BACKGROUND:Exosomes,as a type of extracellular vesicle,have become a key medium for cell-to-cell communication due to their nanoscale size and enrichment of various bioactive substances.The study of exosome secretion regulation not only has important scientific value,but also has broad application prospects in clinical practice,and is of great significance for promoting medical progress and improving human health.OBJECTIVE:To review the biological characteristics,biological functions,biogenesis process and biochemical regulation mechanism of exosomes,and to explore the application prospects of exosomes in disease diagnosis,treatment and vaccine development,so as to provide theoretical basis and reference for basic research and clinical transformation of exosomes.METHODS:The first author searched PubMed and CNKI databases in October 2024 for relevant literature published from January 2010 to October 2024.Key words were"exosomes,biological functions,biogenesis,secretion or release,regulatory mechanisms,application prospects"in Chinese and English.Finally,92 articles were included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The secretion level of exosomes can be regulated through physical or biochemical means.Exosomes show broad application prospects in the fields of disease diagnosis,treatment,and vaccine development,and may play a key role in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases as well as cancer.This review provides valuable information for the clinical translation and application research of exosomes,helping to promote future progress in exosome research and application.

BACKGROUND:Exosomes,as a type of extracellular vesicle,have become a key medium for cell-to-cell communication due to their nanoscale size and enrichment of various bioactive substances.The study of exosome secretion regulation not only has important scientific value,but also has broad application prospects in clinical practice,and is of great significance for promoting medical progress and improving human health.OBJECTIVE:To review the biological characteristics,biological functions,biogenesis process and biochemical regulation mechanism of exosomes,and to explore the application prospects of exosomes in disease diagnosis,treatment and vaccine development,so as to provide theoretical basis and reference for basic research and clinical transformation of exosomes.METHODS:The first author searched PubMed and CNKI databases in October 2024 for relevant literature published from January 2010 to October 2024.Key words were"exosomes,biological functions,biogenesis,secretion or release,regulatory mechanisms,application prospects"in Chinese and English.Finally,92 articles were included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The secretion level of exosomes can be regulated through physical or biochemical means.Exosomes show broad application prospects in the fields of disease diagnosis,treatment,and vaccine development,and may play a key role in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases as well as cancer.This review provides valuable information for the clinical translation and application research of exosomes,helping to promote future progress in exosome research and application.

As an innovative form of combining traditional aromatherapy with modern nasal medicine delivery technology， "olfactory administration of Chinese medicine" carries the theoretical essence of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which is "moving and channeling Qi and fragrance， dredging and awakening the mind". Based on the systematic records of olfactory therapies in ancient books in emergency care， disorders of consciousness， lung system， and gynecological diseases， this paper examines the historical evolution of its clinical application， and elucidates the profound historical basis and theoretical feasibility of "olfactory administration of Chinese medicine" as a new form. Combined with the innovation and precise application of modern Chinese medicine olfactory agents in multi-system diseases such as nervous， respiratory， and cardiovascular diseases， this paper further analyzes the multi-dimensional mechanism of olfactory receptor pathway， olfactory brain pathway， nasal mucosal blood vessels， and lymphatic channels， and demonstrates its advantages of rapid onset， targeted brain entry， and systemic regulation. Under the background of continuous growth in the demand for external TCM treatment， continuous breakthroughs in the technology of nasal dosage forms， and increasingly accurate drug delivery paths， Chinese medicine olfactory agents have shown significant practical applicability and development potential. This study aims to provide theoretical support and practical direction for the system construction of this form.

Objective To analyze the correlations between the thoracic electrical impedance tomography(EIT)-derived parameters global inhomogeneity(GI),center of ventilation(COV),regional ventilation delay(RVD),and atelectasis in hospitalized patients,and to explore their effectiveness in evaluating atelectasis.Methods The clinical data of 140 hospitalized patients monitored by thoracic EIT between Sep.2024 and Jan.2025 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were assigned to 2 groups based on chest computed tomography confirmation of atelectasis within the preceding short-term period during EIT monitoring:non-atelectasis group or atelectasis group.The algorithm software designed with MATLAB was used to acquire GI and COV.RVD was obtained through analysis with the Dr?ger EIT Data Analysis Tool 6.3 software,and patients'general data were concurrently documented.Comparative analysis of EIT-derived parameters between groups was conducted.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the correlations of GI,COV,and RVD with atelectasis,while receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of EIT-derived parameters in evaluating atelectasis.Results A total of 140 patients were enrolled,with 19(13.6%)cases presenting atelectasis.Compared to the non-atelectasis group,the atelectasis group demonstrated significantly higher proportions of male patients and cardiovascular disease and thoracic surgery(non-pulmonary)histories,lower body mass index(BMI),and alongside elevated GI and RVD values with reduced COV(all P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that GI,COV,and RVD maintained independent associations with atelectasis after adjusting for age,gender,BMI,pleural effusion,and emphysema(odds ratio[OR]=1.39,95%confidence interval[CI]1.20-1.67;OR=0.85,95%CI 0.75-0.96;OR=1.22,95%CI 1.09-1.39;all P＜0.05).The area under curve(AUC)values of GI,COV,and RVD for evaluating atelectasis in hospitalized patients were 0.82,0.80,and 0.82,respectively(while RVD demonstrated a higher AUC,its clinical applicability was influenced by respiratory patterns).Conclusion Thoracic EIT-derived parameters GI and COV demonstrate significant correlations with atelectasis and may serve as valuable indicators for evaluating atelectasis in hospitalized patients.

Objective : To investigate the effect of solasonine regulation of the STAT3 signaling pathway on the bio- logical behavior of lung adenocarcinoma cells． Methods : H1299 cells were treated with 0. 125，0. 25，0. 5 and 0. 75 mmol /L solasonine，respectively．The proliferative activity of H1299 cells was detected by CCK-8．The mi- gration and invasion ability of H1299 cells were detected by scratch，Transwell migration and invasion assay．The apoptosis level of H1299 cells was detected by flow cytometry and Hoechest 33258 /PI double staining．The protein expression levels of STAT3，p-STAT3 ，Bcl-2 ，Bax ，Caspase-3 ，Cl-Caspase-3 ，Snail ，Slug ，N-cadherin and E- cadherin in H1299 cells were detected by Western blot assay． Results: Solasonine at different concentrations sig- nificantly reduced the proliferation of H1299 cells (P＜0. 05) ．0. 125 and 0. 25 mmol /L solasonine promoted the apoptosis of H1299 cells (P＜0. 05) and inhibited the migration and invasion of H1299 cells (P＜0. 05) ．Solaso- nine inhibited the expression of STAT3，p-STAT3 and Bcl-2 proteins，enhanced the expression of Bax，Caspase-3 and Cl-Caspase-3 proteins．Solasonine inhibited the activation of STAT3 in cells，reduced Snail and Slug protein expression levels，enhanced E-cadherin，reduced N-cadherin(P＜0. 05) ． Conclusion Solasonine can inhibit the activation of STAT3 ，activate the Bcl-2 /Bax / Caspase3 apoptosis pathway ，inhibit the continuous proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells，and promote the apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells．Meanwhile，it can inhibit the activation of STAT3，reduce the expression of Snail / Slug protein，affect the EMT transformation of lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells，and inhibit the migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells．

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy and safety of Guben Quyu Jiedu prescription in treating nocturnal hypoxemia of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） combined with Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome （ OSAHS ） （deficiency of lung， spleen and kidney with blood stasis and toxicity）. MethodsThe paper used a forward-looking， random double-blind， placebo-controlled design method to select 96 patients with COPD combined with OSAHS， and their traditional Chinese medicines （TCM） syndrome differentiation was deficiency of lung， spleen and kidney with blood stasis and toxicity. These patients were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group， with 48 cases in each group. Based on conventional Western medicine treatment， the observation group was treated with Guben Quyu Jiedu prescription and the control group was treated with traditional Chinese medicine placebo. Both courses of treatment were 90 days. Then the paper compared the changes in minimum pulse oxygen saturation （SpO₂） during the night， apnea index （AHI）， OSAHS efficacy evaluation， TCM syndrome efficacy evaluation， and TCM symptom score before and after treatment between the two groups. ResultsThere were 5 withdrawals in the observation group and 8 withdrawals in the control group， so 43 cases in the observation group and 40 cases in the control group completed the trial. Compared with the condition before treatment， the minimum SpO₂ during the night and AHI in the observation group were significantly improved at night （P<0.01） and were better than those in the control group （P<0.01）. OSAHS efficacy in the observation group was better than in the control group （χ²=7.085， P<0.05）. In terms of TCM syndrome efficacy， the total effective rate was 81.40% （35/43） in the observation group， significantly higher than that in the control group， which was 15.00% （6/40） （χ²=36.78， P<0.01）. The TCM symptom scores of the two groups were improved compared with the condition before treatment， and the effect of the two groups was similar in the four main symptoms of snoring， choking， lethargy， and cough. However， the observation group was better than the control group in 10 details such as dizziness， headache， chest tightness， chest pain， wheezing， dry mouth， and thirst （P<0.05）. ConclusionUsing Guben Quyu Jiedu prescription combined with conventional Western medicine can treat COPD combined with OSAHS hypoxemia at night （deficiency of lung， spleen and kidney with blood stasis and toxicity）. In this way， the minimum pulse oxygen saturation （SpO₂） of patients， the level of disease control， and the quality of life of patients can be improved， and the clinical symptoms can be relieved.

ObjectiveTo analyze the differences in color， odor and volatile components of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium（CRP） before and after being stir-fried with Halloysitum Rubrum， and to explore the material basis of enhancing the effect of strengthening spleen after processing and the scientific connotation of decoction pieces processed with Halloysitum Rubrum as the auxiliary material. MethodsThe volatile components of the samples before and after processing were identified and relatively quantified by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）， and the volatile components were analyzed by principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）. According to the principle of variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1.5， volatile differential components before and after processing were screened. And combined with intelligent sensory technologies such as colorimeter and electronic nose， the chroma and odor information of CRP before and after being stir-fried with Halloysitum Rubrum were identified. Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between volatile differential components and chroma values. ResultsA total of 112 volatile components were identified from CRP and CRP stir-fried with Halloysitum Rubrum， of which 84 were from CRP and 97 were from CRP stir-fried with Halloysitum Rubrum. And 7 differential components were selected， including α-pinene， β-myrcene， linalool， sabinene， ocimene isomer mixture， A-ocimene， and δ-elemene. After being processed with Halloysitum Rubrum， the brightness value（L^*）， yellow-blue value（b^*） and total chromatic value（E^*_ab） of CRP were decreased（P<0.01）， and red-green value（a^*） was increased（P<0.01）， the response values of S4， S5， S10 and S13 sensors were significantly increased（P<0.05）， and the response values of S3 and S8 sensors were significantly decreased（P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that α-pinene and β-myrcene were negatively correlated with L^* and E^*_ab， but positively correlated with a^*. Sabinene was positively correlated with L^* and E^*_ab. Linalool was positively correlated with L^* and E^*_ab， and negatively correlated with a^*. The ocimene isomer mixture was positively correlated with the L^*. ConclusionAfter being processed with Halloysitum Rubrum， the appearance color， odor and volatile components of CRP change significantly， and α-pinene， β-myrcene， sabinene， linalool and A-ocimene are the characteristic volatile components before and after processing， which can provide references for the quality evaluation and clinical application of CRP and its processed products.

ObjectiveTo analyze the differences in color， odor and volatile components of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium（CRP） before and after being stir-fried with Halloysitum Rubrum， and to explore the material basis of enhancing the effect of strengthening spleen after processing and the scientific connotation of decoction pieces processed with Halloysitum Rubrum as the auxiliary material. MethodsThe volatile components of the samples before and after processing were identified and relatively quantified by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）， and the volatile components were analyzed by principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）. According to the principle of variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1.5， volatile differential components before and after processing were screened. And combined with intelligent sensory technologies such as colorimeter and electronic nose， the chroma and odor information of CRP before and after being stir-fried with Halloysitum Rubrum were identified. Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between volatile differential components and chroma values. ResultsA total of 112 volatile components were identified from CRP and CRP stir-fried with Halloysitum Rubrum， of which 84 were from CRP and 97 were from CRP stir-fried with Halloysitum Rubrum. And 7 differential components were selected， including α-pinene， β-myrcene， linalool， sabinene， ocimene isomer mixture， A-ocimene， and δ-elemene. After being processed with Halloysitum Rubrum， the brightness value（L^*）， yellow-blue value（b^*） and total chromatic value（E^*_ab） of CRP were decreased（P<0.01）， and red-green value（a^*） was increased（P<0.01）， the response values of S4， S5， S10 and S13 sensors were significantly increased（P<0.05）， and the response values of S3 and S8 sensors were significantly decreased（P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that α-pinene and β-myrcene were negatively correlated with L^* and E^*_ab， but positively correlated with a^*. Sabinene was positively correlated with L^* and E^*_ab. Linalool was positively correlated with L^* and E^*_ab， and negatively correlated with a^*. The ocimene isomer mixture was positively correlated with the L^*. ConclusionAfter being processed with Halloysitum Rubrum， the appearance color， odor and volatile components of CRP change significantly， and α-pinene， β-myrcene， sabinene， linalool and A-ocimene are the characteristic volatile components before and after processing， which can provide references for the quality evaluation and clinical application of CRP and its processed products.

Objective To screen long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)associated with lymph node metasta-sis in papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)and verify its function in vitro,so as to provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of lymph node metastasis in PTC.Methods lncRNA+mRNA microar-ray was used to detect the differential expression of lncRNA and mRNA in PTC cancer tissues with and with-out lymph node metastasis.Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR)verified target differential lncR-NAs.Lentivirus was used as vector to construct high and low lncRNA expression PTC cell lines.Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8),cell scratches assay,Transwell assay,cell clone formation assay were used to detect the effects of target lncRNA on proliferation,migration,invasion,clonal formation of PTC cells.Results Compared with 5 cases of PTC tissues without lymph node metastasis,gene chips detected 119 lncRNA and 53 mRNA expres-sion levels upregulated,while 263 lncRNA and 198 mRNA expression levels down regulated in 5 cases of PTC tissues with lymph node metastasis.Furthermore,21 lncRNAs were selected for validation in the original 10 PTC samples,and the results showed that,compared with PTC tissues without lymph node metastasis,lncR-NAs FLJ20444,DPP10-AS1 and ENST00000567197 were highly expressed in PTC tissues with lymph node metastasis,while uc021thd.1,LNC00944,ENST00000429730 and BLNK were lowly expressed(P＜0.05).In addition,qPCR results of another 30 fresh PTC tissues showed that compared with PTC tissues without lymph node metastasis,DPP10-AS1 was highly expressed and LNC00944 was lowly expressed in PTC tissues with lymph node metastasis(P＜0.05).Cell function experiments showed that the proliferation,migration,invasion,and colony formation abilities of PTC cells in the DPP10-AS1 high expression group were higher than those in the DPP10-AS1 low expression group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion lncRNA DPP10-AS1 may play a role in PTC metastasis through certain signaling pathways.

AIM: To analyze the clinical utility and value of the ultra-wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography(UWF-SS-OCTA)technique in changes of blood flow density and thickness in the central and peripheral regions of the retina and choroid in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)with or without diabetic kidney disease(DKD).METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Totally 50 cases(50 eyes)of diabetes mellitus(DM)that visited our hospital between June 2023 and June 2024 were included. They were divided into three groups: NPDR combined with DKD group(DKD group, n=20), NPDR without DKD group(NDKD group, n=20), and DM without retinopathy group(DM group, n=10, which served as control). In order to investigate the impact of DKD on ocular microangiopathy in NPDR patients, the retina and choroid within 24 mm×20 mm of the scan were separated into central and peripheral areas using the 3×3 nine-grid partition option that comes with UWF-SS-OCTA, and the parameters were then quantitatively assessed.RESULTS:The central and peripheral blood flow density of the choroidal capillary layer(CCP)was statistically significant between the DM group and the DKD group(t=3.93, P=0.0003; t=3.34, P=0.0016), and between the NDKD group and the DKD group(t=-3.06, P=0.003; t=-2.55, P=0.013), but there was no statistically significant difference between the DM group and the NDKD group(t=1.44, P=0.157; t=1.26, P=0.21). The mid-large choroidal vessel(MLCV)showed a progressive decline in central and peripheral blood flow density in the DM, NDKD, and DKD groups(F=13.74, 19.03, all P<0.0001). The DM, NDKD, and DKD groups saw a progressive decrease in central and peripheral choroidal thickness(CT; F=10.72, P=0.0001; F=13.12, P<0.001).CONCLUSION:CCP, MLCV, and CT can be used as visual indicators to identify impaired renal function in patients with NPDR. UWF-SS-OCTA can support the development of precise and noninvasive monitoring and treatment technology for diabetic ocular microangiopathy, while also offering a scientific foundation for the joint management of DR and DKD.