OBJECTIVE: This study explored the job choice preferences of Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) workers to provide CDC management information and recommendations for optimizing employee retention and motivation policies. METHODS: A discrete choice experiment was conducted in nine provinces across China. Seven key attributes were identified to analyze the job preferences of CDC workers. Mixed logit models, latent class models, and policy simulation tools were used. RESULTS: A valid sample of 5,944 cases was included in the analysis. All seven attributes significantly influenced the job choices of CDC workers. Heterogeneity analyses identified two main groups based on different levels of preference for attribute utility. Income-prioritizers were concerned with income and opportunities for career development, whereas bianzhi-prioritizers were concerned with bianzhi and welfare benefits. The policy simulation analysis revealed that income-prioritizers had a relatively higher sensitivity to multiple job preference incentives. CONCLUSION Income and bianzhi were the two key attributes influencing the job choices and retention preferences of CDC workers. Heterogeneity in job preferences was also identified. Based on the preference characteristics of different subgroups, policy content should be skewed to differentiate the importance of incentives.
China ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; Middle Aged ; Choice Behavior ; Career Choice ; Motivation

OBJECTIVE: To observe the skin surface microcirculation of acupoints of conception vessel, governor vessel and thoroughfare vessel in patients with primary dysmenorrhea using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), and provide acupoint selection basis of acupuncture-moxibustion for primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: Ninety-nine healthy female college students with regular menstrual cycles (normal group) and 94 female college students with primary dysmenorrhea (dysmenorrhea group) were recruited. Before menstrual period, on the first day of menstruation, and on the third day after menstruation, LSCI was used to observe the surface microcirculation at the abdominal acupoints of conception vessel, i. e. Yinjiao (CV 7), Qihai (CV 6), Shimen (CV 5), Guanyuan (CV 4), Zhongji (CV 3) and Qugou (CV 2), acupoints of thoroughfare vessel, i. e. Huangshu (KI 16), Zhongzhu (KI 15), Siman (KI 14), Qixue (KI 13), Dahe (KI 12), Henggu (KI 11) and acupoints of lumbosacral region of governor vessel, i. e. Xuanshu (GV 5), Mingmen (GV 4), Yaoyangguan (GV 3), Yaoshu (GV 2) as well as two non-acupoints. RESULTS: Before menstrual period, there was no significant difference in the surface blood perfusion of the acupoints between the dysmenorrhea group and the normal group (P>0.05). On the first day of menstruation, the surface blood perfusion of Xuanshu (GV 5), Mingmen (GV 4), Yaoyangguan (GV 3) and right Huangshu (KI 16) in the dysmenorrhea group was higher than that in the normal group (P<0.05, P<0.01). On the third day after menstruation, the surface blood perfusion of the right Henggu (KI 11) in the dysmenorrhea group was lower than that in the normal group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION In patients with primary dysmenorrhea, on the first day of menstruation, the surface blood perfusion of Xuanshu (GV 5), Mingmen (GV 4), Yaoyangguan (GV 3) of governor vessel, and the right Huangshu (KI 16) of thoroughfare vessel is increased, while on the third day after menstruation, the surface blood perfusion of the right Henggu (KI 11) of thoroughfare vessel is decreased. These findings might provide a basis for acupoint selection in the acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.
Humans ; Female ; Microcirculation ; Dysmenorrhea/therapy* ; Menstrual Cycle ; Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy

Objective: To optimize the preparation process for Haoqin-Huaban granules so as to provide experimental basis for the development and utilization of the compound. Methods: Taking the extraction rate of gentiopicroside from Gentiana macrophylla Pall as the observation index, L₉(3⁴)orthogonal test was used to investigate the amount of water, extraction time, and extraction frequency for optimizing the water extracting technology of the Haoqin-Huaban granules. Then the dry paste was used for the raw material, the ratio of the diluent (dextrin) and the concentration and dosage of the binder (ethanol) were investigated by single factor, and the particles were prepared. Results: The optimum water extraction process was A2B2C3, which indicated that the prescribed medicinal materials with 8 times water were extracted 1 h for 3 times. The extract was concentrated into paste, vacuum drying, pulverizing, mixing according to the ratio of 5:1, with ethanol, made of soft material, pelletizing, drying at 60 ℃ for granulation, in order to make Haoqin-Huaban granules. Conclusions The preparation process is reasonable and feasible, which provides experimental basis for the industrial production of Haoqin-Huaban granules.

Objective Irregular antibody screening and identification are very important to reduce hemolytic reaction.The dis-tribution of irregular antibodies of blood group was analyzed in patients, to provide evidence for using Micro column gel test to detect and identify irregular antibodies transfusion safety. Methods Micro column gel anti-globulin technique was used to screen the irregular an-tibodies and cross-matching in 29770 patients.If the serum had irregular antibodies, the spectrum cells were used to identify the specific-ity of irregular antibodies. Results Among 29 770 patients, 120 cases had irregular antibodies of blood group.The positive rate was 0.4%.The irregular antibodies include Rh system(n=67),MNS system (n=7), Lewis system(n=5),cases of Kidd system(n=3) and undefined specified antibodies(n=38).Among the 120 antibody-positive patients, 70 were female patients and 50 were male patients. Further study showed that the pregnancy history was to the main factor causing irregular antibodies in women (46 positive cases among 70 female patients) . Conclusion The study showed that some patients had irregular antibodies of blood group, especially female patients with pregnancy history.These results suggested that irregular antibody screening and cross-matching by micro column gel method in pa-tients before transfusion had great significance for ensuring the blood transfusion safety.

Objective:To establish and validate a method for the determination of particle size and size distribution of gefitinib. Methods:A Malvern Mastersizer 3000 laser size analyzer and a Hydro LV wet autosampler were used,a light scattering method for the determination of particle size and size distribution was adopted to analyze the particle size of gefitinib,and then the methodological study was carried out. The pump speed was 2 000 r·min -1 ,the obscuration was 8% -20% ,the measurement time of background and sample was 10 s,the sample RI was 1. 500,and the sample absorbance was 0. 00. Results:The D10 of 3 batches of gefitinib was less than 7 μm,the D50 was less than 15 μm and the D90 was less than 25 μm,which all met the preparation requirements of final products. Conclusion:The method is accurate,simple and repeatable,and suitable for the particle size analysis of gefitinib.

Communities of bacteria wrapped in self-generated extracellular polymeric matrix and attached to a solid surface are known as biofilm. Biofilm formation and development can be divided into three stages: adhesion of cells to a surface, reproduction of the cells, and dispersion of cells. The procedure, which surface-attached biofilm disperses bacterial cells into the environment to colonize new sites, is defined as biofilm dispersal. Biofilm dispersal is an essential stage of biofilm life cycle. It plays an important role in the transmission of bacteria. For many pathogenic bacteria, biofilm dispersal can transform bacteria in biofilm into planktonic state and promote the spread of infection. The formation of biofilm may increase the resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agent and host defence response compared with planktonic cells. In the oral cavity, oral microorganism can attach to the surface of oral tissue and prosthesis to form biofilm. Dental caries and periodontal disease are oral chronic infections diseases of the oral tissue. The occurrence of them has a close relationship with biofilm. The mechanism of dispersal is a hot topic in recent years. Some agents which promote dispersal might be a therapeutic potential against biofilm infections. The clinical implication of dispersal agents and potential application are promising. This article reviews the dispersal-inducing agents of oral biofilms.
Bacteria ; Biofilms ; Dental Caries ; Humans

Communities of bacteria wrapped in self-generated extracellular polymeric matrix and attached to a solid surface are known as biofilm. Biofilm formation and development can be divided into three stages: adhesion of cells to a surface, reproduction of the cells, and dispersion of cells. The procedure, which surface-attached biofilm disperses bacterial cells into the environment to colonize new sites, is defined as biofilm dispersal. Biofilm dispersal is an essential stage of biofilm life cycle. It plays an important role in the transmission of bacteria. For many pathogenic bacteria, biofilm dispersal can transform bacteria in biofilm into planktonic state and promote the spread of infection. The formation of biofilm may increase the resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agent and host defence response compared with planktonic cells. In the oral cavity, oral microorganism can attach to the surface of oral tissue and prosthesis to form biofilm. Dental caries and periodontal disease are oral chronic infections diseases of the oral tissue. The occurrence of them has a close relationship with biofilm. The mechanism of dispersal is a hot topic in recent years. Some agents which promote dispersal might be a therapeutic potential against biofilm infections. The clinical implication of dispersal agents and potential application are promising. This article reviews the dispersal-inducing agents of oral biofilms.

Objective To characterize the baseline status of Chinese diabetic patients based on data derived from Chinese cohort from SOLVETM study.Methods Patients with type 2 diabetes initiating basal insulin detemir at the decision of the physician were eligible for the study.Data on demographics,medical history,glycemic profile and treatment regimen at baseline were collected by physicians.Results A total of 3272 patients [female 42％,male 58％,mean age (56.2 ± 10.8) years] were included in the study.Their BMI was (25.3 ± 3.3) kg/m2.The duration of diabetes was 4.0 (0.1-27.0) years,and the duration of treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) was 3.0(0.0-20.2) years.The proportions of subjects with diabetic macro-and micro-vascular complications were 15.8％ (515 cases) and 27.1％ (866 cases),respectively.The hemoglobin Al c (HbAl c) at baseline was (8.33 ± 1.70) ％,and the fasting blood glucose (FPG) was (9.5 ± 2.6) mmol/L.Conclusions A large proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes remain in poor glycemic control,and the prevalence of diabetic complications is high,which requires optimal therapeutic strategy for the patients with suboptimal glycemic control.

Objective Exploring clinical prediction value of the ischemia modified albumin (IMA) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods A total of 109 cases of the PCI postoperative patients of ACS at the Panggang General Hospital from January 2010 to July 2012 were included.IMA was determined within 6 hours after admission,and standardized treatment after PCI.After a 6-month follow-up,they were divided into the event group and non-event group according to cardiovascular events occurrence.Results 101 cases were followed-up,including 26 cases of cardiovascular events (25.74％) and 75 cases of no cardiovascular events (74.26％).The left ventricular ejection fraction of the event group [(45 ± 7)％] was significantly lower than the non-event group [(52 ± 10) ％] (t =1.894,P ＜ 0.05).Serum IMA of the event group[(105.51 ± 13.26) U/ml]was significantly higher than the non-event group [(85.18 ± 11.36) U/ml] (t =7.3518,P ＜0.01).After controlling other cardiovascular risk factors,IMA was still independent risk factors for cardiovascular events (OR =1.69,95％ CI: 1.18 ～ 2.13,P =0.01).Conclusions IMA have very good clinical prediction value of cardiovascular events occurrence for ACS after PCI.