Early-warning of compartmentalized anaerobic reactor (CAR) was investigated in lab-scale. The performance stability of CAR at high loading rate was worse than that at common loading rate. At high loading rate, the fluctuation of effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration was larger than that of influent COD concentration. The average relative standard deviation of effluent COD concentration and VFA concentration was 32.95% and 40.46% respectively, while that of influent COD concentration was 8.08%. The saturation of volumetric loading rate (S(VLR)) and VFA (S(VFA)) could be used to alarm the performance of anaerobic reactors. The working performance was good when the CAR was operated at normal organic loading rate (OLR), in which S(VLR) and S(VFA) were below 0.89 and 0.40 respectively. The fluctuation of performance became larger when the CAR was operated at OLR near saturation, in which S(VLR) and S(VFA) were close to 1. The performance of CAR was deteriorated when the S(VLR) and S(VFA) were more than 1.
Anaerobiosis ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Bioreactors ; microbiology ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; analysis ; Sewage ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; methods

In order to select better seeding sludge and promote start-up of Anammox reactors, we studied the start-up performances of three Anammox-EGSB bioreactors inoculated with anaerobic methanogenic sludge (AMS) (R1), Fresh Anammox sludge (FAS) (R2) and stored Anammox sludge (SAS) (R3), respectively. Results showed that these three seeding sludges could start up Anammox-EGSB bioreactors successfully, but the start-up progresses showed different characteristics. The start-up course of R1 could be divided into three phases including autolysis phase (15 d), lag phase (54 d) and activity elevation phase (40 d). However, the start-up courses of R2 and R3 only included lag phase (2 d and 12 d, respectively) and activity elevation phase (15 d and 57 d, respectively). Besides, the performance of R3 was better than that of R1, but worse than that of R2. Furthermore, bathing the Anammox sludge in the effluent of bioreactors was a convenient and effective way to keep the activity of the Anammox sludge. The ammonia removal efficiency, percentage of denitrification and the stoichiometric ratios of NH4(+)-Nr/NO2(-)-Nr and NO3(-)-Np/NH4(+)-Nr could serve as indicators to monitor the start-up of Anammox bioreactors.
Bacteria, Anaerobic ; metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bioreactors ; microbiology ; Nitrogen ; metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; metabolism ; Sewage ; chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; metabolism

Germ cells exist in an environment created by Sertoli cells. The differentiation of germ cells from spermatogonia to sperm in the seminiferous epithelium is controlled by many factors such as hormones, growth factors, temperature and interaction with Sertoli cells. Paracrine signaling between these intimately associated cells also regulates the process of germ cell death. Sertoli cells' products play an important role in the process of germ cell differentiation in the testis, in which both the spontaneous and induced germ cell apoptosis often occur.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Rats ; Sertoli Cells ; physiology ; Spermatozoa ; physiology