OBJECTIVE To comparatively analyze tumor staging versus clinical staging in reimbursement scope restrictions under medical insurance for antineoplastic agents in order to better implement the medicare drug payment policy. METHODS Antineoplastic agents included in the National Basic Medical Insurance， Workers’ Compensation Insurance and Maternity Insurance Drug Catalogue （2024） （hereinafter referred to as the “Medical Insurance Catalog”） were used as research subject to compile and analyze reimbursement scope restrictions regarding tumor staging. By consulting clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines and relevant literature， the tumor staging in reimbursement scope restrictions of the Medical Insurance Catalog was mapped and compared with clinical staging. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS A total of 89 antineoplastic agents’ medical insurance payments had tumor staging. Among these， there were 86 western drugs （including 17 ordinary western drugs， 68 negotiated drugs， and 1 competitive drug） and 3 Chinese patent medicines （including 1 ordinary Chinese patent medicine and 2 negotiated drugs）. Non-small cell lung cancer involved the most restricted payment drugs， with 36 drugs. The tumor staging in reimbursement scope restrictions was mostly “metastatic” and “locally advanced”， involving 67 and 48 drugs respectively. Tumor staging in most reimbursement scope restrictions could correspond to the clinical staging of the tumor. However， mid-advanced esophageal cancer， unresectable gastrointestinal stromal tumors， unresectable locally advanced neuroendocrine tumors， locally advanced basal cell carcinoma， and unresectable neurofibromatosis type Ⅰ did not have a corresponding clinical staging mentioned in authoritative guidelines or high-quality clinical studies and need to be determined by the clinic according to the actual situation of the patient. Therefore， it is recommended that the interpretation of tumor staging in reimbursement scope restrictions should be accurately defined and standardized， so as to improve the accuracy of the drug payment policy in the actual implementation process.

The v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) gene is one of the most critical proto-oncogenes and functions as a key regulator in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. The incidence of BRAF mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients ranges from 1.5% to 5.5%, with BRAF V600 mutations accounting for approximately 30%-50% of all BRAF mutations, among which BRAF V600E represents the most prevalent mutation type. Currently, the combination of Dabrafenib and Trametinib has been recommended as first-line therapy for BRAF V600-mutant NSCLC by multiple domestic and international guidelines including National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO), and Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO). However, there are no clear targeted treatment recommendations for BRAF non-V600 mutations. Although case reports suggest that Dabrafenib combined with Trametinib may be effective for patients with BRAF non-V600 mutations, the efficacy and safety require further validation due to limited sample size and lack of large-scale clinical trial data. This article reports a case of NSCLC with a rare BRAF insertion and deletion mutation that responded well to the treatment of Dabrafenib in combination with Trametinib, aiming to enhance clinicians' understanding of such NSCLC cases with extremely rare mutation and provide a reference for future treatment strategies.
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Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology* ; Imidazoles/administration & dosage* ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oximes/administration & dosage* ; Proto-Oncogene Mas ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics* ; Pyridones/administration & dosage* ; Pyrimidinones/administration & dosage*

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of 3D printed metal augment or tibial prosthesis for reconstruction of large bone defects in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and knee revision surgery.Methods:A total of 7 patients (7 knees) with TKA or knee revision who were admitted to the Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine with large bone defects from July 2018 to December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, including 4 patients with TKA and 3 patients with knee revision. There were 3 males and 4 females, aged 58.7±7.6 years (range, 54-68 years), 3 patients with left knee and 4 patients with right knee. All the patients had bone defects in the knee joint (AORI type III), 2 cases had bone defects only in the femur, 4 cases had bone defects only in the tibia, and 1 case had bone defects in both the tibia and femur, which were treated with personalized reconstruction using 3D printing. Hip-knee-ankle angles, American Knee Society score (KSS) before and after surgery were compared, and postoperative complications were observed.Results:All patients successfully completed the operation, and the operation time was 189.3±35.5 min (range, 125-240 min). Complex TKA was performed in 4 cases with surgical times of 175, 195, 210, and 240 min, and revision surgery was performed in 3 cases with surgical times of 125, 180, and 200 min, respectively. Intraoperative blood loss was 114±24.4 ml (range, 100-150 ml). Five cases used 3D printed metal augment, and two used 3D printed one-piece tibial components. All patients were followed up for 2, 2, 5, 6, 7, 20, 57 months, respectively. The KSS of the five patients at 3 months postoperatively were 56, 61, 66, 56, and 56 points, respectively, greater than the preoperative scores of 35, 44, 36, 27, and 41 points. The KSS functional scores of the five patients at 3 months postoperatively were 45, 45, 45, 30, and 45 points, respectively, which were greater than the preoperative scores of 30, 30, 15, 20, and 20 points. The hip-knee-ankle angle was 181.8°±3.4° (range, 177.9° to 188.0°) at the final follow-up and 175.8°±12.4° (range, 153.3° to 192.1°) before surgery, with no significant difference ( t=-1.230, P=0.242). At the final follow-up, the 3D printed component was well integrated with the bone surface, the prosthesis was securely positioned, and the force lines of the lower limbs were normal. There were no postoperative complications such as poor wound healing, infection, fat liquefaction, nerve injury, deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs, knee joint stiffness, periprosthesis infection and loosening. Conclusion:Using 3D printed metal augment or tibial prosthesis to reconstruct the huge bone defect in TKA and revision has a satisfactory early clinical effect, satisfactory joint function and good surgical safety.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 13%~17% of primary bronchial lung cancer. Due to its rapid growth rate, aggressive behavior, early metastasis and poor prognosis, about 70% of patients were diagnosed with extensive-stage (ES) disease. Although most ES-SCLC patients are sensitive to initial chemotherapy, local recurrence and distant metastasis develop in the short term. Immunotherapy has brought the dawn to overcome it. At present, immune checkpoint inhibitor combined with chemotherapy has become an important strategy as first-line therapy for ES-SCLC. Nevertheless, patients are still at a high risk of chest lesion recurrence after initial systemic therapy. Whether the addition of thoracic consolidation radiotherapy (TRT) can reduce chest lesion recurrence rate remains to be determined. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress in the mode of first-line chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy followed by TRT in ES-SCLC, aiming to provide reference for clinical practice.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 13%~17% of primary bronchial lung cancer. Due to its rapid growth rate, aggressive behavior, early metastasis and poor prognosis, about 70% of patients were diagnosed with extensive-stage (ES) disease. Although most ES-SCLC patients are sensitive to initial chemotherapy, local recurrence and distant metastasis develop in the short term. Immunotherapy has brought the dawn to overcome it. At present, immune checkpoint inhibitor combined with chemotherapy has become an important strategy as first-line therapy for ES-SCLC. Nevertheless, patients are still at a high risk of chest lesion recurrence after initial systemic therapy. Whether the addition of thoracic consolidation radiotherapy (TRT) can reduce chest lesion recurrence rate remains to be determined. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress in the mode of first-line chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy followed by TRT in ES-SCLC, aiming to provide reference for clinical practice.

Objective To analyze medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of thyroid nodules based on real-world data mining technology. Methods Chinese medicine prescriptions for patients with thyroid nodules as clinical first diagnosis in the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery in Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from August 2018 to August 2023 were collected, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Assistant Platform (V3.0) was used to analyze the medication rules. Results A total of 1 206 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for the treatment of thyroid nodules were screened, involving 291 traditional Chinese medicines; the top five most frequently used drugs were Fritillaria thunbergii, Prunella vulgaris, Bupleurum chinense, Poria cocos, and Pinellia ternata; the main function of drugs were clearing heat, tonifying deficiency, resolving phlegm, activating blood circulation, and regulating qi; the main property of the drugs was cold, the main tastes of drugs were bitter, sweet and spicy, and the meridians involved were mainly the lung, liver and spleen meridians; association rule analysis identified 17 high-frequency drug combinations, with Fritillaria thunbergii-Prunella vulgaris as the most frequently occurring drug pair; among the 16 association rules, Radix Scrophulariae-Fritillaria thunbergii and Rhizoma Cyperi-Bupleurum chinense had the highest confidence level; clustering analysis found 6 core drug combinations. Conclusion The main idea of clinical treatment of thyroid nodules in traditional Chinese medicine is to resolve phlegm and reduce nodules, promote qi circulation and blood circulation, and nourish qi and blood; the common herbal combination of Fritillaria thunbergii and Prunella vulgaris is used to clear heat, resolve phlegm, and reduce nodules, and the basic formula for resolving scrofula is based on Xiaoluo Pills, which resolves phlegm, softens hardened nodules, and reduces nodules.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the difference between the payment limitations of anti-cancer drugs and application scope of drug instructions， so as to better implement the payment policy of medical insurance drugs. METHODS The differences between the payment limitations of anti-cancer drugs and application scope of drug instructions in the National Catalogue of Drugs for Basic Medical Insurance， Industrial Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance （2022） were compared and analyzed； the evidence-based basis of the difference was discussed， and the scope of limited payment was interpreted. RESULTS Totally 118 drugs had payment limitations； limitations scope mainly included limited evidence of gene detection results， limited indications， limited second-line and above treatment， limited payment duration， limited specialist prescription， limited medical institution grade， etc. Among them， 43 drugs had differences between the payment limitations and drug instructions， and the indications of 31 drugs were greater than payment limitations； for seven drugs， the drug indications beyond the payment limitations were recommended by the guidelines. The payment limitations of 75 drugs were consistent with drug instructions. The second-line and multi-line treatment was ineffective or intolerable with first-line drugs. There was a certain relationship between locally advanced， advanced or metastatic tumor and tumor stage， but different tumors had different criteria. Systemic treatment mainly referred to systemic treatment with drug. The results of limited genetic test required that the result was positive or negative. In addition， six kinds of TCM injections were limited to the level of medical institutions； the payment of two drugs did not exceed 12 months； when lenalidomide was combined with isazomide citrate， the medical insurance only paid for one of the drugs. CONCLUSIONS The payment limitations of some anti- cancer drugs are inconsistent with the drug indications. The drug payment limitations should be expanded according to the actual situation of clinical medication and the recommendations of guidelines. At the same time， the payment limitations should be formulated accurately and in detail， thus clinical and medical insurance staff can understand it and fully protect the interests of patients.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of BeEAM (bendamustine+cytarabine+etoposide+melphalan) regimen in pretreatment of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with lymphoma.Methods:The clinical data of 15 patients with lymphoma who underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after pretreatment with BeEAM regimen from January 2020 to February 2021 in Gansu Provincial Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The transplant-related adverse reactions and hematopoietic reconstitution were evaluated.Results:During the pretreatment process of 15 patients, 13 patients had gastrointestinal adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, 2 patients had hypokalemia, and 1 patient had abnormal liver function, but all of them were grade 1-2, and no grade 3-4 adverse reactions occurred. One patient had poor platelet implantation, and the remaining 14 patients all achieved hematopoietic reconstruction. After transplantation, the median time of peripheral blood neutrophils and platelets good implantation in patients was 10 d (9-14 d) and 11 d (9-17 d), respectively. Until March 2021, all patients were alive during follow-up.Conclusions:The efficacy of BeEAM regimen in pretreatment of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with lymphoma is good, and the adverse reactions are tolerable.

Objective To develop a diagnostic model based on deep neural network for intelligent discrimination of thyroid function. Methods A total of 1616 patients ( 283 males, 1333 females, average age:52 years) who underwent thyroid imaging between May 2016 and June 2018 were selected. According to the clinical diagnosis, the 1616 cases included 299 normal thyroid cases, 876 hyperthyroidism cases and 441 hypothyroidism cases. Feature extraction and learning training were performed on 1000 training set sam-ples by two deep neural network models ( AlexNet;deep convolution generative adversarial networks ( DCGAN) ) using deep learning algorithm. Performance verifications were implemented on 616 test set samples. The con-sistency between the verification results of the two models and the clinical diagnosis was analyzed by Kappa test. Meanwhile, the time advantage of the intelligent diagnosis models was analyzed. Results The average diagnostic time of AlexNet model was 1 s/case, and the classification accuracy for normal thyroid, hyperthy-roidism, hypothyroidism were 82.29％(79/96), 94.62％(369/390), 100％(130/130), respectively. The Kappa value between results of AlexNet model and clinical diagnosis was 0.886 ( P<0.05) . The average di-agnostic time of DCGAN model was 1 s/case, and the classification accuracy for normal thyroid, hyperthy-roidism, hypothyroidism were 85.42％(82/96), 95.64％(373/390), 99.23％(129/130), respectively. The Kappa value between results of DCGAN model and clinical diagnosis was 0.904 ( P<0.05) . Conclusion The deep neural network intelligent diagnosis model can quickly determine the functional status of thyroid gland in thyroid imaging, and it has a high recognition accuracy, thus providing a new method for thyroid image review.

OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the effectiveness of trolamine for preventing and treating radiation dermatitis （RD） and evidence quality， and to provide reference for clinical use. METHODS： Retrieved from PubMed， Cochrane library， Embase， CNKI， Wanfang and VIP database， randomized controlled trials （RCTs） about trolamine （trial group） versus usual care （control group） for preventing and treating RD were collected. After data extraction， Cochrane bias risk assessment tool 5.0.2 was used to assess the bias risk， and Rev Man 5.3 statistical software was used to perform the Meta-analysis. GRADE evidence quality grading system was used to evaluate the evidence quality of outcome indexes. RESULTS： Seven RCTs were included， involving 782 patients. Results of Meta-analysis showed that there was no statistical significance in total incidence of RD [OR＝0.50， 95％CI （0.23， 1.11）， P＝0.09]， and the incidence of grade Ⅰ RD [OR＝1.32， 95％CI（0.96，1.81）， P＝0.09]， grade Ⅱ RD [OR＝1.07， 95％CI（0.80，1.42）， P＝0.66]， grade Ⅲ RD [OR＝0.69， 95％CI（0.45，1.04）， P＝0.07] or grade Ⅳ RD [OR＝0.43， 95％CI（0.17，1.05）， P＝0.07] between 2 groups. Results of Grade evidence quality evaluation showed that total incidence of RD， and the incidence of grade Ⅱ RD and grade Ⅳ RD were recommended by moderate-level evidence in 2 groups， while the incidence of grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅲ RD were recommended by low-level evidence. CONCLUSIONS： Trolamine is not effective in preventing and treating RD， and can not reduce the incidence of RD.