Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disease with complex clinical manifestations, presenting substantial challenges in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Its symptoms and the eight extraordinary meridians are potentially correlated; therefore, this article explores the association between MSA symptom clusters and the eight extraordinary meridians based on their circulation and physiological functions, as well as their treatment strategies. The progression from deficiency to damage in the eight extraordinary meridians aligns with the core pathogenesis of MSA, which is characterized by "the continuous accumulation of impacts from the vital qi deficiency leading to eventual damage". Liver and kidney deficiency and the emptiness of the eight extraordinary meridians are required for the onset of MSA; the stagnation of qi deficiency and the gradual damage to the eight extraordinary meridians are the key stages in the prolonged progression of MSA. The disease often begins with the involvement of the yin and yang qiao mai, governor vessel, thoroughfare vessel, and conception vessel before progressing to multiple meridian involvements, ultimately affecting all eight extraordinary meridians simultaneously. The treatment approach emphasizes that "the direct method may be used for joining battle, but indirect method will be needed in order to secure victory" and focuses on "eliminate pathogenic factors and reinforce healthy qi". Distinguishing the extraordinary meridians and focusing on the primary symptoms are pivotal to improving efficacy. Clinical treatment is aimed at the target, and tailored treatment based on careful clinical observation ensures precision in targeting the disease using the eight extraordinary meridians as the framework and core symptoms as the specific focus. Additionally, combining acupuncture, daoyin therapy, and other method may help prolong survival. This article classifies clinical manifestations based on the theory of the eight extraordinary meridians and explores treatment.

Positron emission tomography (PET) now plays an important role in the research and development (R&D) of central nervous system (CNS) drugs. PET could characterize the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and receptor binding of CNS drugs quantitatively. The present review summarized the quantitative methods of PET used in the pharmacokinetics and receptor occupancy analysis of CNS drugs. Moreover, the present review listed various applications of PET supporting R&D of CNS drugs, which could provide a new direction for the R&D of CNS drugs.

As a fluorinated hydrocarbon anesthetic, methoxyflurane may cause serious adverse reactions such as renal damage under anesthetic doses, but its analgesic effect at sub-anaesthetic doses is safe, high tolerability, and short-term acute Good choice for analgesia. This article describes the pharmacokinetics, clinical validity, adverse reactions and clinical application of methoxyflurane, and explores the feasibility of methoxyflurane as an analgesic in clinical application. Methoxyflurane is convenient to use as an inhaled analgesic. It can provide patients with emergency analgesia without intravenous administration. It is a good choice for emergency analgesia in pre-hospital and emergency settings.

COVID-19 pandemic has put a huge burden on public health and global economy. Vaccines play an important role in controlling virus transmission and reducing mortality. While monoclonal virus neutralizing antibodies can reduce the viral load, improve symptoms, and prevent the aggravation of the disease from hospitalization. Now hundreds of clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine and monoclonal neutralizing antibody are in progress. The vaccine focuses on disease prevention, while the neutralizing antibody focuses on disease treatment. There are quite many differences between the two kinds of clinical trials by following different technical guidelines, research purpose, trial design, implementation and outcome assessment. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the similarities and differences between the clinical trials for the reference of new drug research and development as well as clinical researchers.

The colonization of microorganisms planted on the surface of teeth and restoration materials is the main cause of oral disease and treatment failure. How to improve the antibacterial properties of dental materials is a hot topic in dentistry. Nano-sized antibacterial materials have attracted much attention. Among them, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are prominent due to their strong and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Thus, in recent years, many studies have used metal and metal oxide nanoparticles to develop antimicrobial dental materials for resin restoration, root canal therapy, orthodontic treatment, and implant surface and removable denture repair and have found that the antibacterial properties of nano-sized materials are significantly enhanced. However, the mechanical properties and esthetic properties of the modified materials are affected, so it is still necessary to explore appropriate modification methods. In addition, most of the experiments are carried out in vitro, which cannot accurately simulate the oral environment. Therefore, the antibacterial effect, cytotoxicity and immune response of these materials in vivo still need further research and exploration. This paper reviewed the potential antibacterial mechanisms and the safety of those nanoparticles and their applications in dentistry.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To investigate the quality differences of Pinelliae Rhizoma with different diameter，and to providereference for the rational utilization of its resources. METHODS：A total of 65 batches of commercial Pinelliae Rhizoma from thefour major medicinal markets in China and two companies were collected as samples，the diameter of them were measured byvernier caliper，and then them were screened into samples with different diameter ranges（0.5 cm≤d≤0.8 cm，0.8 cm＜d≤1.0cm，1.0 cm＜d≤1.2 cm，1.2 cm＜d≤1.5 cm，1.5 cm＜d≤2.0 cm）by sieving. The content of organic acids（oxalic acid，citricacid，L-malic acid，succinic acid，fumaric acid，trans-aconitic acid and cis-aconitic acid）in Pinelliae Rhizoma samples of differentdiameter ranges were determined by HPLC，and the content of the extracts of Pinelliae Rhizoma samples of different diameterranges were determined by cold leaching method according to 2201 general principles in 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia（Part Ⅳ），to evaluate the quality difference of Pinelliae Rhizoma in different diameter ranges.73 batches of Pinelliae Rhizoma fromcorresponding 10 main producing areas were collected as samples，to investigate its distribution of diameter. RESULTS：Dtermination of 65 batches of commercial Pinelliae Rhizoma showed that the content of organic acids and extracts in PinelliaeRhizoma increased with the increase of its diameter in general. However，there were no significant difference in organic acids andcontent of the extracts among Pinelliae Rhizoma samples of different diameter ranges in the same batch（P＞0.05）. The diameter distribution of 73 batches of Pinelliae Rhizoma from corresponding areas was mainly between 0.6 cm and 1.8 cm，with an averageweight of 95.54％. If the diameter standard（1-1.5 cm）specified in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia（part Ⅰ）wasadopted，only 8 of 73 batches of Pinelliae Rhizoma meet the requirements，and the qualified rate was 10.96％；if the diameterrange was properly expanded to 0.7-1.5 cm，54 batches of Pinelliae Rhizoma meet the requirements，with a qualified rate of73.97％；when the diameter range was expanded to 0.7-1.6 cm，68 batches of Pinelliae Rhizoma meet the requirements，with aqualified rate of 93.15％ .CONCLUSIONS：There is no significant difference in the quality of Pinelliae Rhizoma with different diameters. Combined with the diameter distribution of Pinellia Rhizoma in different producing areas，the diameter range of 1-1.5cm specified in relative standard can be expanded to 0.7-1.6 cm，avoiding the waste of resources.

Migraine is a common nervous system disease, which could seriously affect the quality of life. However, the medical treatment of migraine cannot meet the clinical needs at present. With the deepening of research, serotonin 1F receptor agonists and drugs targeting CGRP are more and more developed and marketed. In this paper, the mechanism of action, safety and efficacy, metabolic characteristics of these drugs were systematically evaluated to provide a more scientific basis for clinical prevention and treatment of migraine.