Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dupilumab in the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants aged 6 months to 2 years.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted. Children aged 6 months to 2 years with moderate-to-severe AD were enrolled from the Department of Dermatology, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between July 2022 and March 2023. Children weighing 5 to < 15 kg received subcutaneous injections of dupilumab at a dose of 200 mg every 4 weeks, while those weighing 15 to < 30 kg received subcutaneous injections of dupilumab at a dose of 300 mg every 4 weeks. Three age-matched healthy children were recruited as controls at the same time. Clinical assessments were performed at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 by using the parameters scoring AD (SCORAD), eczema area and severity index (EASI), investigator′s global assessment (IGA), body surface area (BSA) involvement, patient-oriented eczema measure (POEM), pruritus numerical rating scale (NRS), sleep NRS, and infants′ dermatitis quality of life (IDQoL) index. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving an IGA score of 0 or 1 (IGA0/1) at week 16, and the key secondary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving at least 75% improvement from baseline in EASI (EASI75) at week 16. In addition, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgG, IgM, and IgA levels and peripheral blood eosinophil counts were measured at weeks 0, 4, and 16. Peripheral blood T helper (Th) cell subsets were analyzed in 10 AD patients and 3 healthy children at baseline by flow cytometry, and 6 AD patients underwent repeat testing at week 16. Adverse reactions were recorded throughout treatment. Changes in clinical scores over time after dupilumab treatment were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance, and changes in serum total IgE levels were analyzed using generalized estimating equations.Results:A total of 12 children with AD were enrolled, including 8 males and 4 females, aged 1.5 ± 0.3 years, and the baseline SCORAD was 64.8 ± 9.9 points. Compared with baseline, SCORAD, EASI, IGA, BSA, POEM, pruritus/sleep NRS, and IDQoL scores were all significantly reduced at week 2 (all P < 0.05), and continued to decrease at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16. At week 16, the IGA scores decreased from 3.9 ± 0.3 points at baseline to 1.7 ± 0.9 points, with 9 patients achieving IGA0/1; the EASI scores decreased from 28.1 ± 12.4 points at baseline to 4.9 ± 5.4 points, with 9 patients achieving EASI75. Compared with baseline, serum total IgE levels were significantly reduced at weeks 4 and 16 (Wald χ2 = 11.51, P = 0.003). At baseline, the proportion of Th2 cells among total CD3 +CD4 + T cells in patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (6.3% ± 1.3% vs. 4.3% ± 0.8%, t = 2.45, P = 0.032) ; at week 16, the proportion of Th2 cells in patients (5.3% ± 2.0%) was significantly lower than that at baseline ( t = 5.56, P = 0.003). The proportion of Th1/17 cells increased from 2.2% ± 1.5% at baseline to 3.9% ± 2.1% at week 16 ( t = 3.51, P = 0.007), whereas the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cell subsets showed no statistical significance compared with baseline (both P > 0.05). One patient experienced an injection-site reaction and another developed fever, but no treatment-related serious adverse reactions were observed. Conclusions:Dupilumab demonstrated favorable efficacy and safety in infants aged 6 months to 2 years with moderate-to-severe AD. In addition, dupilumab could decrease the proportion of Th2 cell subsets and serum levels of total IgE.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among Chinese children aged 3-18 years from 11 provinces, antonomous regions, or municipalities.Methods:This national cross-sectional community health survey utilized a multistage stratified cluster-random sampling method to recruit 193 997 nationally representative participants from 11 provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities between January 2017 and December 2019. All participants underwent physical examinations, and their caregivers completed questionnaires assessing participants′ dietary, lifestyle, familial, and perinatal information. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression models were employed to identify the potential risk factors.Results:The cohort comprised 193 997 children (102 178 boys, 91 819 girls),aged (10±4) years. Overall prevalence rates were 30 574(15.8%)overweight children and 17 217(8.9%) obesity children. Boys exhibited higher overweight and obesity rates than girls (17.0% (17 368/102 178) vs. 14.4% (13 206/102 178), 11.3% (11 553/91 819) vs. 6.2% (5 664/91 819), χ2=249.12,1 578.69,both P<0.001). The detection rates of obesity in Tanner stage 2 and 3 were the highest in boys and girls, with 13.4%(2 231/16 665) and 8.6%(880/10 221) respectively. Risk factors for obesity included parental overweight (paternal OR=2.34 and maternal OR=2.29), annual household income of 100 000-200 000 yuan (compared with<100 000 yuan, OR=1.04), higher paternal education (compared with below high school,high school and a college education OR=1.09,1.14), birth weight >4.0 kg (≤5 and>5 years old OR=1.74, 1.44,respectively), and western food consumption≥1 time/month (compared with<1, 1-2, 3-4,>4 times/month OR=1.36, 1.30, 1.67(≤5 years), 1.19, 1.16, 1.15 (>5 years), respectively) (all P<0.05). Conversely, coarse grain intake≥1 times/week (compared with<1 times/week, every day, 3-4, 1-2 times/week OR=0.74, 0.80, 0.71 (≤5 years), 0.75, 0.87, 0.90(>5 years), respectively, all P<0.05) was associated with reduced obesity risk. Conclusions:Obesity epidemiology in children demonstrates significant heterogeneity across age, gender, geographic regions, and pubertal stages. It is necessary to establish a personalized prevention and control strategy.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among Chinese children aged 3-18 years from 11 provinces, antonomous regions, or municipalities.Methods:This national cross-sectional community health survey utilized a multistage stratified cluster-random sampling method to recruit 193 997 nationally representative participants from 11 provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities between January 2017 and December 2019. All participants underwent physical examinations, and their caregivers completed questionnaires assessing participants′ dietary, lifestyle, familial, and perinatal information. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression models were employed to identify the potential risk factors.Results:The cohort comprised 193 997 children (102 178 boys, 91 819 girls),aged (10±4) years. Overall prevalence rates were 30 574(15.8%)overweight children and 17 217(8.9%) obesity children. Boys exhibited higher overweight and obesity rates than girls (17.0% (17 368/102 178) vs. 14.4% (13 206/102 178), 11.3% (11 553/91 819) vs. 6.2% (5 664/91 819), χ2=249.12,1 578.69,both P<0.001). The detection rates of obesity in Tanner stage 2 and 3 were the highest in boys and girls, with 13.4%(2 231/16 665) and 8.6%(880/10 221) respectively. Risk factors for obesity included parental overweight (paternal OR=2.34 and maternal OR=2.29), annual household income of 100 000-200 000 yuan (compared with<100 000 yuan, OR=1.04), higher paternal education (compared with below high school,high school and a college education OR=1.09,1.14), birth weight >4.0 kg (≤5 and>5 years old OR=1.74, 1.44,respectively), and western food consumption≥1 time/month (compared with<1, 1-2, 3-4,>4 times/month OR=1.36, 1.30, 1.67(≤5 years), 1.19, 1.16, 1.15 (>5 years), respectively) (all P<0.05). Conversely, coarse grain intake≥1 times/week (compared with<1 times/week, every day, 3-4, 1-2 times/week OR=0.74, 0.80, 0.71 (≤5 years), 0.75, 0.87, 0.90(>5 years), respectively, all P<0.05) was associated with reduced obesity risk. Conclusions:Obesity epidemiology in children demonstrates significant heterogeneity across age, gender, geographic regions, and pubertal stages. It is necessary to establish a personalized prevention and control strategy.

Objective:To explore the effect of the interaction between plasma aluminum concentration and schooling year on cognitive function, it provides the basis for early identification of its damaging effect.Methods:From October to December, 2014, 1114 on-the-job aluminum exposed workers in a large aluminum factory in Shanxi Province were investigated. The plasma aluminum concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as an internal exposure indicator. The subjects were divided into low, medium, and high aluminum exposure group based on the blood lead concentration levels. The general information was collected with a self-designed questionnaire, and their cognitive function was evaluated with the mini-mental state examination and the clock drawing test. The interaction between plasma aluminum concentration level and education level was analyzed by using unconditional logistic regression fitting multiplication model and cross analysis fitting addition model.Results:The average level of plasma aluminum of the subjects was 21.68 (10.51, 45.78) μg/L. The detection rate of cognitive impairment was 19.9%. The influencing factors of cognitive function were plasma aluminum concentration, age, education level and marital status, among which high schooling year, and being married were the protective factors (all P<0.05), plasma aluminum concentration, and age were the risk factors (all P<0.05) ; After adjusting the confounding factors, such as age, marital status, schooling year, income level, smoking, and drinking, logistic regression model and the multiple linear regression model showed that there was a dose response relationship between plasma aluminum concentration and cognitive impairment. With the increase of plasma aluminum concentration, the score gradually decreased, and the risk of cognitive impairment increased ( Ptrend<0.05) ; There were multiplicative interaction ( AOR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.10-4.19) and additive interaction ( RERI=5.38, 95% CI: 2.60-8.16; AP=0.65, 95% CI: 0.51-0.80; S=3.88, 95% CI: 2.00-7.56) between plasma aluminum concentration and low schooling year on cognitive function. Conclusion:There was a dose-response relationship between aluminum exposure and cognitive impairment. There was an interaction between aluminum exposure and low schooling year. When both of them worked together, the risk of cognitive impairment increases.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dupilumab in the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants aged 6 months to 2 years.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted. Children aged 6 months to 2 years with moderate-to-severe AD were enrolled from the Department of Dermatology, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between July 2022 and March 2023. Children weighing 5 to < 15 kg received subcutaneous injections of dupilumab at a dose of 200 mg every 4 weeks, while those weighing 15 to < 30 kg received subcutaneous injections of dupilumab at a dose of 300 mg every 4 weeks. Three age-matched healthy children were recruited as controls at the same time. Clinical assessments were performed at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 by using the parameters scoring AD (SCORAD), eczema area and severity index (EASI), investigator′s global assessment (IGA), body surface area (BSA) involvement, patient-oriented eczema measure (POEM), pruritus numerical rating scale (NRS), sleep NRS, and infants′ dermatitis quality of life (IDQoL) index. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving an IGA score of 0 or 1 (IGA0/1) at week 16, and the key secondary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving at least 75% improvement from baseline in EASI (EASI75) at week 16. In addition, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgG, IgM, and IgA levels and peripheral blood eosinophil counts were measured at weeks 0, 4, and 16. Peripheral blood T helper (Th) cell subsets were analyzed in 10 AD patients and 3 healthy children at baseline by flow cytometry, and 6 AD patients underwent repeat testing at week 16. Adverse reactions were recorded throughout treatment. Changes in clinical scores over time after dupilumab treatment were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance, and changes in serum total IgE levels were analyzed using generalized estimating equations.Results:A total of 12 children with AD were enrolled, including 8 males and 4 females, aged 1.5 ± 0.3 years, and the baseline SCORAD was 64.8 ± 9.9 points. Compared with baseline, SCORAD, EASI, IGA, BSA, POEM, pruritus/sleep NRS, and IDQoL scores were all significantly reduced at week 2 (all P < 0.05), and continued to decrease at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16. At week 16, the IGA scores decreased from 3.9 ± 0.3 points at baseline to 1.7 ± 0.9 points, with 9 patients achieving IGA0/1; the EASI scores decreased from 28.1 ± 12.4 points at baseline to 4.9 ± 5.4 points, with 9 patients achieving EASI75. Compared with baseline, serum total IgE levels were significantly reduced at weeks 4 and 16 (Wald χ2 = 11.51, P = 0.003). At baseline, the proportion of Th2 cells among total CD3 +CD4 + T cells in patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (6.3% ± 1.3% vs. 4.3% ± 0.8%, t = 2.45, P = 0.032) ; at week 16, the proportion of Th2 cells in patients (5.3% ± 2.0%) was significantly lower than that at baseline ( t = 5.56, P = 0.003). The proportion of Th1/17 cells increased from 2.2% ± 1.5% at baseline to 3.9% ± 2.1% at week 16 ( t = 3.51, P = 0.007), whereas the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cell subsets showed no statistical significance compared with baseline (both P > 0.05). One patient experienced an injection-site reaction and another developed fever, but no treatment-related serious adverse reactions were observed. Conclusions:Dupilumab demonstrated favorable efficacy and safety in infants aged 6 months to 2 years with moderate-to-severe AD. In addition, dupilumab could decrease the proportion of Th2 cell subsets and serum levels of total IgE.

Objective:To explore the effect of the interaction between plasma aluminum concentration and schooling year on cognitive function, it provides the basis for early identification of its damaging effect.Methods:From October to December, 2014, 1114 on-the-job aluminum exposed workers in a large aluminum factory in Shanxi Province were investigated. The plasma aluminum concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as an internal exposure indicator. The subjects were divided into low, medium, and high aluminum exposure group based on the blood lead concentration levels. The general information was collected with a self-designed questionnaire, and their cognitive function was evaluated with the mini-mental state examination and the clock drawing test. The interaction between plasma aluminum concentration level and education level was analyzed by using unconditional logistic regression fitting multiplication model and cross analysis fitting addition model.Results:The average level of plasma aluminum of the subjects was 21.68 (10.51, 45.78) μg/L. The detection rate of cognitive impairment was 19.9%. The influencing factors of cognitive function were plasma aluminum concentration, age, education level and marital status, among which high schooling year, and being married were the protective factors (all P<0.05), plasma aluminum concentration, and age were the risk factors (all P<0.05) ; After adjusting the confounding factors, such as age, marital status, schooling year, income level, smoking, and drinking, logistic regression model and the multiple linear regression model showed that there was a dose response relationship between plasma aluminum concentration and cognitive impairment. With the increase of plasma aluminum concentration, the score gradually decreased, and the risk of cognitive impairment increased ( Ptrend<0.05) ; There were multiplicative interaction ( AOR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.10-4.19) and additive interaction ( RERI=5.38, 95% CI: 2.60-8.16; AP=0.65, 95% CI: 0.51-0.80; S=3.88, 95% CI: 2.00-7.56) between plasma aluminum concentration and low schooling year on cognitive function. Conclusion:There was a dose-response relationship between aluminum exposure and cognitive impairment. There was an interaction between aluminum exposure and low schooling year. When both of them worked together, the risk of cognitive impairment increases.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of Cyclosporine A(CsA)in patients with unexplained repeated implantation failure(URIF),and to analyze the changes of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets after CsA treatment.Methods:105 patients with URIF who underwent frozen-thawed embryo transfer(FET)in the De-partment of Reproductive Medicine in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from Septem-ber 30,2021 to March 1,2022 were selected.After informed consent,the patients were divided into CsA group(n=52)and control group(n=53)according to whether they received CsA treatment or not.Pregnancy outcomes and changes in lymphocyte subset were compared between the two groups.Results:The embryo implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate in CsA group were higher than those in the control group,the difference was statisti-cally significant(48.91%vs.32.56%,P=0.027;53.85%vs.32.08%,P=0.024).The CsA group had a lower ear-ly abortion rate than the control group(10.71%vs.23.53%),but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.25).The percentage of CD3-CD16+CD56+in CsA group was significantly decreased after treatment[(16.15±5.37)%vs.(18.23±7.10)%,P=0.012],it was also lower than that in the control group[(16.15±5.37)%vs.(18.67±5.16)%,P=0.018].Conclusions:CsA treatment can significantly improve the clinical preg-nancy rate and embryo implantation rate of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in patients with URIF,which may be a-chieved by promoting the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes to the direction of embryo implantation,es-pecially by down-regulating the percentage of CD3-CD16+CD56+.CsA has a certain application prospect in the field of assisted reproduction.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of Cyclosporine A(CsA)in patients with unexplained repeated implantation failure(URIF),and to analyze the changes of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets after CsA treatment.Methods:105 patients with URIF who underwent frozen-thawed embryo transfer(FET)in the De-partment of Reproductive Medicine in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from Septem-ber 30,2021 to March 1,2022 were selected.After informed consent,the patients were divided into CsA group(n=52)and control group(n=53)according to whether they received CsA treatment or not.Pregnancy outcomes and changes in lymphocyte subset were compared between the two groups.Results:The embryo implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate in CsA group were higher than those in the control group,the difference was statisti-cally significant(48.91%vs.32.56%,P=0.027;53.85%vs.32.08%,P=0.024).The CsA group had a lower ear-ly abortion rate than the control group(10.71%vs.23.53%),but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.25).The percentage of CD3-CD16+CD56+in CsA group was significantly decreased after treatment[(16.15±5.37)%vs.(18.23±7.10)%,P=0.012],it was also lower than that in the control group[(16.15±5.37)%vs.(18.67±5.16)%,P=0.018].Conclusions:CsA treatment can significantly improve the clinical preg-nancy rate and embryo implantation rate of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in patients with URIF,which may be a-chieved by promoting the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes to the direction of embryo implantation,es-pecially by down-regulating the percentage of CD3-CD16+CD56+.CsA has a certain application prospect in the field of assisted reproduction.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of Cyclosporine A(CsA)in patients with unexplained repeated implantation failure(URIF),and to analyze the changes of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets after CsA treatment.Methods:105 patients with URIF who underwent frozen-thawed embryo transfer(FET)in the De-partment of Reproductive Medicine in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from Septem-ber 30,2021 to March 1,2022 were selected.After informed consent,the patients were divided into CsA group(n=52)and control group(n=53)according to whether they received CsA treatment or not.Pregnancy outcomes and changes in lymphocyte subset were compared between the two groups.Results:The embryo implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate in CsA group were higher than those in the control group,the difference was statisti-cally significant(48.91%vs.32.56%,P=0.027;53.85%vs.32.08%,P=0.024).The CsA group had a lower ear-ly abortion rate than the control group(10.71%vs.23.53%),but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.25).The percentage of CD3-CD16+CD56+in CsA group was significantly decreased after treatment[(16.15±5.37)%vs.(18.23±7.10)%,P=0.012],it was also lower than that in the control group[(16.15±5.37)%vs.(18.67±5.16)%,P=0.018].Conclusions:CsA treatment can significantly improve the clinical preg-nancy rate and embryo implantation rate of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in patients with URIF,which may be a-chieved by promoting the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes to the direction of embryo implantation,es-pecially by down-regulating the percentage of CD3-CD16+CD56+.CsA has a certain application prospect in the field of assisted reproduction.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of Cyclosporine A(CsA)in patients with unexplained repeated implantation failure(URIF),and to analyze the changes of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets after CsA treatment.Methods:105 patients with URIF who underwent frozen-thawed embryo transfer(FET)in the De-partment of Reproductive Medicine in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from Septem-ber 30,2021 to March 1,2022 were selected.After informed consent,the patients were divided into CsA group(n=52)and control group(n=53)according to whether they received CsA treatment or not.Pregnancy outcomes and changes in lymphocyte subset were compared between the two groups.Results:The embryo implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate in CsA group were higher than those in the control group,the difference was statisti-cally significant(48.91%vs.32.56%,P=0.027;53.85%vs.32.08%,P=0.024).The CsA group had a lower ear-ly abortion rate than the control group(10.71%vs.23.53%),but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.25).The percentage of CD3-CD16+CD56+in CsA group was significantly decreased after treatment[(16.15±5.37)%vs.(18.23±7.10)%,P=0.012],it was also lower than that in the control group[(16.15±5.37)%vs.(18.67±5.16)%,P=0.018].Conclusions:CsA treatment can significantly improve the clinical preg-nancy rate and embryo implantation rate of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in patients with URIF,which may be a-chieved by promoting the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes to the direction of embryo implantation,es-pecially by down-regulating the percentage of CD3-CD16+CD56+.CsA has a certain application prospect in the field of assisted reproduction.