Animal experimentation constitutes a critical link between basic research and clinical application, making its research quality and translational efficiency paramount. Although considerable progress has been made in standardizing operational procedures and ethical guidelines, the standardization of outcome evaluation systems has significantly lagged, creating a key bottleneck that constrains the quality of biomedical research and evidence synthesis. This deficiency is manifested by pronounced heterogeneity in outcome selection across similar studies, incomplete methodological reporting, and disparate criteria for result interpretation, which severely impairs the comparability of findings and the evidence integration. To cope with this challenge, this paper systematically introduces a mature methodological tool from clinical research–the core outcome set (COS)–and explores its construction strategies and application potential in the field of animal experimentation. Given the extensive diversity of animal experiments, a pragmatic strategy of "focusing on key areas, implementing phased pilots, and promoting gradual expansion" should be adopted. This approach prioritizes the development of domain-specific COS for disease areas characterized by high research volume, urgent translational needs, and well-established animal models. A multi-source integration pathway for COS development is detailed, comprising systematic literature searches, methodological appraisals, and expert consensus, with the feasibility of leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance efficiency also being examined. The development and promotion of such COS are not intended to restrict scientific exploration; rather, they aim to establish a new, tiered evaluation paradigm consisting of "core outcomes" (mandatory), "recommended outcomes" (encouraged), and "exploratory outcomes" (optional). This framework is expected not only to enhance research quality through standardization and to adhere to the "3R" principles but also to accelerate the accumulation of high-quality evidence. This, in turn, provides a solid foundation for higher-level evidence synthesis, ultimately facilitating the effective translation of basic research findings into clinical practice and providing an essential methodological framework for scientific advancement in relevant disciplines.

OBJECTIVE:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation have shown positive effects in improving gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy.A network meta-analysis was performed to analyze the clinical efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the improvement of lower limb motor function and gait in children with cerebral palsy.METHODS:Randomized controlled trials(RCT)about repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on lower limb motor function and gait in children with cerebral palsy were collected from CNKI,WanFang,VIP,SinoMed,PubMed,Web of Science,Medline.The search time limit was from the inception to October 5,2024.After screening literature,extracting data and evaluating the risk of bias of included studies,Stata 15.0 software was used for network meta-analysis,AND GRADE profiler was used for quality evaluation.RESULTS:A total of 19 studies were included,involving 4 treatment measures:conventional therapy,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and anodic transcranial direct current stimulation.The results of network meta-analysis showed that in terms of improving gross motor function,low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation[mean difference(MD)=9.48,95％confidence interval(CI)(6.61,12.34),P＜0.05]was the most effective.In terms of alleviating spasticity,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation[MD=-0.63,95％CI(-1.72,0.45),P＜0.05]had the best efficacy.In terms of improving ankle joint range of motion and step speed,transcranial direct current stimulation[MD=2.27,95％CI(1.37,3.17),P＜0.05;MD=0.11,95％CI(0.05,0.17),P＜0.05]was the most effective.CONCLUSION:Existing clinical evidence suggests that low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has the best therapeutic effect compared with other intervention measures in terms of improving lower limb gross motor function.In terms of reducing spasticity,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has a more significant effect.In terms of improving gait,transcranial direct current stimulation has more advantages.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury （RIRI） is a major cause of acute kidney injury during kidney transplantation and peri-operative settings， and there is still a lack of safe and effective targeted preventive and therapeutic drugs in clinical practice. Specifically， xanthohumol， luteolin， dracorhodin C， naringin， senkyunolide Ⅰ， verbascoside， and shikonin enhance antioxidant defenses， and inhibit lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Apigenin， nobiletin， tanshinone Ⅱ A ， and salidroside activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway to inhibit mitochondria- dependent apoptosis and facilitate renal repair. Quercetin， methyleugenol， cyanidin-3-glucoside， and platycodin D promote autophagy and improve mitochondrial homeostasis through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mTOR or AMPK/phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1/Parkin pathways. In addition， hesperidin， curcumin， ganoderic acid， pulsatilla saponin B4， capsaicin， and diosgenin mitigate inflammatory responses and decrease renal tubular injury markers by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB， high mobility group box 1， Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways， thereby exerting multi-target， multi-stage renoprotective effects.

Objective: To understand the trends of classroom lighting and illumination of primary and secondary schools in Beijing from 2016 to 2023, so as to provide a scientific basis for targeted improvement measures. Methods: A sampling survey was conducted on the lighting and illumination indicators of 8 390 classrooms in primary and secondary schools in Beijing from 2016 to 2023. The survey included classroom daylight factor, window to floor area ratio, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on the desks, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on blackboards, as well as classroom lighting and blackboard illumination sources. Intergroup comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test and the Chi square test, and Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the trend of classroom lighting and illumination changes. Results: Except the window to floor area ratio, the measured values and compliance rates of all lighting and illumination indicators showed an overall upward trend from 2016 to 2023 (daylight factor r = 0.27, χ 2 trend =206.80, average illuminance on the desk surface r =0.30, χ 2 trend =87.97, illuminance uniformity on the desk surface r =0.14, χ 2 trend =73.59, average illuminance on the blackboard r =0.33, χ 2 trend =477.43, illuminance uniformity on the blackboard r = 0.09, χ 2 trend =50.76) (all P ＜0.01). The lighting and illumination indicators of classrooms (included classroom daylight factor, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on the desks, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on blackboards) in urban schools, primary schools, and secondary schools from 2016 to 2023 showed an upward trend (urban r =0.23-0.40, χ 2 trend =88.66-392.18; primary school r =0.12-0.36, χ 2 trend =39.50-281.44; secondary schools r =0.06-0.31, χ 2 trend =11.79-213.73) (all P ＜ 0.01 ). The illuminance uniformity on the blackboard in suburban schools showed a downward trend ( r = -0.09, χ 2 trend =31.53, both P ＜0.01). The illuminance uniformity on the desk surface in suburban schools showed no significant change ( r =0.03, χ 2 trend =1.23, both P ＞0.05). The other indicators showed an upward trend (daylight factor r =0.28, χ 2 trend =40.69, average illuminance on the desk surface r =0.24, χ 2 trend =16.35, average illuminance on the blackboard r =0.25, χ 2 trend =118.05, all P ＜0.01). The trends of classroom and blackboard illumination sources were that fluorescent lamps decreased year by year and LED lamps increased by year (classroom illumination sources χ 2 trend =1 059.82, blackboard illumination sources χ 2 trend =1 070.25, both P ＜0.01). Conclusions The classroom lighting and illumination in primary and secondary schools in Beijing has shown an overall improving trend from 2016 to 2023. However, problems remain, such as limited improvement of illuminance uniformity indicators, late start and poor effect of reconstruction in suburban schools. Further improvements are still needed.

OBJECTIVE:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation have shown positive effects in improving gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy.A network meta-analysis was performed to analyze the clinical efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the improvement of lower limb motor function and gait in children with cerebral palsy.METHODS:Randomized controlled trials(RCT)about repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on lower limb motor function and gait in children with cerebral palsy were collected from CNKI,WanFang,VIP,SinoMed,PubMed,Web of Science,Medline.The search time limit was from the inception to October 5,2024.After screening literature,extracting data and evaluating the risk of bias of included studies,Stata 15.0 software was used for network meta-analysis,AND GRADE profiler was used for quality evaluation.RESULTS:A total of 19 studies were included,involving 4 treatment measures:conventional therapy,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and anodic transcranial direct current stimulation.The results of network meta-analysis showed that in terms of improving gross motor function,low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation[mean difference(MD)=9.48,95％confidence interval(CI)(6.61,12.34),P＜0.05]was the most effective.In terms of alleviating spasticity,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation[MD=-0.63,95％CI(-1.72,0.45),P＜0.05]had the best efficacy.In terms of improving ankle joint range of motion and step speed,transcranial direct current stimulation[MD=2.27,95％CI(1.37,3.17),P＜0.05;MD=0.11,95％CI(0.05,0.17),P＜0.05]was the most effective.CONCLUSION:Existing clinical evidence suggests that low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has the best therapeutic effect compared with other intervention measures in terms of improving lower limb gross motor function.In terms of reducing spasticity,high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has a more significant effect.In terms of improving gait,transcranial direct current stimulation has more advantages.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of pharmaceutical quality control on the efficiency and outcomes of standardized medication therapy management （MTM） services for patients with coronary heart disease by using Economic， Clinical and Humanistic Outcomes （ECHO） model. METHODS This study collected case data of coronary heart disease patients who received MTM services during January-March 2023 （pre-quality control implementation group， n＝96） and June-August 2023 （post-quality control implementation group， n＝164）. Using propensity score matching analysis， 80 patients were selected from each group. The study subsequently compared the economic， clinical， and humanistic outcome indicators of pharmaceutical services between the two matched groups. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data between the two groups after matching （P＞0.05）. Compared with pre-quality control implementation group， the daily treatment cost （16.26 yuan vs. 24.40 yuan， P＜0.001）， cost-effectiveness ratio [23.12 yuan/quality-adjusted life year （QALY） vs. 32.32 yuan/QALY， P＜0.001]， and the incidence of general adverse drug reactions （2.50% vs. 10.00%， P＝0.049） of post-quality control implementation group were decreased significantly； the utility value of the EuroQol Five-Dimensional Questionnaire （0.74± 0.06 vs. 0.71±0.07， P＝0.003）， the reduction in the number of medication related problems （1.0 vs. 0.5， P＜0.001）， the medication adherence score （[ 6.32±0.48） points vs. （6.10±0.37） points， P＝0.001]， and the satisfaction score （[ 92.56±1.52） points vs. （91.95±1.56） points， P＝0.013] all showed significant improvements. Neither group experienced serious adverse drug reactions. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of new adverse reactions between the two groups （1.25% vs. 3.75%， P＝0.310）. CONCLUSIONS Pharmaceutical quality control can improve the quality of pharmaceutical care， and the ECHO model can quantitatively evaluate the effect of MTM services， making pharmaceutical care better priced and more adaptable to social needs， thus being worthy of promotion.

Objective To explore the clinical value of the platelet count(PLT)to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)ratio(PHR)in predicting poor prognosis after intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute cerebral infarction(ACI).Methods A total of 304 patients with ACI who received intravenous thrombolytic therapy in this hospital from January 2021 to December 2023 were selected as the research sub-jects.According to the modified Rankin scale score at 6-month follow-up,the 304 patients with ACI were di-vided into the good prognosis group(n=216)and the poor prognosis group(n=88).Clinical data of all pa-tients were collected.The levels of PLT,HDL-C and PHR were compared between the two groups.The pre-dictive value of PLT,HDL-C and PHR for the prognosis of ACI patients was analyzed by using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Binary Logistic stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the in-fluencing factors of prognosis in ACI patients.Results Compared with the good prognosis group,the HDL-C level in the poor prognosis group decreased,while the PLT level and PHR increased(P＜0.05).The results of the ROC curve showed that the area under the curve(AUC)and 95％CI of PLT,HDL-C,and PHR for pre-dicting poor prognosis after intravenous thrombolysis in ACI patients was 0.829(0.784-0.874),0.743(0.693-0.788),and 0.918(0.873-0.968),respectively.The AUC of PHR in predicting poor prognosis af-ter intravenous thrombolysis in ACI patients was higher than that of PLT and HDL-C alone(Z=13.239,10.776,P＜0.001).The proportions of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)score ≥8 points at admission,transformation of previous symptomatic hemorrhage,combined hypertension,and combined dia-betes in the poor prognosis group were all higher than those in the good prognosis group(P＜0.05).The re-sults of binary Logistic stepwise regression showed that the NIHSS score at admission(OR=2.565,95％CI:1.292-5.094),the transformation of previous symptomatic hemorrhage(OR=2.073,95％CI:1.179-8.645),and PHR(OR=3.732,95％CI:2.037-6.839)were risk factors for poor prognosis in ACI patients(P＜0.05).Conclusion PHR is expected to become an important reference index for predicting the prognosis of ACI patients after intravenous thrombolysis therapy.PHR,NIHSS score at admission,and the transforma-tion of previous symptomatic hemorrhage are all influencing factors for the prognosis of ACI patients after in-travenous thrombolysis therapy.

Objective To sort,summarize,and introduce key terms related to guideline reporting,evaluation,dissemination,implementation,and updating.Methods We systematically searched guideline de-velopment manuals and methodological literature from database inception to October 25,2024.Terms related to guideline reporting,updating,evaluation,and implementation were extracted,standardized,and finalized through a structured consensus process.Results A total of 13 guideline manuals and 32 methodological articles were included,yielding 14 core terms with standardized definitions.Conclusions This article introduces key terms such as reporting standards,external review,and research gaps across guideline development phases to promote concept application and deepen readers'understanding of guideline development.

Objective To explore the applicative value of spectral CT in increasing positive rates of lung cancer puncture and reducing complications during CT guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy(PTNB).Methods The pathological results and complica-tion incidences of 260 PTNB patients were analyzed retrospectively.All patients were divided into three groups:group A(conventional CT group,103 cases)used a scheme based on conventional enhanced CT;group B(PET/CT group,84 cases)used a scheme combining the maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax)with conventional enhanced CT;group C(spectral CT group,73 cases)used a scheme of quantitative spectral CT parameters and images.Results Group A included 103 cases in total,of which 87 were positive(84.47％),41 pneumothorax(39.81％),and 31 hemorrhage(30.10％).Group B totaled 84 cases,including 82 positive cases(97.62％),19 cases of pneumothorax(22.62％),and 11 cases of hemorrhage(13.10％).Group C was of 73 cases,including 70 positive cases(95.89％),16 cases of pneumothorax(21.92％),and 10 cases of hemorrhage(13.70％).There were statistically significant differ-ences in biopsy positive rates,pneumothorax incidences,and hemorrhage incidences among groups A,B,and C(P＜0.05).There were also statistically significant differences in biopsy positive rates,pneumothorax incidences,and hemorrhage incidences between groups A and B or groups A and C(P＜0.016 7),respectively.However,no statistically significant differences were found between groups B and C in biopsy positive rates,pneumothorax incidences,and hemorrhage incidences(P＞0.016 7).Conclusion Spectral CT can improve the positive rate of lung cancer and reduce the risk of pneumothorax and hemorrhage with PTNB.

BACKGROUND:Kaempferol has anti-osteoporotic effects,but the mechanisms by which kaempferol regulates gut microbiota and metabolites to prevent and treat osteoporosis remain unclear.OBJECTIVE:To exploring the potential mechanisms by which kaempferol inhibit osteoporosis based on gut microbiota and comprehensive targeted metabolomics.METHODS:Eighteen female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups:sham operation group,model group,and kaempferol group,with 6 rats in each group.Animal models of osteoporosis were made in the latter two groups through removal of bilateral ovaries.Eight weeks after modeling,the sham operation and model groups were gavaged with distilled water,and the kaempferol group was gavaged with 40 mg/kg kaempferol.Continuous administration in each group was carried out for 12 weeks.Rat fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to observe changes in the gut microbiota structure.Serum samples were subjected to comprehensive targeted metabolomics analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology,along with a proprietary database and multivariate statistical analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After 12 weeks of continuous intervention,the results of 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing showed that compared with the sham operation group,the abundance of gut microbiota increased in the model group.Compared with the model group,kaempferol group exhibited a statistically significant increase in the abundance of the genus Latilactobacillus(P=0.021),while the abundances of Pantoea(P=0.034),Enterorhabdus(P=0.000),Monoglobus(P=0.024),Butyricimonas(P=0.034),Rothia(P=0.043),and Clostridia(P=0.004)were significantly downregulated.After 12 weeks of continuous intervention,the results of the serum samples analyzed by broad-targeted metabolomics revealed that 120 and 79 metabolites were identified between the sham operation and model groups and between the model and kaempferol groups,respectively.Among the three groups,there were 17 overlapping differentially expressed metabolites,including Cis-aconitic acid,barbituric acid,L-homocitrulline,3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid,L-3-phenyllactic acid,cyclo(pro-pro),L-phenylalanine-L-serine,proline-isoleucine,L-donoraminoacetic acid-L-phenylalanineacetic acid,and phenylalanine-aspartic acid.Most of them belong to amino acids and their metabolites,glycerophospholipids and fatty acyls.The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways involved in the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in D-amino acid metabolism,histidine metabolism,propionate metabolism,lysine degradation,fatty acid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism.After 12 weeks of continuous intervention,combined analysis revealed that genera such as Enterorhabdus,Latilactobacillus,Rothia,and Ruminococcus were closely associated with differential serum metabolites.To conclude,kaempferol may exert its anti-osteoporotic effects by modulating the abundance,diversity,and structure of gut microbiota,thereby regulating the metabolism of amino acids,their metabolites,and fatty acids.