Objective: To understand the trends of classroom lighting and illumination of primary and secondary schools in Beijing from 2016 to 2023, so as to provide a scientific basis for targeted improvement measures. Methods: A sampling survey was conducted on the lighting and illumination indicators of 8 390 classrooms in primary and secondary schools in Beijing from 2016 to 2023. The survey included classroom daylight factor, window to floor area ratio, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on the desks, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on blackboards, as well as classroom lighting and blackboard illumination sources. Intergroup comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test and the Chi square test, and Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the trend of classroom lighting and illumination changes. Results: Except the window to floor area ratio, the measured values and compliance rates of all lighting and illumination indicators showed an overall upward trend from 2016 to 2023 (daylight factor r = 0.27, χ 2 trend =206.80, average illuminance on the desk surface r =0.30, χ 2 trend =87.97, illuminance uniformity on the desk surface r =0.14, χ 2 trend =73.59, average illuminance on the blackboard r =0.33, χ 2 trend =477.43, illuminance uniformity on the blackboard r = 0.09, χ 2 trend =50.76) (all P ＜0.01). The lighting and illumination indicators of classrooms (included classroom daylight factor, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on the desks, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on blackboards) in urban schools, primary schools, and secondary schools from 2016 to 2023 showed an upward trend (urban r =0.23-0.40, χ 2 trend =88.66-392.18; primary school r =0.12-0.36, χ 2 trend =39.50-281.44; secondary schools r =0.06-0.31, χ 2 trend =11.79-213.73) (all P ＜ 0.01 ). The illuminance uniformity on the blackboard in suburban schools showed a downward trend ( r = -0.09, χ 2 trend =31.53, both P ＜0.01). The illuminance uniformity on the desk surface in suburban schools showed no significant change ( r =0.03, χ 2 trend =1.23, both P ＞0.05). The other indicators showed an upward trend (daylight factor r =0.28, χ 2 trend =40.69, average illuminance on the desk surface r =0.24, χ 2 trend =16.35, average illuminance on the blackboard r =0.25, χ 2 trend =118.05, all P ＜0.01). The trends of classroom and blackboard illumination sources were that fluorescent lamps decreased year by year and LED lamps increased by year (classroom illumination sources χ 2 trend =1 059.82, blackboard illumination sources χ 2 trend =1 070.25, both P ＜0.01). Conclusions The classroom lighting and illumination in primary and secondary schools in Beijing has shown an overall improving trend from 2016 to 2023. However, problems remain, such as limited improvement of illuminance uniformity indicators, late start and poor effect of reconstruction in suburban schools. Further improvements are still needed.

OBJECTIVE To further standardize the technical operations and management processes throughout therapeutic drug monitoring （TDM）， clarify the clinical value of TDM implementation， improve the scientific validity and reliability of monitoring results， and provide a solid reference basis for the formulation and optimization of clinical individualized precision dosing regimens. METHODS The Guidelines for the Management of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring were formulated in accordance with the latest definition of guidelines by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies and the standard guideline development methodology of the World Health Organization， and in compliance with the requirements of the appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation. A modified Delphi method was adopted to establish the research question system； evidence-based medicine research methods were applied to systematically search multiple databases to screen the latest and most comprehensive evidence. Evidence was graded and evaluated based on the evidence grading system of the Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center， and the grading criteria for recommendation strength from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine were used to determine the recommendation strength. The recommendation opinions were formed through multidisciplinary expert consensus. RESULTS The Guidelines for the Management of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring cover four core modules， including TDM application indications， technical procedures， result interpretation and clinical application， and quality control， involving 18 primary research questions， 34 secondary research questions， and yield 82 recommendations. CONCLUSIONS The guidelines systematically standardize the key technical links and management requirements of the whole TDM process， provide scientific and operable standardized tools， help improve the standardization level of TDM work， promote the translation of monitoring results into clinical decision-making， and provide strong support for precision personalized medicine and ensuring the safety and rationality of medication use.

Objective To compare and analyze the germicidal efficacy of continuous ultraviolet and pulsed ultravio-let(UV)lasers on pathogenic microorganisms.Methods Spore slides of Escherichia coli and Bacillus atrophaeus were irradiated using a 254 nm ultraviolet mercury lamp and UV laser.The carrier quantitative germicidal test was conducted to determine the disinfection efficacy at different irradiation doses.Results When the irradiation dose of the ultraviolet mercury lamp was 245.52 mJ/cm2,the logarithmic killing values of Escherichia coli and Bacillus atro-phaeus spores were 5.00 and 2.92,respectively,and the mean logarithmic killing doses were 49.10 and 84.08 mJ/cm2,respectively;When the UV laser irradiation doses were 208.39 and 206.80 mJ/cm2,the logarithmic killing values for the two microorganisms were 6.29 and 3.32,respectively,and the mean logarithmic killing doses were 33.13 and 62.29 mJ/cm2,respectively.Conclusion Compared with continuous UV radiation,pulsed UV laser has stron-ger penetration ability,better killing efficacy on pathogenic microorganisms at the same radiation dose,and can con-duct targeted disinfection and sterilization on the surface of objects directionally.

Objective:To investigate the effects of resistance exercise combined with probiotic supplementation on blood glucose levels and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus.Methods:A randomized controlled study was conducted on 120 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus who received treatment at Tunliu Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Changzhi from January 2022 to January 2024. These patients were divided into an exercise group and a combined group, with 60 patients in each group, using a random number table method. The exercise group received resistance exercise, while the combined group received probiotic supplementation in addition to the resistance exercise regimen. Both groups underwent intervention for 8 weeks. Levels of fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, amylin, and adiponectin were compared between the two groups. Additionally, weight gain during pregnancy, quality of life (as measured by 36-Item Short Form Health Survey scores), pregnancy outcomes, and safety were also compared between the two groups.Results:The levels of fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, and hemoglobin A1c in the combined group were significantly lower than those in the exercise group (5.11 ± 0.69) mmol/L vs. [(6.77 ± 0.57) mmol/L, t = 1.93, P = 0.044; (6.18 ± 1.64) mmol/L vs. (7.96 ± 1.61) mmol/L, t = 2.83, P < 0.001; (5.54 ± 0.35)% vs. (6.14 ± 0.52)%, t = 2.73, P < 0.001]. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the combined group were significantly lower than those in the exercise group [(5.91 ± 0.85) mmol/L vs. (6.12 ± 0.22) mmol/L, t = 4.91, P = 0.030; (2.29 ± 0.32) mmol/L vs. (2.32 ± 0.29) mmol/L, t = 1.88, P < 0.001; (2.11 ± 0.44) mmol/L vs. (2.43 ± 0.36) mmol/L, t = 5.76, P < 0.001]. The levels of amylin and adiponectin in the combined group were signficantly higher than those in the exercise group [(94.52 ± 9.14) ng/mL vs. (87.56 ± 7.92) ng/mL, t = 6.42, P < 0.001; (6.64 ± 1.63) μg/mL vs. (5.86 ± 1.32) μg/mL, t = 2.83, P < 0.001]. The combined group had less weight gain than the exercise group [(10.71 ± 5.77) kg vs. (13.04 ± 6.48) kg, t = 5.15, P < 0.001]. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey scores of the combined group were significantly higher than those of the exercise group [(89.92 ± 5.94) vs. (74.28 ± 5.31), t = 12.81, P < 0.001]. The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the combined group was significantly lower than that in the exercise group: [6.67% (4/60) vs. 20.00% (12/60), χ2 = 4.16, P = 0.041]. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of adverse events between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusions:Resistance exercise combined with probiotic supplementation can effectively regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus, improve their quality of life and pregnancy outcomes, and ensure good safety.

Objective To investigate the expression levels of serum hemoglobin β(HBB)in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients and its correlation with topoisomeraseⅡα(TOP2A)gene.Methods A total of 48 HCC patients visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from August 2023 to September 2024 were selected as the HCC group,and 32 healthy individuals who underwent physical examination during the same period were selected as the healthy control group.Their blood samples were collected,and the ex-pression levels of serum HBB and TOP2A genes were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).Then,the relationship between the expression of HBB gene and clinicopathological parameters of the patients was ana-lyzed.The Kaplan-Meier Plotter database was used to evaluate the relationship between the expression of HBB gene and the prognosis of HCC.The diagnostic value of the expressions of serum HBB and TOP2A genes for HCC was assessed by the receiver operating charac-teristic(ROC)curve.Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between the expressions of serum HBB and TOP2A genes in HCC patients.The regulatory effect of HBB gene on TOP2A gene was verified by the cell experiment.Results The expression levels of serum HBB gene in HCC patients(0.097[0.055,0.155])were significantly lower than that in healthy controls(1.029[0.625,1.434],U=19,P＜0.001).The expression levels of serum TOP2A gene in HCC patients(1.810[0.825,3.623])were significantly higher than that in healthy controls(1.047[0.604,1.364],U=495,P=0.007).The expression level of serum HBB gene in HCC patients was significantly negatively correlated with that of TOP2A gene(ρ=-0.384,P=0.007).The analysis results of clinicopathological parameters showed that the expression level of HBB gene was only related to tumor size(χ2=4.090,P＜0.05).The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the 5-year overall survival rate of the patients with low expression of HBB gene was signifi-cantly lower than that with high expression(HR=0.680,95%CI:0.470-0.970,P＜0.05).The analysis of the ROC curve showed that the area under the ROC curve(AUCROC)of HBB gene in diagnosing HCC was 0.987(95%CI:0.963-1.000).When the cut-off value was 0.228,its sensitivity was 100%and specificity was 97%.The AUCROC of TOP2A gene for the diagnosis of HCC was 0.677(95%CI:0.559-0.797).When the cut-off value was 1.285,its sensitivity was 65%and specificity was 75%.The combined detection of HBB and TOP2A genes for the diagnosis of HCC had an AUCROC of 0.988(95%CI:0.965-1.000).When the cut-off value was 0.657,its sensitivity was 100%and specificity was 97%.The cell experiment results showed that the overexpression of HBB gene could inhibit the expression of TOP2A gene,while the knockout of HBB gene had the opposite effect.Conclusion HBB gene is lowly expressed in the serum of HCC patients and is significantly negatively correlated with the expression of TOP2A gene.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between dietary behavior and sarcopenia in older adults aged ≥65 years in longevity areas of China based on latent class analysis.Methods:A total of 4 358 older adults aged ≥65 years were selected from the 2021 Healthy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study. The information about their demographic characteristics, lifestyles, and chronic disease histories were collected. A simplified food frequency questionnaire was used to collect information about their dietary intake in the last month. The food intake frequency and food category score were calculated, and the higher the food category score, the richer the dietary intake. Latent class analysis was used to identify the latent classes of the dietary behavior. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the SARC-CalF. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association of food category scores and different latent classes of the dietary behavior with the risk for sarcopenia.Results:In 4 358 older adults, 1 841 (42.24%) had sarcopenia. The frequencies of intakes of cereals and potatoes, vegetable and fruit, meat and bean products were lower in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group. The risk for sarcopenia decreased with the increase of food category score in older adults ( OR=0.850, 95% CI: 0.796-0.907). Latent class analysis identified 4 latent classes of the dietary behavior. Compared with those with class 1 (frequency of intake of all 5 food species was higher probability in T3 group), those with class 2 (frequency of intake of vegetables and fruits and energy-only foods were less likely to be in the T3 group) and class 3 (frequency of intake of all 5 food species was lower probability in T3 group) had significantly increased risk for sarcopenia ( OR=1.377, 95% CI: 1.131-1.676) and ( OR=1.354, 95% CI: 1.091-1.680), 37.7% and 35.4% increased risk for sarcopenia, respectively. Conclusion:Increasing dietary intake category and sufficient intake of various foods for a balanced dietary pattern can reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults.

Animal experiments are an essential component of life sciences and medical research. However, the external validity and reliability of individual animal studies are frequently challenged by inherent limitations such as small sample sizes, high design heterogeneity, and poor reproducibility, which impede the effective translation of research findings into clinical practice. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis represent a key methodology for integrating existing evidence and enhancing the robustness of conclusions. Currently, however, the application of systematic reviews and meta-analysis in the field of animal experiments lacks standardized guidelines for their conduct and reporting, resulting in inconsistent quality and, to some extent, diminishing their evidence value. To address this issue, this paper aims to systematically delineate the reporting process for systematic reviews and meta-analysis of animal experiments and to propose a set of standardized recommendations that are both scientific and practical. The article's scope encompasses the entire process, from the preliminary preparatory phase [including formulating the population， intervention， comparison and outcome （PICO） question, assessing feasibility, and protocol pre-registration] to the key writing points for each section of the main report. In the core methods section, the paper elaborates on how to implement literature searches, establish eligibility criteria, perform data extraction, and assess the risk of bias, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis （PRISMA) statement, in conjunction with relevant guidelines and tools such as Animal Research： Reporting of in Vivo Experiments （ARRIVE) and a risk of bias assessment tool developed by the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). For the presentation of results, strategies are proposed for clear and transparent display using flow diagrams and tables of characteristics. The discussion section places particular emphasis on how to scientifically interpret pooled effects, thoroughly analyze sources of heterogeneity, evaluate the impact of publication bias, and cautiously discuss the validity and limitations of extrapolating findings from animal studies to clinical settings. Furthermore, this paper recommends adopting the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to comprehensively grade the quality of evidence. Through a modular analysis of the entire reporting process, this paper aims to provide researchers in the field with a clear and practical guide, thereby promoting the standardized development of systematic reviews and meta-analysis of animal experiments and enhancing their application value in scientific decision-making and translational medicine.

Objective To investigate the expression levels of serum hemoglobin β(HBB)in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients and its correlation with topoisomeraseⅡα(TOP2A)gene.Methods A total of 48 HCC patients visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from August 2023 to September 2024 were selected as the HCC group,and 32 healthy individuals who underwent physical examination during the same period were selected as the healthy control group.Their blood samples were collected,and the ex-pression levels of serum HBB and TOP2A genes were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).Then,the relationship between the expression of HBB gene and clinicopathological parameters of the patients was ana-lyzed.The Kaplan-Meier Plotter database was used to evaluate the relationship between the expression of HBB gene and the prognosis of HCC.The diagnostic value of the expressions of serum HBB and TOP2A genes for HCC was assessed by the receiver operating charac-teristic(ROC)curve.Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between the expressions of serum HBB and TOP2A genes in HCC patients.The regulatory effect of HBB gene on TOP2A gene was verified by the cell experiment.Results The expression levels of serum HBB gene in HCC patients(0.097[0.055,0.155])were significantly lower than that in healthy controls(1.029[0.625,1.434],U=19,P＜0.001).The expression levels of serum TOP2A gene in HCC patients(1.810[0.825,3.623])were significantly higher than that in healthy controls(1.047[0.604,1.364],U=495,P=0.007).The expression level of serum HBB gene in HCC patients was significantly negatively correlated with that of TOP2A gene(ρ=-0.384,P=0.007).The analysis results of clinicopathological parameters showed that the expression level of HBB gene was only related to tumor size(χ2=4.090,P＜0.05).The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the 5-year overall survival rate of the patients with low expression of HBB gene was signifi-cantly lower than that with high expression(HR=0.680,95%CI:0.470-0.970,P＜0.05).The analysis of the ROC curve showed that the area under the ROC curve(AUCROC)of HBB gene in diagnosing HCC was 0.987(95%CI:0.963-1.000).When the cut-off value was 0.228,its sensitivity was 100%and specificity was 97%.The AUCROC of TOP2A gene for the diagnosis of HCC was 0.677(95%CI:0.559-0.797).When the cut-off value was 1.285,its sensitivity was 65%and specificity was 75%.The combined detection of HBB and TOP2A genes for the diagnosis of HCC had an AUCROC of 0.988(95%CI:0.965-1.000).When the cut-off value was 0.657,its sensitivity was 100%and specificity was 97%.The cell experiment results showed that the overexpression of HBB gene could inhibit the expression of TOP2A gene,while the knockout of HBB gene had the opposite effect.Conclusion HBB gene is lowly expressed in the serum of HCC patients and is significantly negatively correlated with the expression of TOP2A gene.

OBJECTIVE To standardize the main processes and related technical links of the clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs， and provide guidance and reference for improving the quality of comprehensive evaluation evidence and its transformation and application value. METHODS The construction of Guideline for the Workflow of Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs was based on the standard guideline formulation method of the World Health Organization （WHO）， strictly followed the latest definition of guidelines by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States， and conformed to the six major areas of the Guideline Research and Evaluation Tool Ⅱ. Delphi method was adopted to construct the research questions； research evidence was established by applying the research methods of evidence-based medicine. The evidence quality classification system of the Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center was adopted for evidence classification and evaluation. The recommendation strength was determined by the recommendation strength classification standard formulated by the Oxford University Evidence-Based Medicine Center， and the recommendation opinions were formed through the expert consensus method. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The Guideline for the Workflow of Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs covers 4 major categories of research questions， including topic selection， evaluation implementation， evidence evaluation， and application and transformation of results. The formulation of this guideline has standardized the technical links of the entire process of clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs， which can effectively guide the high-quality and high-efficient development of this work， enhance the standardized output and transformation application value of evaluation evidence， and provide high-quality evidence support for the scientific decision-making of health and the rationalization of clinical medication.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between dietary behavior and sarcopenia in older adults aged ≥65 years in longevity areas of China based on latent class analysis.Methods:A total of 4 358 older adults aged ≥65 years were selected from the 2021 Healthy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study. The information about their demographic characteristics, lifestyles, and chronic disease histories were collected. A simplified food frequency questionnaire was used to collect information about their dietary intake in the last month. The food intake frequency and food category score were calculated, and the higher the food category score, the richer the dietary intake. Latent class analysis was used to identify the latent classes of the dietary behavior. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the SARC-CalF. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association of food category scores and different latent classes of the dietary behavior with the risk for sarcopenia.Results:In 4 358 older adults, 1 841 (42.24%) had sarcopenia. The frequencies of intakes of cereals and potatoes, vegetable and fruit, meat and bean products were lower in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group. The risk for sarcopenia decreased with the increase of food category score in older adults ( OR=0.850, 95% CI: 0.796-0.907). Latent class analysis identified 4 latent classes of the dietary behavior. Compared with those with class 1 (frequency of intake of all 5 food species was higher probability in T3 group), those with class 2 (frequency of intake of vegetables and fruits and energy-only foods were less likely to be in the T3 group) and class 3 (frequency of intake of all 5 food species was lower probability in T3 group) had significantly increased risk for sarcopenia ( OR=1.377, 95% CI: 1.131-1.676) and ( OR=1.354, 95% CI: 1.091-1.680), 37.7% and 35.4% increased risk for sarcopenia, respectively. Conclusion:Increasing dietary intake category and sufficient intake of various foods for a balanced dietary pattern can reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults.