Objective To evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy combined with local treatment in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods A total of 164 elderly patients with advanced NSCLC admitted in Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2018 to October 2022 were selected as subjects.According to whether they have received immunotherapy combined with local treatment,they were divided into local treatment group(n=82)and non-local treatment group(n=82).The primary endpoint was overall survival(OS),while secondary endpoints included progression-free survival(PFS),objective response rate(ORR),and disease control rate(DCR).Cox proportional hazard models were applied to assess prognostic factors.Results The median OS in local treatment group was superior to non-local treatment group.Multivariate analysis confirmed that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score ≥ 2 points,bone metastasis,and pleural effusion were independent poor prognostic factors.Conclusion The combination of immunotherapy and local treatment may provide OS of elderly patients with advanced NSCLC.

The integration of multi-source data and the establishment of early warning indicator systems constitute pivotal elements for advancing surveillance and early warning capacities in respiratory infectious diseases. Given the multifaceted transmission mechanisms and complex contributing factors inherent in respiratory infectious diseases, surveillance datasets and associated early warning indicators demonstrate notable heterogeneity and sophisticated interrelationships. Furthermore, as surveillance and early warning requirements significantly vary across diverse epidemiological scenarios, accurate assessment of the value and applicability of distinct data types and indicators is imperative. This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes recent advancements in surveillance data and early warning indicators for respiratory infectious diseases, drawing on both domestic and international research. Particular attention is dedicated to analyzing the applicability and efficacy of various data types and indicators within multiple practical contexts, aiming to provide robust theoretical frameworks and methodological guidance to facilitate the development of resilient and efficient surveillance and early warning systems for respiratory infectious diseases.

The integration of multi-source data and the establishment of early warning indicator systems constitute pivotal elements for advancing surveillance and early warning capacities in respiratory infectious diseases. Given the multifaceted transmission mechanisms and complex contributing factors inherent in respiratory infectious diseases, surveillance datasets and associated early warning indicators demonstrate notable heterogeneity and sophisticated interrelationships. Furthermore, as surveillance and early warning requirements significantly vary across diverse epidemiological scenarios, accurate assessment of the value and applicability of distinct data types and indicators is imperative. This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes recent advancements in surveillance data and early warning indicators for respiratory infectious diseases, drawing on both domestic and international research. Particular attention is dedicated to analyzing the applicability and efficacy of various data types and indicators within multiple practical contexts, aiming to provide robust theoretical frameworks and methodological guidance to facilitate the development of resilient and efficient surveillance and early warning systems for respiratory infectious diseases.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy combined with local treatment in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods A total of 164 elderly patients with advanced NSCLC admitted in Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2018 to October 2022 were selected as subjects.According to whether they have received immunotherapy combined with local treatment,they were divided into local treatment group(n=82)and non-local treatment group(n=82).The primary endpoint was overall survival(OS),while secondary endpoints included progression-free survival(PFS),objective response rate(ORR),and disease control rate(DCR).Cox proportional hazard models were applied to assess prognostic factors.Results The median OS in local treatment group was superior to non-local treatment group.Multivariate analysis confirmed that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score ≥ 2 points,bone metastasis,and pleural effusion were independent poor prognostic factors.Conclusion The combination of immunotherapy and local treatment may provide OS of elderly patients with advanced NSCLC.

With the increasing life expectancy and lifestyle changes of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), the significance of comorbidities of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in disease progression and health prognosis of CHB patients is gaining prominence. This study aims to explore the association between CHB and NCDs comorbidities, focusing on the impact of common metabolism-related diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes, on the health outcomes of CHB patients. We also summarize studies on integrating the management of comorbidities in CHB patients and provide relevant recommendations for effective management. The findings of this study serve as a foundation for understanding the clinical characteristics and prevalence trends, reducing the disease burden of comorbidities among CHB patients, and establishing a comprehensive and coordinated management system for comorbidities.

The incidence of cancer is closely correlated with age,as 75％of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)patients are aged at least 65 years.The availability of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)has altered the available NSCLC therapeutic pattern.Limited studies on elderly patients have demonstrated that ICIs as monotherapy provide substantial ben-efits for patients aged 65-75 years,showing no significant difference compared to younger patients.This benefit is also observed in combination with immune-combined chemotherapy or radiotherapy.For individuals older than 75 years,the survival effect was not evident,though.Immune-related adverse events(irAEs)with ICIs alone were similar in incidence across age catego-ries.Immune-combination chemotherapy resulted in a higher incidence of irAEs than chemotherapy alone,and patients ≥75 years of age were more likely to experience higher-grade irAEs.Besides the fact that immunosenescence in older patients influ-ences the immune milieu in a multifaceted manner,which in turn impacts the effectiveness of immunotherapy,the prognosis is also influenced by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status(ECOG PS)score,among other factors.For certain individuals aged ≥75 years or in poor physical health,immunotherapy combined with low-intensity chemotherapy has emerged as a viable treatment option.However,there are fewer related studies,so there should be a conscious effort to increase the number of elderly patients enrolled in the trial and a comprehensive assessment to explore individualized treatment op-tions.To provide additional references and guidance for immunotherapy in elderly NSCLC patients and to propose new thera-peutic perspectives in combination with their characteristics,this review aims to summarize and analyze the pertinent studies on the application of programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)inhibitors in these patients.

Background and objective The malignant tumor that has the highest global morbidity and death rate is lung cancer,which primarily affects the elderly.The therapy landscape for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)has trans-formed with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs).The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of immune monotherapy and immunotheray combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC aged 75 years and above.Methods This study retrospectively analyzed 111 patients with advanced NSCLC who were at least 75 years old and received treatment at the First or Fifth Medical Centers of the People's Liberation Army General Hospital from January 2018 to October 2022.These patients underwent first-line or second-line treatment,with 70 receiving immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy and 41 receiving immunotherapy alone.Propensity score matching(PSM)was used to match the baseline characteristics of the patients,including age,Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status(ECOG PS)score,and the number of treatment lines.The study endpoints included objective response rate(ORR),progression-free survival(PFS),overall survival(OS),and safety assessment.Results The median OS for the immunotherapy combined with chemother-apy group was 27.87 months,and the median PFS was 11.50 months.The median OS for the immune monotherapy group was 34.93 months,and the median PFS was 17.00 months.There were no significant differences in OS(P=0.722)and PFS(P=0.474)between the two groups,but a significant difference was observed in ORR(P=0.025).After PSM matching,each group comprised 27 patients.The median OS for the immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy group was 17.70 months,the median PFS was 8.97 months.The median OS for the immune monotherapy group was 17.87 months,and the median PFS was 11.53 months.No significant differences were observed in OS(P=0.635),PFS(P=0.878)and ORR(P=0.097).In terms of safety,the overall inci-dence of adverse events(AEs)before matching was 62.86％ in the immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy group,which was higher than 41.46％ in the immune monotherapy group(P=0.029),while there was no difference in the incidence of AEs of grade 3 or above between the two groups(P=0.221).After matching,AEs occurred in 17(62.96％ )patients in the immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy group and 13(48.15％ )in the immune monotherapy group.There were no significant differences in the overall incidence of AEs(P=0.273)or the incidence of grade 3 or above(P=0.299)between the two groups.Conclusion Im-munotherapy combined with chemotherapy does not significantly improve OS or PFS in patients with NSCLC aged 75 years and above when compared to immunotherapy alone,and this conclusion was further validated by the analysis after PSM.The safety assessment suggests that before matching,the incidence of AEs of any grade in the immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy group was higher.Still,the two groups had no difference in the incidence of AEs of grade 3 or above.Following matching,the tol-erability of the treatment was similar in both groups.According to the safety assessment,the unique circumstances and course of treatment for geriatric patients with advanced NSCLC should be considered.

Objective: To explore the characteristics and relationship between physical activity and self-efficacy of college students during the COVID-19 epidemic, so as to provide evidence for the orderly development of physical education and curriculum reform of college students after their return to school. Methods: A total of 6 227 college students were collected from 8 districts of China by using convenient sampling method and snowball sampling method, and the physical activity and self-efficacy of all participants were assessed used by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-S) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES). Results: In the terms of general self-efficacy, the score of male students was significantly higher than that of female students, the score of freshman was significantly higher than that of other grades(t/F=7.32, 5.56, P<0.01). In terms of physical activity, the middle and high level physical activity of girls was significantly higher than that of boys, but the proportion of boys meeting the recommended amount was higher(P<0.01). Low level physical activity was the highest in junior college students(31.75%), medium level physical activity was the highest in freshmen (46.75%) and sophomore student (48.13%), and high level physical activity was the highest senior college students (30.40%). The moderate level of physical activity was the highest in all BMI groups, while the lean group had the lowest level of low level physical activity (15.70%) and the highest level of high level physical activity(37.31%), and the lowest proportion meeting the recommended amount(P<0.05). Self-efficacy had a positive predictive effect on physical activity(OR=1.04, 95%CI=1.03-1.05). Conclusion During the COVID-19 epidemic, there are significant differences in general self-efficacy and physical activity among college students by gender, grade and BMI. The general self-efficacy has a positive impact on physical activity, suggesting that college physical education should pay attention to students- self-efficacy, while considering individual and group differences, and promote physical activity level through self-efficacy improvement.

Urea transporters (UT) play a vital role in the mechanism of urine concentration and are recognized as novel targets for the development of salt-sparing diuretics. Thus, UT inhibitors are promising for development as novel diuretics. In the present study, a novel UT inhibitor with a diarylamide scaffold was discovered by high-throughput screening. Optimization of the inhibitor led to the identification of a promising preclinical candidate,

Objective:To elucidate the effect of P2X4 signal axis on iron metabolism in the substantia nigra (SN) of male rats with Parkinson′s disease (PD) successfully induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA).Methods:A total of 120 male rats were randomly divided into control group, 6-OHDA group (PD group), P2X4-gene virus (P2X4-positive intervention, P2X4-PI) group, P2X4-gene unloaded virus (P2X4-negative control, P2X4-NC) group, P2X4-PI+6-OHDA group (inject P2X4 gene virus first, then 6-OHDA two weeks later) and P2X4-NC+6-OHDA group (inject no-load gene virus first, then two weeks later with 6-OHDA) using a completely random numbers method, with 20 rats in each group. Brain stereotactic instrument was used to inject the corresponding grouped drugs into the left SN of rats. A behavioral test was performed two weeks after the modeling was completed to select the qualified rat models, and the initiation and balance ability of each group of rats were further evaluated by a balance bar experiment. The brains of the qualified rat models were decapitated, and the brain tissue was taken away and preserved after related treatment. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting methods were used to detect the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive dopaminergic neurons, and the expression levels of protein in P2X4 purinergic receptor (P2X4R), divalent metal-ion transporter-1 (DMT1) and ferroportin 1 (FPN1).Results:The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of TH positive dopaminergic neurons in the left SN of the PD group (4 724.0±261.1, t=13.17, P<0.01) and the P2X4-NC+6-OHDA group (4 470.0±228.9, t=14.21, P<0.001) was significantly lower than that of the control group (7 942.0±461.6). The number of TH positive dopaminergic neurons of the P2X4-PI+6-OHDA group (2 493.0±371.6, t=8.092, P<0.01) was significantly lower than that of the P2X4-NC+6-OHDA group. The results of Western blotting suggested that compared with the control group (1.723±0.146, 1.369±0.107, 1.020±0.059), the expression of P2X4R, DMT1 was increased, whereas FPN1 was decreased in the left SN of the PD group (2.107±0.070, t=4.368, P<0.05; 1.733±0.117, t=4.245, P<0.05; 0.783±0.042, t=5.795, P<0.01) and the P2X4-NC+6-OHDA group (2.104±0.110, t=4.326; 1.737±0.073, t=4.291; 0.804±0.037, t=5.282; P<0.05). Compared with the P2X4-NC+6-OHDA group, the expression of P2X4R, DMT1 was increased and FPN1 was decreased in the left SN of the P2X4-PI+6-OHDA group (2.875±0.170, t=8.770; 2.845±0.180, t=12.92; 0.550±0.040, t=6.216; P<0.01). Conclusion:The overexpression of P2X4 gene can up-regulate the expression of DMT1 and down-regulate the expression of FPN1 in the SN, which leads to the deposition of iron in the SN of the midbrain, and then may cause damage to dopaminergic neurons, and finally has an effect on the occurrence and development of PD.