The high failure rates in clinical drug development based on animal models highlight the urgent need for more representative human models in biomedical research. In response to this demand, organoids and organ chips were integrated for greater physiological relevance and dynamic, controlled experimental conditions. This innovative platform-the organoids-on-a-chip technology-shows great promise in disease modeling, drug discovery, and personalized medicine, attracting interest from researchers, clinicians, regulatory authorities, and industry stakeholders. This review traces the evolution from organoids to organoids-on-a-chip, driven by the necessity for advanced biological models. We summarize the applications of organoids-on-a-chip in simulating physiological and pathological phenotypes and therapeutic evaluation of this technology. This section highlights how integrating technologies from organ chips, such as microfluidic systems, mechanical stimulation, and sensor integration, optimizes organoid cell types, spatial structure, and physiological functions, thereby expanding their biomedical applications. We conclude by addressing the current challenges in the development of organoids-on-a-chip and offering insights into the prospects. The advancement of organoids-on-a-chip is poised to enhance fidelity, standardization, and scalability. Furthermore, the integration of cutting-edge technologies and interdisciplinary collaborations will be crucial for the progression of organoids-on-a-chip technology.
Organoids/physiology* ; Humans ; Biomedical Research/methods* ; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Animals ; Microphysiological Systems

Objective:To observe macular vascular density and structural characteristics in children with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT).Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From October 2022 to December 2023, 29 TDT children (58 eyes) diagnosed and examined at the Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University were included in the TDT group, along with 29 age- and gender-matched healthy children (58 eyes) as the control group. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography and angiography. Measurements included central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal thickness (ChT), choroidal vascularity index, blood flow density in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), choriocapillaris layer (CC), and choroidal layer of the macular region, as well as the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area of the SCP and DCP. A generalized estimating equation was used to compare differences in the above parameters between the two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between fundus structural parameters, blood flow density, and blood indices.Results:Compared with the control group, the TDT group showed significantly thinner CMT ( χ2=6.044) and ChT at 3.0 mm nasal ( χ2=4.451) and temporal ( χ2=4.767) to the fovea ( P<0.05). The TDT group also demonstrated reduced blood flow density in the inferior DCP ( χ2=5.254), whole CC ( χ2=3.996), and superior CC ( χ2=5.094), as well as enlarged FAZ area in DCP ( χ2=4.286) ( P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between SFCT and disease duration ( r=?0.357, P=0.006). Conclusions:In children with TDT, CMT and ChT become thinner and the area of FAZ expands. The blood flow densities of DCP and CC in the macular area decreased.

This study investigated the effect of small RNA ncBCG201 on the stress adaptation and intracellular survival of Myco-bacterium bovis.Differentially expressed ncRNAs were screened with RNA-seq after BCG infection of THP-1 macrophages.The ncBCG201 overexpression strain was constructed,and its stress survival,growth,biofilm formation,and intracellular survival were assessed.The ncBCG201 strain showed slower growth and earlier entry into stationary phase.Survival significantly increased under car-bon starvation but decreased under membrane pressure.Biofilm formation capability decreased.Intracellular survival in THP-1 macro-phages at 24 h and 48 h was significantly higher than observed in the control.Therefore,ncBCG204 enhances BCG survival within macrophages by modulating stress adaptability.

Objective To construct an optimal prediction model of chickenpox in Urumqi, and to provide reference for formulating the prevention and control strategies of chickenpox. Methods The multivariate autoregressive moving average model (ARIMAX) and random forest model (RF) were established based on the monthly incidence of chickenpox in Urumqi from 2014 to 2018, and the monthly incidence of chickenpox in 2019 was used to test the models and evaluate their prediction effect. The prediction performance of the two models was compared, and the best model was selected to predict the incidence of chickenpox in Urumqi. Results The incidence of chickenpox in Urumqi showed a regular bimodal distribution with obvious seasonality, and it showed a slow upward trend from July 2014 to December 2019. The fitting model was ARIMA(0,1,0)(0,1,1)₁₂, the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of ARIMAX model training set were 1.29 and 0.95, respectively, and the RMSE and MAE of the test set were 1.88 and 1.44, respectively. The training set RMSE and MAE of RF model were 1.56 and 1.56, respectively, and the test set RMSE and MAE were 4.83 and 3.96, respectively. Conclusion The performance of ARIMAX model is better than that of RF model, which can better predict the incidence trend of chickenpox in Urumqi. It is necessary to optimize the prediction model according to the actual situation and provide scientific guidance for the prevention and control of chickenpox.

This study investigated the effect of small RNA ncBCG201 on the stress adaptation and intracellular survival of Myco-bacterium bovis.Differentially expressed ncRNAs were screened with RNA-seq after BCG infection of THP-1 macrophages.The ncBCG201 overexpression strain was constructed,and its stress survival,growth,biofilm formation,and intracellular survival were assessed.The ncBCG201 strain showed slower growth and earlier entry into stationary phase.Survival significantly increased under car-bon starvation but decreased under membrane pressure.Biofilm formation capability decreased.Intracellular survival in THP-1 macro-phages at 24 h and 48 h was significantly higher than observed in the control.Therefore,ncBCG204 enhances BCG survival within macrophages by modulating stress adaptability.

Objective:To observe macular vascular density and structural characteristics in children with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT).Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From October 2022 to December 2023, 29 TDT children (58 eyes) diagnosed and examined at the Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University were included in the TDT group, along with 29 age- and gender-matched healthy children (58 eyes) as the control group. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography and angiography. Measurements included central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal thickness (ChT), choroidal vascularity index, blood flow density in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), choriocapillaris layer (CC), and choroidal layer of the macular region, as well as the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area of the SCP and DCP. A generalized estimating equation was used to compare differences in the above parameters between the two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between fundus structural parameters, blood flow density, and blood indices.Results:Compared with the control group, the TDT group showed significantly thinner CMT ( χ2=6.044) and ChT at 3.0 mm nasal ( χ2=4.451) and temporal ( χ2=4.767) to the fovea ( P<0.05). The TDT group also demonstrated reduced blood flow density in the inferior DCP ( χ2=5.254), whole CC ( χ2=3.996), and superior CC ( χ2=5.094), as well as enlarged FAZ area in DCP ( χ2=4.286) ( P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between SFCT and disease duration ( r=?0.357, P=0.006). Conclusions:In children with TDT, CMT and ChT become thinner and the area of FAZ expands. The blood flow densities of DCP and CC in the macular area decreased.

Objective:To analyze the impact of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) on the rate and number of euploid blastocysts among women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was performed by analyzing clinical data from 504 patients approaching ICSI cycle with PGT-A in Reproductive Medicine Center of Peking University Third Hospital from January 1st 2018 to December 31st 2020. According to serum AMH level measured before ovarian stimulation, subjects were divided into two groups: the low AMH group (AMH<1.00 μg/L, 85 patients) and the normal AMH group (AMH≥1.00 μg/L, 419 patients). Rates and number of euploid blastocysts were compared between the two groups (82 patients per group) after using propensity score matching (PSM) to adjust confounding variables, including age, body mass index (BMI), history of recurrent miscarriage and ovarian stimulation protocols.Results:1) The rate and number of euploid blastocysts were significantly lower in the low AMH group [50.0% (0, 100.0%), 1 (0, 1)] than in the normal AMH group [60.0% (33.3%, 100.0%), P=0.025; 1 (1, 2), P<0.001]. 2) After PSM, the rate of euploid blastocysts was 50.0% (0, 100.0%) in the low AMH group and 50.0% (19.2%, 100.0%) in the normal AMH group, with no significant difference ( P=0.265). Patients in the low AMH group had significantly fewer euploid blastocysts [1 (0, 1) vs. 1 (1, 2), P=0.004] and were less likely to have at least one euploid blastocyst [57.3% (47/82) vs. 76.8% (63/82), P=0.008]. 3) A total of 378 (75.0%) cycles had at least one euploid embryo. The area under the curve (AUC) value of AMH combined with age in predicting the presence of at least one euploid embryo was better than that of age alone (0.78 vs. 0.75, P=0.024). Conclusion:Serum AMH level is not independently associated with the rate of blastocyst euploidy after adjusting for age, BMI, history of recurrent abortion and ovulation induction protocol. AMH combined with age can be used to predict the possibility of having at least one euploid embryo per cycle.

Objective:To analyze the impact of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) on the rate and number of euploid blastocysts among women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was performed by analyzing clinical data from 504 patients approaching ICSI cycle with PGT-A in Reproductive Medicine Center of Peking University Third Hospital from January 1st 2018 to December 31st 2020. According to serum AMH level measured before ovarian stimulation, subjects were divided into two groups: the low AMH group (AMH<1.00 μg/L, 85 patients) and the normal AMH group (AMH≥1.00 μg/L, 419 patients). Rates and number of euploid blastocysts were compared between the two groups (82 patients per group) after using propensity score matching (PSM) to adjust confounding variables, including age, body mass index (BMI), history of recurrent miscarriage and ovarian stimulation protocols.Results:1) The rate and number of euploid blastocysts were significantly lower in the low AMH group [50.0% (0, 100.0%), 1 (0, 1)] than in the normal AMH group [60.0% (33.3%, 100.0%), P=0.025; 1 (1, 2), P<0.001]. 2) After PSM, the rate of euploid blastocysts was 50.0% (0, 100.0%) in the low AMH group and 50.0% (19.2%, 100.0%) in the normal AMH group, with no significant difference ( P=0.265). Patients in the low AMH group had significantly fewer euploid blastocysts [1 (0, 1) vs. 1 (1, 2), P=0.004] and were less likely to have at least one euploid blastocyst [57.3% (47/82) vs. 76.8% (63/82), P=0.008]. 3) A total of 378 (75.0%) cycles had at least one euploid embryo. The area under the curve (AUC) value of AMH combined with age in predicting the presence of at least one euploid embryo was better than that of age alone (0.78 vs. 0.75, P=0.024). Conclusion:Serum AMH level is not independently associated with the rate of blastocyst euploidy after adjusting for age, BMI, history of recurrent abortion and ovulation induction protocol. AMH combined with age can be used to predict the possibility of having at least one euploid embryo per cycle.

Objective:To explore the effect of pregnancy outcome of the first in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) and embryo transfer cycle on the next frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle. Methods:A retrospective cohort study was designed by collecting data from 6658 infertile patients in Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University from January 2010 to December 2019. Two groups were included, the fresh embryo-frozen embryo group ( n=4310) and the frozen embryo-frozen embryo group ( n=2348), and each group was divided into four subgroups according to the pregnancy outcome of the first transfer cycle: non-pregnancy subgroup, biochemical pregnancy subgroup, pregnancy loss subgroup, and live birth subgroup. In each group, the live birth rate (LBR) of the second transfer cycle was compared among the four subgroups. Results:In the second transfer cycle of the fresh embryo-frozen embryo group, LBR in each subgroup was 31.3% (972/3109), 33.7% (92/273), 33.3% (169/507), and 39.2% (165/421), respectively. Compared with non-pregnancy subgroup, the difference of LBR in the live birth subgroup was statistically significant [after adjustment, a P<0.001, a OR(95% CI)=1.555(1.245-1.942)]. In the second transfer cycle of the frozen embryo-frozen embryo group, LBR in each subgroup was 37.3% (655/1754), 47.0% (79/168), 45.4% (122/269), and 44.6% (70/157), respectively. Compared with non-pregnancy subgroup, the differences of LBR in biochemical pregnancy subgroup, pregnancy loss subgroup and live birth subgroup were statistically significant [after adjustment, a P=0.018, a OR(95% CI)=1.471(1.069-2.026); a P=0.014, a OR(95% CI)=1.388 (1.069-1.802); a P=0.035, a OR(95% CI)=1.452(1.026-2.054)]. Conclusion:In the fresh embryo-frozen embryo group, live birth in the first transfer cycle is associated with increased LBR in the subsequent cycles, while in the frozen embryo-frozen embryo group, biochemical pregnancy, pregnancy loss, or live birth in the first transfer cycle are associated with increased LBR in the following cycles.

Objective:To explore the effect of pregnancy outcome of the first in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) and embryo transfer cycle on the next frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle. Methods:A retrospective cohort study was designed by collecting data from 6658 infertile patients in Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University from January 2010 to December 2019. Two groups were included, the fresh embryo-frozen embryo group ( n=4310) and the frozen embryo-frozen embryo group ( n=2348), and each group was divided into four subgroups according to the pregnancy outcome of the first transfer cycle: non-pregnancy subgroup, biochemical pregnancy subgroup, pregnancy loss subgroup, and live birth subgroup. In each group, the live birth rate (LBR) of the second transfer cycle was compared among the four subgroups. Results:In the second transfer cycle of the fresh embryo-frozen embryo group, LBR in each subgroup was 31.3% (972/3109), 33.7% (92/273), 33.3% (169/507), and 39.2% (165/421), respectively. Compared with non-pregnancy subgroup, the difference of LBR in the live birth subgroup was statistically significant [after adjustment, a P<0.001, a OR(95% CI)=1.555(1.245-1.942)]. In the second transfer cycle of the frozen embryo-frozen embryo group, LBR in each subgroup was 37.3% (655/1754), 47.0% (79/168), 45.4% (122/269), and 44.6% (70/157), respectively. Compared with non-pregnancy subgroup, the differences of LBR in biochemical pregnancy subgroup, pregnancy loss subgroup and live birth subgroup were statistically significant [after adjustment, a P=0.018, a OR(95% CI)=1.471(1.069-2.026); a P=0.014, a OR(95% CI)=1.388 (1.069-1.802); a P=0.035, a OR(95% CI)=1.452(1.026-2.054)]. Conclusion:In the fresh embryo-frozen embryo group, live birth in the first transfer cycle is associated with increased LBR in the subsequent cycles, while in the frozen embryo-frozen embryo group, biochemical pregnancy, pregnancy loss, or live birth in the first transfer cycle are associated with increased LBR in the following cycles.