In recent years,organoid technology has emerged as a pivotal tool in central nervous system(CNS)tumor research.By recapitulating the 3D architecture,molecular profiles,and dynamic interactions of tumors with their microenvironment,it provides an innovative platform for elucidating disease mechanisms and facilitating drug screening.Brain organoids are primarily utilized to model normal neurodevelopmental processes and investigate CNS disease pathogenesis,whereas CNS tumor organoids are chiefly employed to simulate tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic responses.This review delineates the methodologies for establishing brain organoids and CNS tumor organoid models,along with their applications in CNS oncology research,with parti-cular emphasis on the technical features and advantages of pluripotent stem cell-derived,patient-derived,and xenograft-derived organoid models.Furthermore,it examines current challenges in model standardization,mi-croenvironment recapitulation,and ethical considerations pertaining to human tissue sources.Future directions for advancing this technology are also discussed.

Objective:To explore the aperiodic components(1/f slopes)and their associations with cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia.Methods:Nineteen patients with schizophrenia according to the Interna-tional Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problem,Tenth Revision(ICD-10)and 21 normal controls were administrated the total Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia(BACS)to measure the cogni-tive performance.The 5-minute eyes-closed and eyes-open resting EEG signals were collected and parameterized in-to aperiodic components(1/f slope).Finally,Pearson correlation was used to examine the relationships between the 1/f slope and cognition assessment scores.Results:The patients with schizophrenia had higher 1/f slope compared to HC on central location of scalp(P＜0.05).The vocal memory scores showed a significantly positive relation with 1/f slopes in patients with schizophrenia(anterior location:r=-0.68,P＜0.05;central location:r=-0.44,P＜0.05),but a significantly negative relation in normal controls(anterior location:r=0.57,P＜0.05;posterior lo-cation:r=0.54,P＜0.05).Conclusion:The 1/f slopes of EEG in schizophrenia were steeper than normal control,suggesting its strong cognitive functional significance and complex mechanisms in schizophrenia.

Objective To explore the relationship between pathogenic microorganism types,age and season in 2 188 children with respiratory tract infections.Methods A total of 2 188 children with respiratory tract in-fections admitted to the Department of Pediatrics,962 Hospital,Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA from June 2023 to May 2024 were selected as the study subjects.Targeted next generation sequencing(tNGS)tech-nology was used to detect 107 common pathogenic microorganism in children with respiratory tract infections,including Haemophilus influenzae,rhinovirus,Moraxella catarrhalis,Mycoplasma pneumoniae,Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pneumoniae,human parainfluenza virus,human respiratory syncytial virus,etc.The re-spiratory tract infection situation and epidemiological characteristics of children in Harbin were analyzed.Re-sults Among 2 188 pediatric patients,98.5%(2 156/2 188)tested positive for pathogenic microorganism,with Haemophilus influenzae accounting for the highest proportion of 33.5%(732/2 188),followed by rhino-virus of 25.0%(547/2 188)and Moraxella catarrhalis of 24.8%(543/2 188).The positive rates of Hae-mophilus influenzae and human adenovirus in male children were higher than those in female children(P<0.05),while there were no statistically significant differences in the positive positive rates of other pathogenic microorganism between male and female children(P>0.05).Except for human adenovirus and influenza A virus,which showed no statistically significant differences in positive rates among different age groups(P>0.05),there were statistically significant differences in the positive rates of other pathogenic microorganism a-mong different age groups(P<0.05).The positive rates of pathogenic microorganism in preschool children were relatively high.There were no statistically significant differences in the positive rates of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus in different seasons(P>0.05),while there were statistically significant differences in the positive rates of other pathogenic microorganism in different seasons(P<0.05).The positive rates of Haemophilus influenzae,Streptococcus pneumoniae,human metapneumovirus,human parainfluenza virus and SARS-Cov-2 were the highest in summer(P<0.05).Conclusion 2 188 children with respiratory tract infec-tions were mainly caused by pathogenic microorganism such as Haemophilus influenzae,rhinovirus,and Moraxella catarrhalis,etc.Preschool children is a susceptible group,and the prevalence of pathogenic microor-ganism varies seasonally.In clinical practice,relevant prevention and control measures should be developed based on this characteristic to reduce the incidence of diseases.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)personality traits,empathy ability,and emotion regulation among medical students,and to advocate for medical students to conduct in-depth self-analysis using MBTI,and to enhance their empathy ability in a targeted manner,thereby more effectively building harmonious doctor-patient relationships.Methods:A total of 664 medical students were investigated using the MBTI,the Chinese version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(ERQ),and the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index(IRI).The mediation analysis in SPSSAU employed the product coefficient test method,utilizing Bootstrap sampling for data analysis.Results:The MBTI personality traits of medical students were generally inclined to Introversion-Sensing-Thinking-Judging(ISTJ).Medical students tended to use cognitive reappraisal,and the level of empathy needed to be strengthened.Males exhibited higher expressive inhibition than females,while females experienced greater personal distress than males.Expressive inhibition was also higher in only children compared to non-only children,and only children showed lower emotional empathy than non-only children.Cognitive reappraisal played a partial mediating role in the relationship between introverted/extraverted personality traits and personal distress among medical students(mediating effect=-0.017,accounting for 14.217%of the total effect),and a complete mediating effect between introverted/extraverted personality traits and emotional empathy(mediating effect=0.024,accounting for 100%of the total effect).Cognitive reappraisal partially mediated the relationship between life attitude orientation and emotional empathy(mediating effect=0.017,accounting for 15.727%of the total effect),and served as a partial mediator in the relationship between life attitude orientation and cognitive empathy(mediating effect=0.171,accounting for 25.827%of the total effect).Conclusion:Cognitive reappraisal has a mediating effect on the relationship between medical students'MBTI personality traits and empathy,guiding medical students to improve empathy abilities using cognitive reappraisal.Medical students can further understand their strengths and weaknesses by identifying their MBTI types,and improve their empathy ability in a targeted manner,to better adapt to future medical work.

In recent years,organoid technology has emerged as a pivotal tool in central nervous system(CNS)tumor research.By recapitulating the 3D architecture,molecular profiles,and dynamic interactions of tumors with their microenvironment,it provides an innovative platform for elucidating disease mechanisms and facilitating drug screening.Brain organoids are primarily utilized to model normal neurodevelopmental processes and investigate CNS disease pathogenesis,whereas CNS tumor organoids are chiefly employed to simulate tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic responses.This review delineates the methodologies for establishing brain organoids and CNS tumor organoid models,along with their applications in CNS oncology research,with parti-cular emphasis on the technical features and advantages of pluripotent stem cell-derived,patient-derived,and xenograft-derived organoid models.Furthermore,it examines current challenges in model standardization,mi-croenvironment recapitulation,and ethical considerations pertaining to human tissue sources.Future directions for advancing this technology are also discussed.

Objective:To explore the aperiodic components(1/f slopes)and their associations with cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia.Methods:Nineteen patients with schizophrenia according to the Interna-tional Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problem,Tenth Revision(ICD-10)and 21 normal controls were administrated the total Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia(BACS)to measure the cogni-tive performance.The 5-minute eyes-closed and eyes-open resting EEG signals were collected and parameterized in-to aperiodic components(1/f slope).Finally,Pearson correlation was used to examine the relationships between the 1/f slope and cognition assessment scores.Results:The patients with schizophrenia had higher 1/f slope compared to HC on central location of scalp(P＜0.05).The vocal memory scores showed a significantly positive relation with 1/f slopes in patients with schizophrenia(anterior location:r=-0.68,P＜0.05;central location:r=-0.44,P＜0.05),but a significantly negative relation in normal controls(anterior location:r=0.57,P＜0.05;posterior lo-cation:r=0.54,P＜0.05).Conclusion:The 1/f slopes of EEG in schizophrenia were steeper than normal control,suggesting its strong cognitive functional significance and complex mechanisms in schizophrenia.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)personality traits,empathy ability,and emotion regulation among medical students,and to advocate for medical students to conduct in-depth self-analysis using MBTI,and to enhance their empathy ability in a targeted manner,thereby more effectively building harmonious doctor-patient relationships.Methods:A total of 664 medical students were investigated using the MBTI,the Chinese version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(ERQ),and the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index(IRI).The mediation analysis in SPSSAU employed the product coefficient test method,utilizing Bootstrap sampling for data analysis.Results:The MBTI personality traits of medical students were generally inclined to Introversion-Sensing-Thinking-Judging(ISTJ).Medical students tended to use cognitive reappraisal,and the level of empathy needed to be strengthened.Males exhibited higher expressive inhibition than females,while females experienced greater personal distress than males.Expressive inhibition was also higher in only children compared to non-only children,and only children showed lower emotional empathy than non-only children.Cognitive reappraisal played a partial mediating role in the relationship between introverted/extraverted personality traits and personal distress among medical students(mediating effect=-0.017,accounting for 14.217%of the total effect),and a complete mediating effect between introverted/extraverted personality traits and emotional empathy(mediating effect=0.024,accounting for 100%of the total effect).Cognitive reappraisal partially mediated the relationship between life attitude orientation and emotional empathy(mediating effect=0.017,accounting for 15.727%of the total effect),and served as a partial mediator in the relationship between life attitude orientation and cognitive empathy(mediating effect=0.171,accounting for 25.827%of the total effect).Conclusion:Cognitive reappraisal has a mediating effect on the relationship between medical students'MBTI personality traits and empathy,guiding medical students to improve empathy abilities using cognitive reappraisal.Medical students can further understand their strengths and weaknesses by identifying their MBTI types,and improve their empathy ability in a targeted manner,to better adapt to future medical work.

Objective:To explore the impact of sleep duration, physical exercise, and their interactions on the risk of dyslipidemia in older adults aged ≥80 (the oldest old) in China.Methods:The study subjects were the oldest old from four rounds of Healthy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study (2008-2009, 2011-2012, 2014 and 2017-2018). The information about their demographic characteristics, lifestyles, physical examination results and others were collected, and fasting venous blood samples were collected from them for blood lipid testing. Competing risk model was used to analyze the causal associations of sleep duration and physical exercise with the risk for dyslipidemia. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) function was used to explore the dose-response relationship between sleep duration and the risk for dyslipidemia. Additive and multiplicative interaction model were used to explore the interaction of sleep duration and physical exercise on the risk for dyslipidemia.Results:The average age of 1 809 subjects was (93.1±7.7) years, 65.1% of them were women. The average sleep duration of the subjects was (8.0±2.5) hours/day, 28.1% of them had sleep duration for less than 7 hours/day, and 27.2% had sleep for duration more than 9 hours/day at baseline survey. During the 9-year cumulative follow-up of 6 150.6 person years (follow-up of average 3.4 years for one person), there were 304 new cases of dyslipidemia, with an incidence density of 4 942.6/100 000 person years. The results of competitive risk model analysis showed that compared with those who slept for 7-9 hours/day, the risk for dyslipidemia in oldest old with sleep duration >9 hours/day increased by 22% ( HR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.07-1.39). Compared with the oldest old having no physical exercise, the risk for dyslipidemia in the oldest old having physical exercise decreased by 33% ( HR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.57-0.78). The RCS function showed a linear positive dose-response relationship between sleep duration and the risk for hyperlipidemia. The interaction analysis showed that physical exercise and sleep duration had an antagonistic effect on the risk for hyperlipidemia. Conclusion:Physical exercise could reduce the adverse effects of prolonged sleep on blood lipids in the oldest old.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of herb-partitioned moxibustion in relieving rat intestinal inflammation by focusing on the neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs)in Crohn disease(CD)development. Methods:Rats were randomly divided into a normal group,a model group,a herb-partitioned moxibustion group,and a mesalazine group.The CD rat model was prepared with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid except for rats in the normal group.Rats in the normal group and model group did not receive any treatment but had the same fixation as the other groups.Rats in the herb-partitioned moxibustion group received herb-partitioned moxibustion at Qihai(CV6)and bilateral Tianshu(ST25).Rats in the mesalazine group received intragastric administration of mesalazine enteric-coated tablets.The general situation of rats in each group was recorded,and the histopathological changes in the colon were observed and scored by hematoxylin-eosin staining.The serum concentrations of NETs DNA(NETs-DNA),neutrophil elastase(NE)-DNA,and myeloperoxidase(MPO)-DNA were detected by ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the citrullinated histone 3(citH3),MPO,and NE protein and mRNA expression levels in rat colon tissue were observed by immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results:Compared with the normal group,the mucosal ulcer reached the muscularis,the epithelium was incomplete,the goblet cells decreased obviously with significant inflammatory cell infiltration in the colon;the colonic mucosa damage index(CMDI)score increased significantly(P<0.01);the serum NETs-DNA,NE-DNA,and MPO-DNA concentrations increased(P<0.05);the NE,citH3,and MPO protein and mRNA expression in the colonic tissue increased significantly in the model group(P<0.01 or P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the mucosal epithelium in the herb-partitioned moxibustion group and the mesalazine group was repaired and the goblet cells increased with a few infiltrating inflammatory cells in the colon;the CMDI score decreased(P<0.01);the serum NETs-DNA,NE-DNA,and MPO-DNA concentrations decreased(P<0.05);the NE,citH3,and MPO protein and mRNA expression in the colonic tissue was down-regulated(P<0.01 or P<0.05). Conclusion:Herb-partitioned moxibustion reduced the serum NETs complex and inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of NETs complex in the colon tissue,which may be one mechanism of herb-partitioned moxibustion in relieving colon mucosal inflammation in CD.

Asymptomatic spleen-stomach diseases refer to diseases without related symptoms and signs of abdo-minal pain， bloating， diarrhea an others in patients， but showing lesions or pathological changes discovered by modern medical techniques such as endoscopy， CT， MRI. The four examination techniques of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） are based on symptoms and signs of patients， which are the advantage of TCM but also have certain limitations. In the context of the increasingly modernized diagnosis and treatment in TCM， it is proposed to expand the application of the four examination techniques from three aspects including microcosmic syndrome differentiation， data sharing， and artificial intelligence in asymptomatic spleen-stomach diseases， in order to achieve the goals of dynamically observing the disease process， collecting disease data in multiple dimensions， and intelligently processing disease data. This will strengthen the modern requirements of early diagnosis and treatment in TCM， and highlight the advantages of TCM in “treating disease before it arises and treating the symptoms beforehand”.