Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has rich experience in the diagnosis and treatment of epidemics,but the basic con-cepts and diagnosis and treatment strategies of TCM for epidemics have not yet formed a common understanding.This paper preliminar-ily constructs a diagnosis and treatment system of TCM epidemics from the perspective of"type differentiation-stage differentiation-syndrome differentiation"by combing the basic concepts of the etiology,pathogenesis,and identification of epidemics,taking state-target differentiation and treatment as the general principle.First,the epidemics are divided into five types:cold epidemics,warm epi-demics,cold-damp epidemics,damp epidemics,and miscellaneous epidemics;then,according to the overall course of the epidemics,they are divided into four stages:"initial stage-peak stage-extreme stage-relapse stage",the initial stage is the stage of exterior syn-dromes,the peak stage is the stage of heat peak,the extreme stage is the stage of internal closure and external loss,and the relapse stage is the stage of recovery of the healthy qi and retreat of the evil qi;finally,on the basis of staging,combined with the syndrome char-acteristics of various epidemics(five types of background diseases)at different stages,the syndromes are divided demonstratively.Through the construction of a modern diagnosis and treatment system of TCM epidemics,the basic theoretical concepts and basic diag-nosis and treatment strategies of epidemics can be clarified,various new and emerging infectious diseases can be actively responded to,and a diagnosis and treatment plan for a new and emerging infectious disease can be quickly constructed.

Objective To explore the changes of core symptoms and nursing strategies for lymphoma patients during chemotherapy using a dynamic network analysis model,and provide a reference for precise symptom intervention.Methods A longitudinal study was conducted,and lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy in the Department of Lymphoma at a tertiary hospital in Tianjin from September 2021 to December 2023 were conveniently sampled.The Lymphoma Patient Symptom Assessment Scale was used to track symptoms at 3 time points:7 to 14 days after the 1st treatment cycle(T1),the 3rd cycle(T2),and the 6th cycle(T3).Dynamic symptom network analysis,including network relationships,core symptoms,and bridge symptoms,was performed using R software.Results During the research process,135 participants withdrew,resulting in a final inclusion of 865 cases for analysis.Fatigue exhibited the highest incidence rate(34.80％)at T1;alopecia was the most prevalent symptom(58.03％and 53.64％,respectively)at T2 and T3.The T1→T2 dynamic network analysis showed that fever had the highest out-expected influence(EI=0.551)and bridge expected influence(EI=0.225).The T2→T3 dynamic network analysis showed that limb numbness exhibited the highest out-expected influence(EI=0.203)and bridge-expected influence(EI=0.170).Reliability tests indicated that both dynamic networks demonstrated moderate accuracy but suboptimal stability.Conclusion Fatigue was the most common symptom at T1;alopecia was the most prevalent symptom at T2 and T3.Fever was the core symptom and bridging symptom in the T1→T2 symptom network,whereas limb numbness assumed the role of the core symptom and bridging symptom in the T2→T3 symptom network.The clinical practitioners could take high-incidence symptoms and core symptoms as intervention targets to develop precise symptom management strategies for lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) represent a high-risk group for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and transmission. HPV vaccination for MSM has been extensively explored in clinical trials and real-world settings in foreign countries, but it has not been widely promoted for MSM in the Chinese mainland. This article provides a comprehensive review of the HPV vaccination status among MSM, as well as the effectiveness, immunogenicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccines, aiming to provide reference for the implementation and promotion of HPV vaccination among MSM in the Chinese mainland.

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has rich experience in the diagnosis and treatment of epidemics,but the basic con-cepts and diagnosis and treatment strategies of TCM for epidemics have not yet formed a common understanding.This paper preliminar-ily constructs a diagnosis and treatment system of TCM epidemics from the perspective of"type differentiation-stage differentiation-syndrome differentiation"by combing the basic concepts of the etiology,pathogenesis,and identification of epidemics,taking state-target differentiation and treatment as the general principle.First,the epidemics are divided into five types:cold epidemics,warm epi-demics,cold-damp epidemics,damp epidemics,and miscellaneous epidemics;then,according to the overall course of the epidemics,they are divided into four stages:"initial stage-peak stage-extreme stage-relapse stage",the initial stage is the stage of exterior syn-dromes,the peak stage is the stage of heat peak,the extreme stage is the stage of internal closure and external loss,and the relapse stage is the stage of recovery of the healthy qi and retreat of the evil qi;finally,on the basis of staging,combined with the syndrome char-acteristics of various epidemics(five types of background diseases)at different stages,the syndromes are divided demonstratively.Through the construction of a modern diagnosis and treatment system of TCM epidemics,the basic theoretical concepts and basic diag-nosis and treatment strategies of epidemics can be clarified,various new and emerging infectious diseases can be actively responded to,and a diagnosis and treatment plan for a new and emerging infectious disease can be quickly constructed.

Objective To explore the changes of core symptoms and nursing strategies for lymphoma patients during chemotherapy using a dynamic network analysis model,and provide a reference for precise symptom intervention.Methods A longitudinal study was conducted,and lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy in the Department of Lymphoma at a tertiary hospital in Tianjin from September 2021 to December 2023 were conveniently sampled.The Lymphoma Patient Symptom Assessment Scale was used to track symptoms at 3 time points:7 to 14 days after the 1st treatment cycle(T1),the 3rd cycle(T2),and the 6th cycle(T3).Dynamic symptom network analysis,including network relationships,core symptoms,and bridge symptoms,was performed using R software.Results During the research process,135 participants withdrew,resulting in a final inclusion of 865 cases for analysis.Fatigue exhibited the highest incidence rate(34.80％)at T1;alopecia was the most prevalent symptom(58.03％and 53.64％,respectively)at T2 and T3.The T1→T2 dynamic network analysis showed that fever had the highest out-expected influence(EI=0.551)and bridge expected influence(EI=0.225).The T2→T3 dynamic network analysis showed that limb numbness exhibited the highest out-expected influence(EI=0.203)and bridge-expected influence(EI=0.170).Reliability tests indicated that both dynamic networks demonstrated moderate accuracy but suboptimal stability.Conclusion Fatigue was the most common symptom at T1;alopecia was the most prevalent symptom at T2 and T3.Fever was the core symptom and bridging symptom in the T1→T2 symptom network,whereas limb numbness assumed the role of the core symptom and bridging symptom in the T2→T3 symptom network.The clinical practitioners could take high-incidence symptoms and core symptoms as intervention targets to develop precise symptom management strategies for lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) represent a high-risk group for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and transmission. HPV vaccination for MSM has been extensively explored in clinical trials and real-world settings in foreign countries, but it has not been widely promoted for MSM in the Chinese mainland. This article provides a comprehensive review of the HPV vaccination status among MSM, as well as the effectiveness, immunogenicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccines, aiming to provide reference for the implementation and promotion of HPV vaccination among MSM in the Chinese mainland.

Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis shows a high degree of consistency with the law of transmission among wei （卫）-qi-ying （营）-blood， in terms of the onset of the season， contagiousness， symptoms， pathogenesis， as well as characteristics of the transmission. It is proposed to use epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis as an example to explore the underlying disease of wei-qi-ying-blood syndrome differentiation system. Epidemic meningitis invades the brain from the upper respiratory tract along the nervous system， and its overall pathogenesis follows from entering the lung system （prodromal period） to entering the blood （bacteremia period， sepsis period） and then entering the brain （shock period）. According to the four-dimensional qualitative principle of epidemic pathogen tropism， it corresponds to disease of both wei and qi syndrome， then blazing of both qi and ying syndrome， and then heat blocking pericardium， exuberant heat stirring wind， and internal block and external collapse syndrome. This article explored the laws of transmission among wei-qi-ying-blood and its underlying diseases described in On Warm Heat （《温热论》）， and revealed the original appearance of the disease model under the laws of transmission among wei-qi-ying-blood to guide the clinical practice.

Objective:To retrieve, evaluate, and integrate the evidence from both domestic and international sources on the management of artificial airways in children.Methods:All evidence on the management of artificial airways in children, including clinical decisions, evidence-based guidelines, expert consensus, best clinical practice manuals, evidence summaries, systematic reviews and so on was retrieved through computer on UpToDate, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Evidence-based Healthcare Center Database in Australia, Guidelines International Network, National Guideline Clearinghouse, American Association for Respiratory Care, PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, China Biomedical Medline Disc, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, Medlive, and other databases and websites. The search period was from database establishment to April 30, 2022. We evaluated the quality of the included literature, extracted and integrated evidence, determined the level of evidence recommendation.Results:A total of 24 articles were included, including four clinical decisions, six evidence-based guidelines, one systematic review, six expert consensus, one evidence summary, one industry standard, four best clinical practice manuals, and one original study. Finally, 36 recommendations were summarized from five aspects, including artificial airway establishment, airbag management, airway humidification, endotracheal suction and prevention of complication.Conclusions:Artificial airway management in children is crucial for the treatment of critically ill children. The summary of the best evidence can provide a theoretical basis for the standardized management of artificial airways in children.

Objective:To explore the causes of in premature infants with gestational age of 28 to 34 weeks in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) , and to observe the influence of interruption of enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition replacement or abandonment events on the clinical outcome of premature infants.Methods:A retrospective study was used to select 310 premature infants with gestational age of 28 to 34 weeks who were admitted to NICU of Children's Hospital of Shanxi (Women Health Center of Shanxi) and hospitalized for enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition from January to June 2019. The effect of interruption on the clinical outcomes of premature infants was statistically analyzed.Results:All 310 preterm infants had received more than 24 hours of enteral nutrition support during the NICU. A total of 280 cases (397 times) of enteral nutrition interruption occurred, for a total of 4 367 hours. Among 280 premature infants with interruption of enteral nutrition, the interruption time of enteral nutrition in 123 premature infants was longer than 12 h/d, and the interruption time of enteral nutrition in 157 cases was less than 12 h/d. There were significant differences in time to regain birth weight, duration of ventilator use, average length of hospital stays, incidence of parenteral nutrition replacement or abandonment, and incidence of extrauterine growth retardation among premature infants with different duration of enteral nutrition interruption ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The nutritional status of premature infants with gestational age of 28 to 34 weeks in NICU is not ideal during hospitalization. Feeding intolerance, iatrogenic manipulation, necrotizing enterocolitis, out-of-care examinations, rescue, and surgery are the main causes of nutritional interruption. Among them, the nutritional interruption time >12 h/d has a greater impact on the clinical outcome of preterm infants. It is recommended that preterm infants need reasonable and standardized enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition during the NICU, and actively promote breastfeeding of preterm infants to promote the efficiency of enteral nutrition in preterm infants, improve the ability of preterm infants to resist infection, and reduce the occurrence of extrauterine growth retardation Rate, and ultimately achieve the goal of reducing the morbidity and mortality of premature infants.

Objective:To explore the injury effect and its possible mechanism of amiodarone on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).Methods:After 3 generations of cultivation, the HUVECs were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated with amiodarone (0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 μmol/L) for 24 hours. The cell viability was detected using cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay and the relative viability of cells incubated with different concentrations of amiodarone were calculated by taking the cell viability of the 0 μmol/L group as 100%. The concentration of amiodarone at which cell viability was reduced to 70% was selected for subsequent experiments. The effect of amiodarone of this concentration on the activity of HUVECs after action for different time (6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours) was detected using the CCK-8 assay. HUVECs cultured with amiodarone of this concentration were set as the experimental groups and those without amiodarone were set as the control group. Apoptosis rate of HUVECs was detected by Annexin V-FITC/P flow cytometry; the protein and mRNA expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Caspase-3, interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were detected using western blotting and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively; the reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by DCFH-DA fluorescence probe assay; the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was detected by water-soluble tetrazolium-1 assay; the reduced glutathione (GSH) content was detected by microplate assay.Results:The viabilities of HUVECs incubated with amiodarone at concentration of 10, 20, 30, and 60 μmol/L for 24 hours were (88.82±2.64)%, (74.96±1.75)%, (64.95±2.10)%, and (18.57±0.65)%, respectively; differences were all significant (all P<0.01) between each experiment group and control group, as well as between each experiment group. Amiodarone at a concentration of 30 μmol/L was used for subsequent experiments. After incubating with 30 μmol/L amiodarone for 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours, the viabilities of HUVECs were (90.19±1.88)%, (82.81±2.51)%, (75.33±1.37)%, (65.76±1.85)%, and (47.01±3.29)%, respectively; differences were all significant (all P<0.01) between each experiment group and control group, as well as between each experiment group. Compared with the control group, the apoptosis rate of cells in the experimental group was significantly higher (48.59% vs. 16.34%, P<0.01), the protein and mRNA expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3, and pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were higher (all P<0.01), whereas the protein and mRNA expression levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 were lower ( P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusions:Amiodarone can cause HUVECs injury, which would be enhanced with the increase of concentration and action time of amiodarone. Amiodarone may cause HUVECs injury by inducing apoptosis, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress.