Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a syn-drome characterized by rapid decline in renal excre-tory function.Its pathogenesis is still unclear.Stud-ies have shown that macrophages are major play-ers in AKI inflammation,regulating tissue damage and regeneration repair.During AKI inflammation,macrophages can be activated into different func-tional phenotypes through molecular and signaling pathways,regulate different molecules and signal-ing pathways,and determine the progression of AKI.In this paper,the activation of macrophages and the molecular signaling pathways involved in the regulation of AKI in the past five years are re-viewed,and the mechanism of action of macro-phages in AKI is determined,which provides ideas for the study of macrophages as therapeutic tar-gets.

Objective:This study aims to explore whether there are specific behavioral deficits of response inhibition and emotional processing in patients with checking obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and those with washing OCD.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2022, collecting clinical data from 75 OCD patients at the outpatient psychological consultation clinic of Xiangya Second Hospital and the clinical psychology department of Hunan Brain Hospital. The sample included 40 OCD patients with checking type (checking group, 24 males, 16 females, aged 14-34 years, mean age 22.1±5.0 years) and 35 OCD patients with washing type (washing group, 12 males, 23 females, aged 14-41 years, mean age 22.6±6.7 years). An age-matched healthy control group (control group) of 80 individuals (HCs, 37 males and 43 females, aged 14-25 years, mean age 20.8±1.9 years) was also recruited. All participants completed the Go/No-go task and Hariri task with behavioral data recorded. The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale was used to assess the severity of OCD symptoms. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to assess the severity of depression and anxiety. A 3 (group: checking OCD, washing OCD and HC)×2 (task type: Go vs. No-go/Shape vs. Face) repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to compare the behavioral performance across tasks.Results:Compared with HC group, both checking OCD group and washing OCD group had significantly higher scores in depression and anxiety ( F=85.43, 32.33,both P<0.05). When performing Go/No-go task, a significant group×task interaction effect was observed ( F3(2, 152)=3.23, P3=0.042, partialη32=0.04). In the checking OCD group, No-go accuracy was significantly lower than Go accuracy (accuracy=0.821 vs. 0.893, P<0.001); the checking OCD had significantly lower accuracy than HC in the No-go task (accuracy=0.821 vs. 0.876, P=0.005); there were no significant group differences between the washing OCD and HC in the No-go task ( P>0.05). When performing Hariri task, a significant group×task interaction effect was found ( F3(2, 152)=4.91, P3=0.009, partial η32=0.06). The washing OCD group showed significantly lower accuracy in matching emotional faces than the control group (0.879 vs. 0.936, P=0.001), whereas the checking OCD group showed no significant difference from the HC ( P>0.05); there were no significant group differences in shape matching task ( P>0.05). The accuracy of shape matching task was significantly higher than face matching task in the three groups (shape: checking OCD=0.936,washing OCD=0.929,HC=0.943; face:checking OCD=0.877,washing OCD=0.844,HC=0.917;all P>0.05). Conclusions:Checking OCD and washing OCD exhibit distinct behavioral impairment patterns in response inhibition and emotional processing. Checking-type OCD is primarily characterized by impaired response inhibition, whereas washing-type OCD is mainly associated with deficits in emotion processing.

Immunotherapy following transplantation has long been a central focus in both anti-rejection strategies and the induction of immune tolerance. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) can directly suppress the immune system via the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Additionally, Bregs exert indirect immunosuppressive effects through the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and granzyme B (GrB), among which IL-10 plays a particularly critical role. This review summarizes recent progress in the classification, functional characteristics, and activation mechanisms of Bregs, as well as their potential applications in transplantation immunotherapy, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for Breg-targeted strategies in transplant immune modulation.

Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a syn-drome characterized by rapid decline in renal excre-tory function.Its pathogenesis is still unclear.Stud-ies have shown that macrophages are major play-ers in AKI inflammation,regulating tissue damage and regeneration repair.During AKI inflammation,macrophages can be activated into different func-tional phenotypes through molecular and signaling pathways,regulate different molecules and signal-ing pathways,and determine the progression of AKI.In this paper,the activation of macrophages and the molecular signaling pathways involved in the regulation of AKI in the past five years are re-viewed,and the mechanism of action of macro-phages in AKI is determined,which provides ideas for the study of macrophages as therapeutic tar-gets.

Objective:This study aims to explore whether there are specific behavioral deficits of response inhibition and emotional processing in patients with checking obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and those with washing OCD.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2022, collecting clinical data from 75 OCD patients at the outpatient psychological consultation clinic of Xiangya Second Hospital and the clinical psychology department of Hunan Brain Hospital. The sample included 40 OCD patients with checking type (checking group, 24 males, 16 females, aged 14-34 years, mean age 22.1±5.0 years) and 35 OCD patients with washing type (washing group, 12 males, 23 females, aged 14-41 years, mean age 22.6±6.7 years). An age-matched healthy control group (control group) of 80 individuals (HCs, 37 males and 43 females, aged 14-25 years, mean age 20.8±1.9 years) was also recruited. All participants completed the Go/No-go task and Hariri task with behavioral data recorded. The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale was used to assess the severity of OCD symptoms. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to assess the severity of depression and anxiety. A 3 (group: checking OCD, washing OCD and HC)×2 (task type: Go vs. No-go/Shape vs. Face) repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to compare the behavioral performance across tasks.Results:Compared with HC group, both checking OCD group and washing OCD group had significantly higher scores in depression and anxiety ( F=85.43, 32.33,both P<0.05). When performing Go/No-go task, a significant group×task interaction effect was observed ( F3(2, 152)=3.23, P3=0.042, partialη32=0.04). In the checking OCD group, No-go accuracy was significantly lower than Go accuracy (accuracy=0.821 vs. 0.893, P<0.001); the checking OCD had significantly lower accuracy than HC in the No-go task (accuracy=0.821 vs. 0.876, P=0.005); there were no significant group differences between the washing OCD and HC in the No-go task ( P>0.05). When performing Hariri task, a significant group×task interaction effect was found ( F3(2, 152)=4.91, P3=0.009, partial η32=0.06). The washing OCD group showed significantly lower accuracy in matching emotional faces than the control group (0.879 vs. 0.936, P=0.001), whereas the checking OCD group showed no significant difference from the HC ( P>0.05); there were no significant group differences in shape matching task ( P>0.05). The accuracy of shape matching task was significantly higher than face matching task in the three groups (shape: checking OCD=0.936,washing OCD=0.929,HC=0.943; face:checking OCD=0.877,washing OCD=0.844,HC=0.917;all P>0.05). Conclusions:Checking OCD and washing OCD exhibit distinct behavioral impairment patterns in response inhibition and emotional processing. Checking-type OCD is primarily characterized by impaired response inhibition, whereas washing-type OCD is mainly associated with deficits in emotion processing.

Immunotherapy following transplantation has long been a central focus in both anti-rejection strategies and the induction of immune tolerance. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) can directly suppress the immune system via the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Additionally, Bregs exert indirect immunosuppressive effects through the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and granzyme B (GrB), among which IL-10 plays a particularly critical role. This review summarizes recent progress in the classification, functional characteristics, and activation mechanisms of Bregs, as well as their potential applications in transplantation immunotherapy, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for Breg-targeted strategies in transplant immune modulation.

Renal fibrosis, especially tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is the most common pathway of all chronic kidney diseases progressing to end-stage renal diseases. Several adaptive reactions occur in renal tubular epithelial cells after chronic injury, such as changes in glycolipid metabolism, unfolded protein response, autophagy and senescence, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Maladaptive repair mechanisms can induce tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This article will discuss the molecular mechanism of these adaptive responses of renal tubular epithelial cells driving renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and provide a basis for exploring new drug targets for renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

Objective:This study aims to explore whether there is impaired inhibition function and the brain imaging characteristics of inhibition dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Methods:A total of 16 drug-naive OCD patients and 18 healthy controls (HC) completed the Go-Nogo task to detect the impairment of inhibition function, and the task-related brain magnetic resonance imaging were collected. The differences of average reaction time and correct response rate between OCD patients and HC under Go and Nogo conditions were compared, and the differences of brain activation between the two groups in the process of successful response inhibition and error monitoring were also compared.Results:Under Nogo condition, the average correct rate in patients with OCD was significantly lower than that of HC (0.85±0.08 vs.0.93±0.51; t=-3.06, P<0.05). In error processing analysis, patients with OCD showed significantly enhanced brain activities in bilateral inferiortemporal (left: t=3.11; right: t=2.71), right middlefronta ( t=2.52), right parahippocampa ( t=2.53), and left posteriorcingulate ( t=3.03), while decreased brain activities were found in bilateral putamen (left: t=-3.03; right: t=-3.12), right inferiorfrontal ( t=-3.29), right superiorfrontal ( t=-3.12), and right precentral ( t=-2.91) compared with control group ( P<0.05, FWE corrected, cluster size>10 voxels). Conclusion:Patients with OCD have impaired inhibition function, and their abnormal brain function is mainly manifested in the process of error monitoring.

Objective:This study aims to explore whether there is impaired inhibition function and the brain imaging characteristics of inhibition dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Methods:A total of 16 drug-naive OCD patients and 18 healthy controls (HC) completed the Go-Nogo task to detect the impairment of inhibition function, and the task-related brain magnetic resonance imaging were collected. The differences of average reaction time and correct response rate between OCD patients and HC under Go and Nogo conditions were compared, and the differences of brain activation between the two groups in the process of successful response inhibition and error monitoring were also compared.Results:Under Nogo condition, the average correct rate in patients with OCD was significantly lower than that of HC (0.85±0.08 vs.0.93±0.51; t=-3.06, P<0.05). In error processing analysis, patients with OCD showed significantly enhanced brain activities in bilateral inferiortemporal (left: t=3.11; right: t=2.71), right middlefronta ( t=2.52), right parahippocampa ( t=2.53), and left posteriorcingulate ( t=3.03), while decreased brain activities were found in bilateral putamen (left: t=-3.03; right: t=-3.12), right inferiorfrontal ( t=-3.29), right superiorfrontal ( t=-3.12), and right precentral ( t=-2.91) compared with control group ( P<0.05, FWE corrected, cluster size>10 voxels). Conclusion:Patients with OCD have impaired inhibition function, and their abnormal brain function is mainly manifested in the process of error monitoring.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of individualized cognitive behavioral therapy for unprotected sex and sexual attitude of middle school students having unprotected sex.Methods:A target sample of 68 adolescents having unprotected sex was recruited from 4 secondary schools in Changsha,Hunan [the unprotected sex (US) score of Health-Risk Behavior Inventory for Chinese Adolescents (HBICA) ≥ 1].Subjects were randomized assigned to cognitive behavioral therapy group (CBT group) and control group.Each group had 34 subjects.The CBT group was giving one-on-one counseling for 6 weeks (50 to 60 minutes weekly).The control group didn't receive intervention by counselors.The US and Attitudes Toward Sexuality Scale (ATSS) were selected as criterion measurements.Outcome assessments were made at baseline and at 1-and 3-month follow-up.Results:The reduction rate of US scores showed that the response rate of therapy was over 80％.Mixed linear model analysis showed that there were significant group effect,time effect and group × time effect in scores of US and ATSS (Ps ＜ 0.05).Simple effect analysis indicated that the scores of US and ATSS of CBT group were significant lower than those of baseline from 1-month follow-up [(2.2 ± 2.9) vs.(4.7 ± 3.1),(3.2 ± 1.6) vs.(4.7 ± 3.1);(38.2 ± 4.9) vs.(40.9 ±5.1),(37.2 ±5.4) vs.(40.9 ±5.1),Ps ＜0.01],whereas the scores of those in the control group did not show any significant difference (Ps ＞0.05).At l-month and 3 month follow-up,moderate effect sizes were found for the CBT and control groups on all the outcome measures (Cohen's d =0.50-0.70).Conclusion:The individualized cognitive behavioral therapy could effectively reduce the level of unprotected sex and sexual attitude of adolescents having unprotected sex.