Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).Methods:A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 9 918 patients with CNS infectious diseases, who were diagnosed and treated at 29 hospitals across China from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020. Data collected included demographic data, clinical manifestations, health economic indicators, and prognostic outcomes.Results:Among the 9 918 collected cases of CNS infectious diseases, 5 559 were male (56.0%) and 4 359 were female (44.0%), with an onset age of 38 (25, 53) years. Education level: slightly more junior high school education (2 651 cases, 26.7%), and less elementary school education and below (2 181 cases, 22.0%) were found. Occupational distribution: farmers were found predominant (3 215 cases, 32.4%), followed by workers (1 826 cases, 18.4%) and students (1 633 cases, 16.5%). Clinical manifestations: headache (6 074 cases, 61.2%), fever (5 869 cases, 59.2%) and positive meningeal irritation signs (2 273 cases, 22.9%) were the 3 most common clinical manifestations, followed by nausea and (or) vomiting (2 095 cases, 21.1%), impaired consciousness (2 077 cases, 20.9%), psychiatric symptom (1 866 cases, 18.8%) and epilepsy (1 627 cases, 16.4%), etc., and cranial nerve involvement was found in 669 cases (6.7%). Major pathogens included viruses in 6 814 cases (68.7%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 677 cases (16.9%), common bacteria in 864 cases (8.7%), fungi in 254 cases (2.6%), spirochetes of syphilis in 183 cases (1.8%), parasites in 121 cases (1.2%), and rickettsiae in 5 cases (0.1%). Urban-rural distribution: slightly more cases were found in the countryside (5 418 cases, 54.6%) than in the towns (4 500 cases, 45.4%). Distribution of onset by season: 2 412 cases (24.3%) fell ill in spring, 2 835 cases (28.6%) in summer, 2 187 cases (22.1%) in fall, and 2 484 cases (25.0%) in winter. Health economics: the duration of hospitalization was 15 (8, 27) days, and the cost of hospitalization was 1.53 (0.91, 3.02)×10 000 yuan. Prognosis: 9 531 cases (96.1%) were cured or improved, and 92 cases (0.9%) died. Conclusions:The pathogens responsible for CNS infectious diseases are predominantly viruses. Although the incidence is slightly higher during the summer months, the overall seasonal pattern is not particularly pronounced. These infections are more commonly observed in young and middle-aged males and present with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, contributing to a significant disease burden.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).Methods:A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 9 918 patients with CNS infectious diseases, who were diagnosed and treated at 29 hospitals across China from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020. Data collected included demographic data, clinical manifestations, health economic indicators, and prognostic outcomes.Results:Among the 9 918 collected cases of CNS infectious diseases, 5 559 were male (56.0%) and 4 359 were female (44.0%), with an onset age of 38 (25, 53) years. Education level: slightly more junior high school education (2 651 cases, 26.7%), and less elementary school education and below (2 181 cases, 22.0%) were found. Occupational distribution: farmers were found predominant (3 215 cases, 32.4%), followed by workers (1 826 cases, 18.4%) and students (1 633 cases, 16.5%). Clinical manifestations: headache (6 074 cases, 61.2%), fever (5 869 cases, 59.2%) and positive meningeal irritation signs (2 273 cases, 22.9%) were the 3 most common clinical manifestations, followed by nausea and (or) vomiting (2 095 cases, 21.1%), impaired consciousness (2 077 cases, 20.9%), psychiatric symptom (1 866 cases, 18.8%) and epilepsy (1 627 cases, 16.4%), etc., and cranial nerve involvement was found in 669 cases (6.7%). Major pathogens included viruses in 6 814 cases (68.7%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 677 cases (16.9%), common bacteria in 864 cases (8.7%), fungi in 254 cases (2.6%), spirochetes of syphilis in 183 cases (1.8%), parasites in 121 cases (1.2%), and rickettsiae in 5 cases (0.1%). Urban-rural distribution: slightly more cases were found in the countryside (5 418 cases, 54.6%) than in the towns (4 500 cases, 45.4%). Distribution of onset by season: 2 412 cases (24.3%) fell ill in spring, 2 835 cases (28.6%) in summer, 2 187 cases (22.1%) in fall, and 2 484 cases (25.0%) in winter. Health economics: the duration of hospitalization was 15 (8, 27) days, and the cost of hospitalization was 1.53 (0.91, 3.02)×10 000 yuan. Prognosis: 9 531 cases (96.1%) were cured or improved, and 92 cases (0.9%) died. Conclusions:The pathogens responsible for CNS infectious diseases are predominantly viruses. Although the incidence is slightly higher during the summer months, the overall seasonal pattern is not particularly pronounced. These infections are more commonly observed in young and middle-aged males and present with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, contributing to a significant disease burden.

This study established a rapid ECG screening system through the application of wearable ECG equipment. The closed-loop and self-service process of ECG inspection, data collection, transmission and printing have been realized. The new rapid ECG screening system docking with HIS system in the hospital, forming a new intelligent mode of rapid ECG screening. This paper introduces the design of the intelligent mode of ECG rapid screening from the aspects of hardware, software, wearable ECG examination equipment, and briefly describes its implementation path and technical scheme. With the rapid ECG screening system, human power can be saved, the timeliness of ECG examination can be enhanced. The level of ECG diagnosis in the basic units can be improved through building a multiple medical centers which is rely on the cloud platform.
Electrocardiography ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Research ; Software ; Wearable Electronic Devices

Objective To evaluate the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad signaling pathway during acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.Methods Healthy clean-grade adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 4-5 weeks,weighing 100-120 g,were selected,and BMSCs were prepared and cultured in vitro.Eighty-four healthy clean-grade adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 4 weeks,weighing 170-190 g,were selected and divided into 4 groups (n=21 each) using a random number table method:control group (group C),group ALI,ALI plus BMSCs group (group ALI + BMSCs),and ALI plus phosphate buffer solution (PBS)group (group ALI+PBS).ALI was induced by intraperitoneally injecting 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide 0.5 ml in anesthetized rats.In group ALI+BMSCs,1×104 cells/ml BMSCs 0.5 ml (in PBS) was injected via the tail vein after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide.PBS 0.5 ml was injected via the tail vein after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide in group ALI+PBS.Arterial blood samples were collected at 6,24 and 48 h after injecting BMSCs for blood gas analysis and for determination of wet to dry weight ratio (W/D ratio),pathological changes (using haematoxylin and eosin staining),and expression of TGF-β1,Smad2 and Smad3 in lung tissues (by Western blot).Results Compared with group C,PaO2 was significantly decreased,PaCO2 and W/D ratio were increased,the expression of TGF-β1,Smad2 and Smad3 in lung tissues was up-regulated (P＜0.05),and the pathological changes of lung tissues were accentuated in ALI,ALI+BMSCs and ALI+PBS groups.Compared with group ALI,PaO2 was significantly increased,PaCO2and W/D ratio were decreased,the expression of TGF-β1,Smad2 and Smad3 in lung tissues was down-regulated (P＜0.05),and the pathological changes of lung tissues were significantly reduced in group ALI+BMSCs.Conclusion The mechanism by which BMSCs mitigates ALI may be associated with inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in rats.

Objective To study the relationship between HLA allele frequencies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the susceptibility to tuberculosis in southern Chinese population. Methods The polymorphisms of HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 loci in the PBMCs were analyzed in 294 patients with active tuberculosis using polymerase chain reaction-sequence based typing (PCT-SBT). The allele frequencies in the patients were compared with the data from 644 control southern Chinese subjects obtained from the online database Allele Frequencies in Worldwide Population. Results The frequencies of HLA-A*0101 and HLA-DRB1*1454 alleles in the patient cohort with pulmonary tuberculosis were significantly higher than those in the control group (2.4％vs 0.6％,χ2=10.788, P=0.001, Pc=0.016;7.5％vs 0％,χ2=69.850, P<0.0001);the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*1202 and HLA-DRB1*1401 alleles were significantly lower in this patient cohort than in the control group (10.4％vs 16.1％,χ2=9.845, P=0.002, Pc=0.044;0％vs 3.1％,χ2=18.520, P<0.001). Conclusion The frequencies of HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 alleles are correlated with the susceptibility to active tuberculosis in this southern Chinese population. HLA-A*0101, HLA-DRB1*1454 and the other 3 alleles are likely susceptible genes to tuberculosis, while HLA-DRB1*1202, HLA-DRB1*1401 and the other 4 alleles can be protective genes in this population.

Objective To study the relationship between HLA allele frequencies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the susceptibility to tuberculosis in southern Chinese population. Methods The polymorphisms of HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 loci in the PBMCs were analyzed in 294 patients with active tuberculosis using polymerase chain reaction-sequence based typing (PCT-SBT). The allele frequencies in the patients were compared with the data from 644 control southern Chinese subjects obtained from the online database Allele Frequencies in Worldwide Population. Results The frequencies of HLA-A*0101 and HLA-DRB1*1454 alleles in the patient cohort with pulmonary tuberculosis were significantly higher than those in the control group (2.4％vs 0.6％,χ2=10.788, P=0.001, Pc=0.016;7.5％vs 0％,χ2=69.850, P<0.0001);the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*1202 and HLA-DRB1*1401 alleles were significantly lower in this patient cohort than in the control group (10.4％vs 16.1％,χ2=9.845, P=0.002, Pc=0.044;0％vs 3.1％,χ2=18.520, P<0.001). Conclusion The frequencies of HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 alleles are correlated with the susceptibility to active tuberculosis in this southern Chinese population. HLA-A*0101, HLA-DRB1*1454 and the other 3 alleles are likely susceptible genes to tuberculosis, while HLA-DRB1*1202, HLA-DRB1*1401 and the other 4 alleles can be protective genes in this population.

Objective To observe the interference of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) detected by three measurement systems.Methods A total of 286 cases of blood and serum samples were collected at Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sun University from August 2012 to April 2016.The blood samples were divided into healthy control group (122 cases),diabetes group (82 cases),glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency group (61 cases) and diabetes with G6PD deficiency group (21 cases).The levels of HbA1 c were detected by three measurement systems,including Primus Ultra2,Variant lⅡ Turbo 2.0 and Modular P.The results of HbA1c were converted into the estimated average blood glucose concentration (eAG).The values of A eAG-FPG in different groups were calculated and statistical analysis was performed for evaluation of the differences from the three measurement systems.Results The HbA1c results measured by the three systems and AeAG-FPG values in G6PD deficiency group were all lower than healthy control group(all P ＜0.05).The measured results were similar in both diabetes group and diabetes with G6PD deficiency group.Conclusion G6PD deficiency may cause false H-bA1c results detected by three measurement systems.In the case of HbA1c for evaluating blood glucose control,the interference of G6PD deficiency should be noticed.

Objective To investigate the Influence of beta-thalassemia minor on four different HbA1c detection systems.Methods All 65 blood samples from March 2014 to August 2014 were collected from Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , and divided to normal control group ( 40 cases ) , no diabetic group(20 cases) and diabetic group (5 cases) combining with beta-thalassemia minor.The fresh mixed whole-blood samples were used for transferring value-assignment in order to improve the comparability of Bio-Rad variant ⅡTurbo, Primus Ultra2 ,Roche Modular PPI to Bio-Rad Variant Ⅱwhich was NGSP Ⅰlaboratory certificated.The whole-blood concentration of HbA 1c were measured by four detection systems . Differences between normal control group and no diabetic group were compared using the Independent Samples T Test.Then Taking the Primus Ultra 2 as comparable system and others as experimental system ,the HbA1c results from no diabetic group and diabetic group were compared by the standardization NGSP Ⅰlaboratory and statistical techniques of consistency test .Results Compared with Variant Ⅱ detection system, after transferring value-assignment, deviations of Variant Ⅱ, Modular PPI and Variant Ⅱ Turbo were -6%to +6%.The HbA1c testing results from normal control group and no diabetic group had no statistical significance (P>0.05).Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the correlation coefficient of Primus Ultra2 with Variant Ⅱ, Modular PPI, VariantⅡTurbo were 0.995, 0.999 and 0.995, respectively (P<0.01).The percentage deviation of the reference system and experimental system was -6.0% to+6.0%.Conclusion There was no obviously significant influence of beta-thalassemia minor on Bio-Rad Variant Ⅱ,Bio-Rad variant ⅡTurbo,Primus Ultra2,Roche Modular PPI detection systems.

Objective To investigate the interference of hyperlipidemia and hyperbilirubinaemia to HbA1c measurements by ion‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography(IE‐HPLC) method .Methods Fresh whole‐blood samples collected with EDTA‐K2 anticoagulant tubes were divided into four groups :control group(HbA1c<6 .2% ) ,diabetes group(HbA1c≥6 .2% ) ,hyperlipi‐demia group(TG 3 -20 mmol/L);hyperbilirubinaemis group (TBIL 21 -549 μmol/L) .HbA1c of these samples were measured with affinity chromatography(AC‐HPLC) and IE‐HPLC respectively .Results When HbA1c≤18 .7% ,r=0 .993 ;95% confidence interval(CI) of HbA1c results by using IE‐HPLC method was -0 .71 -0 .89 ;coefficient of variation was -5 .8% -6 .8% ;P=0 .198 and the difference was not statistically significant .When HbA1c< 16 .3% ,r= 0 .997;95% CI of HbA1c results with IE‐HPLC method is -0 .31-0 .67;coefficient of variation was -5 .8% -4 .3% .P=0 .000 and the difference was statistically signifi‐cant .No interference was detectded with the results ;When HbA1c was 16 .3% -18 .7% ,positive bias was observed with the re‐sults .When TG≤20 .78 mmol/L ,r=0 .995;95% CI of HbA1c results with IE‐HPLC method was -0 .26-0 .50 ;coefficient of var‐iation was -5 .5% -5 .8% .P=0 .000 and the difference was statistically significant .No interference was detectded with the re‐sults;When TBIL≤549 .3 μmol/L ,r=0 .990 ;95% CI of HbA1c results with IE‐HPLC method was -0 .08 -0 .63;coefficient of variation was -14% -4 .1% .P=0 .000 and the difference was statistically significant .When TBIL≤342 .1 μmol/L ,r= 0 .994 ;95% CI of HbA1c results with IE‐HPLC method was -0 .09-0 .50;coefficient of variation was -5 .5% -4 .1% .No interference was detectded with the results .When TBIL was 380 .7-549 .3 μmol/L ,negative bias was observed with the results .Conclusion Our data indicated that HbA1c measurement with IE‐HPLC method could resist the interference of hyperlipidemia;When TBIL≤380 .7 μmol/L and HbA1c<16 .3% ,the results could meet the needs of general clinical detection .Clinical staff should choose more specific HbA1c measurement method according to the patient's condition .

Objective To estimate the prevalence of Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) deficiency in Zhongshan area . Methods The activity of G6PD in red blood cells was determined by using ultra‐violet rate method for neonates ,couples of child‐bearing age and suspected patients who had clinical symptoms in Zhongshan area from 2012 to 2013 .Results The total detection rate of G6PD deficiency was 4 .37% (1 030/23 595);in male the detection rate was 9 .42% (513/5 447);in female the detection rate was 2 .85% (517/18 148) .Conclusion The incidence of G6PD deficiency were high in Zhongshan area .Therefore ,more attention should be paid to the screening of the disease in neonates and couples of childbearing age so as to reduce the incidence of G6PD defi‐ciency and prevent the complications caused by the disease .