The method of decocting and taking medicine can directly influence the efficacy of the Chinese herbal medicine,and is the key to enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity.As the originator of classic books for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)prescriptions,Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases has recorded various specific methods of decocting and taking medicine in details.This paper summarized and sorted out various methods of decocting the same Chinese herbal medicine,re-decocting method with the removal of dregs(for concentrating medicinal solution),method of decocting pills,dosage of medicine,time for taking medicine,and notices and healthcare after medication recorded in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases.Moreover,the dialectical view in the method of decocting medicine recorded in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases.was explored.The special method of decocting and taking medicine in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases included the TCM dialectical view of using the same Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of different diseases,consideration of both Chinese herbal medicine and syndromes,drastic purgatives for chasing long-term efficacy.The method of taking medicine contained the TCM dialectical view of modification of the medicine dosage according to syndrome differentiation,adapting to the general trend,and suspension after medicine starting an effect.It is believed that the method of decocting and taking medicine for the prescriptions in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases is established according to syndrome differentiation,and the utilization of various methods of decocting and taking medicine as well as notices and healthcare after medication in accordance with the characteristics of diseases and syndromes ensures the prescriptions meeting the pathogenesis,and then enhance the clinical efficacy.

Ferroptosis is defined as an iron-dependent regulated form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. In the past decade, it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases that together involve almost every organ of the body, including various cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, endocrine metabolic diseases, iron-overload-related diseases, orthopedic diseases and autoimmune diseases. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its regulatory pathways could provide additional strategies for the management of these disease conditions. Indeed, there are an expanding number of studies suggesting that ferroptosis serves as a bona-fide target for the prevention and treatment of these diseases in relevant pre-clinical models. In this review, we summarize the progress in the research into ferroptosis and its regulatory mechanisms in human disease, while providing evidence in support of ferroptosis as a target for the treatment of these diseases. We also discuss our perspectives on the future directions in the targeting of ferroptosis in human disease.
Humans ; Ferroptosis ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Iron ; Musculoskeletal Diseases

Humans ; Locomotion ; Mesencephalon ; Midbrain Reticular Formation ; Parkinson Disease

【Objective】 To investigate the death time of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 【Methods】 The death time was calculated and analyzed using individual data and aggregated data through the daily notification of the epidemic situation and the death cases published on the website of the Heath Commission of China and provinces. 【Results】 In the 153 patients who died of COVID-19, the shortest time from onset to death was 4 days and the longest time was 50 days with the mean±standard deviation of (16.7±9.2) days. The median was 14 days and the 95% confidence interval was 4.6-42.9. The shortest time from admission to death was 1 day and the longest time was 50 days with the mean ± standard deviation of (12.1±7.8) days. The median was 11 days and the 95% confidence interval was 2-32.8. The time curve from diagnosis to death was skewed. The death time from diagnosis to death was 0 to 48 days with the mean ± standard deviation of (11.1±8.9) days. The median was 9 days, the interquartile interval was 10.5 days, and the 95% confidence interval was 0-35.4. It took 3 days from onset to admission and 1 day from admission to diagnosis. Aggregated data showed that the time from diagnosis to death of COVID-19 patients in China, China (except Hubei Province), Hubei Province and Wuhan City was 8, 9, 6 and 6 days, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The time from diagnosis to death of COVID-19 patients varied significantly, with the median time of 6-9 days in different regions.

The pathogenesis of the second major neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD), is closely associated with the dysfunction of potassium (K) channels. Therefore, PD is also considered to be an ion channel disease or neuronal channelopathy. Mounting evidence has shown that K channels play crucial roles in the regulations of neurotransmitter release, neuronal excitability, and cell volume. Inhibition of K channels enhances the spontaneous firing frequency of nigral dopamine (DA) neurons, induces a transition from tonic firing to burst discharge, and promotes the release of DA in the striatum. Recently, three K channels have been identified to protect DA neurons and to improve the motor and non-motor symptoms in PD animal models: small conductance (SK) channels, A-type K channels, and K7/KCNQ channels. In this review, we summarize the physiological and pharmacological effects of the three K channels. We also describe in detail the laboratory investigations regarding K channels as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
Animals ; Humans ; Parkinson Disease ; metabolism ; Potassium Channels ; metabolism

Objective To study the underlying mechanisms through which uric acid upregulates local renin-angiotensin system in adipocytes. Methods The primary cultured rat adipocytes were administered with 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 mg/dl uric acid for 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Some of the pre-adipocytes were infected with siRNA-TLR2 or its negative control before differentiation. Then infected mature adipocytes were treated with 10 mg/dl uric acid for 48 h. After that procedure, mRNA levels of TLR2, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, AGT, ACE1, AT1R, and AT2R were detected with real-time PCR method. The protein levels of TLR2 and NF-κB were detected by Western blotting. The concentrations of angiotensinⅡ( Ang Ⅱ) in the conditioned medium or cell lysate were measured using ELISA method. Results The mRNA levels mRNA of TLR2 increased in parallel with uric acid concentration. Moreover, it also increased with the time. By contrast, TLR2 mRNA expression decreased at 72 h. Uric acid increased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in adipocytes. It was also found that uric acid upregulated RAS components, including AGT, ACE1, AT1R, AT2R, and AngⅡ. However, siRNA-TLR2 infection significantly reduced the levels of TLR2 and NF-κB. As a result, both inflammatory cytokines and RAS components were significantly decreased in adipocytes. Conclusion Uric acid up-regulates RAS expression partially via TLR2 inflammatory signaling pathway in adipocytes.

Objective To explore the value of the plasma miR-193a-5p level on diagnosis and monitoring the response to treatment in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods Peripheral blood samples were obtained from AML patients enrolled in hematology department of the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from July 2015 to December 2015, including 30 de novo AML patients, 9 patients in complete remission (CR) and 6 patients in relapse. Peripheral blood samples from 15 healthy people were randomly choosed as the health control group. Plasma miR-193a-5p expression levels were detected by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results The plasma miR-193a-5p relative expression level of AML patients group [0.465 6 (0.103 1-5.000 2)] was obviously lower than that of health control group [0.766 1 (0.052 1-3.134 4)] (U= 122, P= 0.018 7). The plasma miR-193a-5p relative expression levels of de novo group and relapse AML group were significantly lower than those of CR group and health control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the CR group and health control group (U= 56, P= 0.511 9). No significant correlation was found between the plasma miR-193a-5p level and age, gender, blast percentage of the bone marrow, peripheral blood leukocyte count, platelet count, CD34+cells'percentage and so on. Conclusion The decreased plasma miR-193a-5p expression level can be served as a new and noninvasive biomarker for the evaluation of diagnosis and treatment in AML.

Objective To investigate the effect of over-expression of human ribonuclease inhibitor suppresses invasion and migration of transplanted bladder cancer .Methods The T24 cells were stably transfected with pIRES2-EGFP-RI and pIRES2-EG-FP plasmid respectively .Using the cell transfected with pIRES2-EGFP and untransfected cell as controls .and the positive clones were screened by G418 ,respectively ;Tumor cells of the three groups at 2 × 106 were respectively injected into the back of BALB/C nude mice to establish the xenograft models .Change of micro-blood vessels in tumor tissue and expression of CD31 were detected by Immunohisto-chemical and HE staining .Immunohisto-chemical assay was used to detect the expression of RI ,MMP-2 ,MMP-9 ,E-cadherin ,N-cadherin ,Vimentin ,Snail ,Slug ,Twist in the tumors .Results Animal experiment showed that the T24-RI cells group significantly inhibited the growth of bladder cancer compared with the other two control groups .Compared with the T24 and T24 vector cells groups ,the microvessel density in tumor tissue of T24-RI group was notably reduced and the expressions of MMP-2 , MMP-9 ,N-cadherin ,Vimentin ,Snail ,Slug ,Twist significantly were decreased simultaneously ,while the expressions of RI and E-cadherin were increased .Conclusion up-regulation RI can inhibit the growth of transplanted bladder cancer in nude mice by decrea-sing the expression of invasion protein and EM T protein .

Objective To analyze the setup errors of bone metastases patients by tomotherapy with megavoltage CT (MVCT) and calculate the CTV-PTV margins.Methods 30 patients with bone metastases were enrolled.All patients received tomotherapy,fixed with body net and received MVCT scanning before radiation.The MVCT images were registered with the kilovoltage CT (kVCT) images,the setup errors of X (lateral),Y (vertical),Z (longitudina) and Roll (transverse profile rotation) were obtained according to the formula M =2.5Σ+0.7σ calculated CTV-PTV margin.Results 30 patients were received 494 MVCT images.The errors of systemic±random were (2.85±0.77) mm,(3.11±0.95) mm,(2.21±0.55) mm,and (0,55±0.24)° on X,Y,Z and Roll directions,respectively.The CTV-PTV margins were 3.64 mm,4.17 mm,and 2.86 mm on X,Y,Z directions,respectively.Conclusion The application of image-guided technology for bone metastases can correct positioning in time,which greatly reduces setup errors of the fractionated treatment,further improves the treat accuracy and has a positive value in guiding clinical radiotherapy.