true bifurcation lesions of coronary artery. Methods:Ninety-nine patients with true bifurcation lesions(medina type 1.1.1)of the coronary arteries were divided into the L-sandwich group(n=38),the double-stent group(n=32),and the main vessel(MV)single-stent with side branch(SB)drug-coated balloon(DCB)only group(n=29).The primary study endpoint was the loss of late lumen area(LLAL)in the MV,SB ostium and SB shaft at 12 months,and the secondary endpoints were minimum lumen area(MLA)at each site and major adverse cardiac events(MACE)at 12 months.As this is a proof-of-concept study,statistical analyses were performed in the as-treated(AT)analysis set. Results:At 12-month follow-up,there was no statistically significant difference in the MV LLAL among patients in the"L-sandwich"technique group,the double stent technique group,and the MV DES with SB DCB technique group([0.12±0.42]mm2 vs.[0.07±0.38]mm2 vs.[-0.01±0.31]mm2,P=0.419).Similarly,there was no statistically significant difference in the LLAL at the SB shaft([-0.11±0.45]mm2 vs.[-0.10±0.28]mm2 vs.[0.24±1.04]mm2,P=0.078],with the maximum LLAL observed in the double stent technique group and the minimum in the"L-sandwich"technique group([-0.48±0.78]mm2 vs.[0.45±0.64]mm2 vs.[0.14±1.37]mm2,P<0.001).The MV MLA was similar among the three groups([8.39±1.65]mm2 vs.[8.28±0.98]mm2 vs.[8.02±1.37]mm2,P=0.565),while the maximum MLA at the SB ostium was observed in the double stent technique group and the minimum in the MV DES with SB DCB group([5.08±0.74]mm2 vs.[5.63±0.80]mm2 vs.[3.57±1.35]mm2,P<0.001).In terms of MLA at the SB shaft,the"L-sandwich"technique group was similar to the double stent technique group,while the MV DES with SB DCB group exhibited the minimum MLA([5.94±0.72]mm2 vs.[5.86±0.59]mm2 vs.[3.74±1.07]mm2,P<0.001).Two patients in the double stent technique group underwent target vessel revascularization,there was no MACE in the other two groups(P=0.118). Conclusions:The"L-sandwich"technique is safe and feasible for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions.Compared with double-stent group,the SB ostium has a smaller LLAL at the time of review,and there is no significant difference in the MLA of each site,and the operation steps are significantly simplified.Use of the"L-sandwich"technique is associated with a better branching benefit compared with MV single-stent group.The"L-sandwich"technique could be used as a remedial procedure for severe entrapment in the setting of branching with DCB alone.

Objective:To analyze the clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging of non-malignant patients assigned to Prostate Imaging Reporting And Data System (PI-RADS) 5 score.Methods:We performed a retrospective review of 289 patients who underwent magnetic resonance ultrasound targeted combined system biopsy with PI-RADS 5 lesions in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between May 2019 and July 2021. The median age 72 (66, 77)years, median body mass index 24.4(22.3, 27.1)kg/m 2, median prostate volume (PV) 37.39(29.39, 48.86) ml, median PSA 22.24(10.91, 62.69) ng/ml, and median PSAD 0.53(0.30, 1.52)ng/ml 2 were recorded. According to the biopsy pathological results, all patients were divided into benign lesion group and prostate cancer group. PSA, PSAD, PV, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were compared, and magnetic resonance imaging and clinical characteristics of patients with biopsy benign lesions were analyzed. Results:There were 11 cases (3.8%) with benign lesion and 278 cases (96.2%) with prostate cancer. The characters of 11 negative biopsy cases were displayed as follows: median age 69(66, 79)years, median body mass index 22.0(21.0, 25.5)kg/m 2, median PV 62.90(38.48, 71.96)ml, median PSA 5.55(2.99, 20.52)ng/ml, median PSAD 0.16(0.07, 0.24) ng/ml 2, median ADC 714.47(701.91, 801.26)×10 -6 mm 2/s, abnormal digital rectal and amination in 5 cases, smoking in 7 cases, and alcohol consumption in 4 cases. The median PV [62.90(38.48, 71.96) vs. 37.21(29.22, 47.82)ml, P<0.01], the PSA value [5.55(2.99, 20.52) vs. 23.53(11.14, 65.98)ng/ml, P<0.01], and the PSAD value [0.16(0.07, 0.24) vs. 0.58(0.31, 1.57)ng/ml 2, P<0.01] were significantly different between benign condition group and prostate carcinoma group. Benign condition group included 5 chronic prostatitis, 2 acute prostatitis (1 with focal adenocarcinoma), 2 granulomatous inflammation, and 2 tuberculous granulomatous inflammation. In 7 benign cases, PSA was less than 10 ng/ml, combined with frequent urination, urgency of urination and incontinence were founded. In 8 benign cases, the area of lesion was more than 50% of the total prostate area in the axial position and the imaging of magnetic resonance were diffused, with regular shape and uniform signal. The imaging of symmetrical distribution was in 6 cases. Conclusions:The benign condition with PI-RADS 5 lesions included chronic prostatitis, acute prostatitis, granulomatous inflammation and tuberculous granulomatous inflammation, among which prostatitis was the most common cause. The PSA value were less than 10 ng/ml in most benign cases, with symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency of urination and incontinence. The imaging of magnetic resonance were diffused, symmetrically distributed, with regular shape and uniform signal.