Objective: To explore the intervention effects of different exercise modalities on executive function in school aged children, providing references for formulating exercise prescriptions to promote school aged children executive function. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and CBM to identify studies on the effects of exercises on executive function in school aged children. The search period spanned from the database inception to August 2025. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies. Network Meta analysis was performed using Stata 16.0. Results: A total of 51 studies involving 5 710 school aged children and seven modalities of exercises(control group,small ball sports,large ball sports,aerobic exercise,combined exercise,sport game,gymnastic and dance sports) were finally included. Network Meta analysis showed that, in terms of inhibitory control development of school aged children, small ball sports ( SMD =-0.98,95% CI =-1.32 to -0.64 ), large ball sports ( SMD =-0.64,95% CI =-0.91 to -0.36), and mixed sports ( SMD =-0.26,95% CI =-0.50 to -0.02]) were more effective than the control group; in terms of working memory, largeball sports ( SMD =-1.26,95% CI =-1.88 to -0.65) and small ball sports ( SMD =-0.91,95% CI =-1.64 to -0.19) were superior to the control group; in terms of improving cognitive flexibility, large ball sports ( SMD =-1.02,95% CI =-1.28 to -0.76), gymnastics and dance sports ( SMD =-0.80,95% CI =-1.21 to -0.40), and small ball sports ( SMD =-0.75,95% CI =-1.15 to -0.36) were more effective than the control group (all P <0.05). Surface under cumulative ranking curve(SUCRA) showed that small ball sports had the highest value (SUCRA=98.9%) in improving inhibitory control, while large ball sports achieved the highest score(SUCRA=92.6%) in enhancing working memory, and large ball sports also had the highest value(SUCRA=94.7%) in promoting cognitive flexibility. Conclusions For developing inhibitory control in school aged children, small ball sports are recommended as a priority. For enhancing working memory and cognitive flexibility, large ball sports are recommended.

Purpose To explore the clinicopathologic features,pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of Malaco-plakia.Methods The clinical features,imaging manifestations,cytopathologic features,histopathologic features,im-munohistochemistry,special staining and molecular pathological manifestations of 17 patients with Malacoplakia were analysed and the relevant literature was reviewed.Results Seventeen patients with Malacoplakia were mostly female,of which 13 lesions were located in the bladder,1 in the prostate,1 in the colon,1 in the right external auditory canal,and 1 in the retroperitoneum.Cytologic morphology varied depending on the site of the lesion,with phagocytes and MG-like microsomal analogues seen in renal puncture cytology,and small numbers of squamous epithelial cells and uroepi-thelial cells(NHGUC)seen in urinary cytology specimens.Histologic morphology showed a large number of foamy his-tiocytes and small numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils against a background of chronic inflammation dominated by lymphocytes and plasma cells;the cytoplasm of the histiocytes was eosinophilic and granular,with blue calcified vesi-cles scattered throughout,some of which were in the form of target-ring or concentric-circle-like structures,which are known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies(MG bodies).Special stains showed PAS and iron staining(+);immunohisto-chemistry showed diffuse histiocyte CD68(+),CD163(+),CK(AE1/AE3)(-);molecular pathology showed TB-DNA(-).Conclusion Malacoplakia is a chronic granulomatous disease that can be cured.Imaging often shows occupancy,which is easily misdiagnosed as a tumour clinically,and confirming the diagnosis mainly relies on patholog-ical diagnosis,differential diagnosis includes xanthogranulomatous cystitis,xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis,colon cancer,granulosa cell tumour and Langerhans histiocytosis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the methodological quality and reporting quality of published guidelines/consensuses on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD）， and to provide a basis for formulating guidelines/consensuses on TCM/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD in the future. MethodsDatabases including PubMed， Embase， Web of Science， CNKI， Wanfang Data， and CBM and the websites of China Association of Chinese Medicine and China Association of Integrative Medicine were searched for related articles published up to September 1， 2024. Two clinical researchers independently assessed the methodological quality and reporting quality of the guidelines/consensuses on TCM/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD by using Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation Ⅱ （AGREE Ⅱ） and Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare （RIGHT）. ResultsA total of nine guidelines/consensuses were included after literature screening， with four guidelines and five expert consensuses. The scores of different domains assessed by AGREE Ⅱ for the nine guidelines/consensuses were as follows： scope and purpose （47.1%）， stakeholder involvement （41.0%）， rigor of development （21.6%）， clarity of presentation （40.2%）， applicability （19.0%）， and editorial independence （19.6%）. The recommendation level of the articles was B level （recommended after revision） for four articles and C level （not recommended） for five articles. The RIGHT assessment showed high reporting rates for “Basic Information” and “Background”， while other areas needed to be improved. Currently， there was no international standard for the guidelines/consensuses on TCM/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD， and the quality of these guidelines/consensuses needed to be enhanced to ensure comprehensiveness and credibility. ConclusionThere is still potential for improving the quality of guidelines/consensuses on TCM/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD， and AGREE Ⅱ and RIGHT checklists should be strictly followed to ensure the fairness， scientific rigor， and transparency of these guidelines/consensuses.

BACKGROUND: Chronic liver disease (CLD), mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a significant public health concern worldwide. This study aims to quantify the burden of NAFLD in CLD globally and within China, using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, providing crucial insights for global and local health policies. METHODS: The study used comprehensive data from the GBD study 2021. It included estimates of prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Age-standardized rates and average annual percent change (AAPC) from 2011 to 2021 were reported. A meticulous decomposition analysis was conducted. RESULTS: In 2021, there were 1582.5 million prevalent cases, 47.6 million incident cases, 1.4 million deaths, and 44.4 million DALYs attributable to CLD, globally. Among these, NAFLD has emerged as the predominant cause, accounting for 78.0% of all prevalent CLD cases (1234.7 million) and 87.2% of incident cases (41.5 million). Correspondingly, NAFLD had the highest age-standardized prevalence (15,017.5 per 100,000 population) and incidence (876.5 per 100,000 population) rates among CLDs. In addition, China's CLD age-standardized prevalence rate was 21,659.5 per 100,000 population, and the age-standardized incidence rate was 752.6 per 100,000 population, higher than the global average. From 2011 to 2021, the global prevalence rate of CLD increased slowly (AAPC = 0.17), consistent with the trend in China (AAPC = 0.23). Furthermore, the prevalence rate of NAFLD rose significantly in China (AAPC = 1.30) compared with the global average (AAPC = 0.91). Decomposition analysis also showed the worldwide increase in deaths and DALYs for NAFLD, which were primarily attributable to population growth and aging. CONCLUSIONS The burden of CLD and NAFLD remains substantial globally and within China in terms of high prevalence and incidence. As such, this underscores the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies. These findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and research to mitigate the growing impact of liver diseases on global and Chinese health systems.
Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/mortality* ; Global Burden of Disease ; China/epidemiology* ; Prevalence ; Male ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Female ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Adult ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Liver Diseases/epidemiology* ; Aged

Objective:To clarify the current status of mechanical ventilation management in critically ill patients and identify prognostic risk factors in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, thereby providing evidence for targeted training programs and quality improvement initiatives.Methods:A cohort study was conducted across multiple ICUs in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January 31 to February 1, 2024. Patients receiving mechanical ventilation during the study period were enrolled, with clinical outcomes followed up until February 28, 2024. Statistical analyses included demographic characteristics, therapeutic interventions, laboratory parameters, and medication regimens.Results:A total of 77 ICUs and 727 patients were screened in the study, and 253 (34.80%) patients who received mechanical ventilation were ultimately included. Among these patients, 177 patients (69.96%) were treated in tertiary hospitals, and 76 patients (30.04%) in secondary hospitals. Significant differences were observed between tertiary and secondary hospitals regarding ventilator mode selection and mechanical ventilation parameter settings (all P<0.05). No significant differences were found in the 28-day mortality rate between tertiary hospitals and secondary hospitals (33.9% vs. 43.4%, P=0.194). Compared with patients in the survival group, death group patients were older and had more severe disease severity. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that body temperature ( HR=1.573, 95% CI: 1.173-2.110, P=0.003), white blood cell count ( HR=1.048, 95% CI: 1.012-1.084, P=0.008), pH ( HR=0.019, 95% CI: 0.001-0.349, P=0.007), age > 65 years ( HR=1.817, 95% CI: 1.086-3.041, P=0.023), and fraction of inspired oxygen ≥ 60% ( HR=2.072, 95% CI: 1.143-3.757, P=0.016) were independent influencing factors for 28-day mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. Conclusions:Mechanically ventilated patients are a major component of the ICU population in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with the characteristics of high risk of death. The clinical practice of mechanical ventilation in this region is heterogeneous. In the future, it is urgent to strengthen the improvement of medical quality and related training to improve the success rate of patients with mechanical ventilation.

Objective:To analyze the incidence trend of lip and oral cancer in China from 1990 to 2021.Methods:The incidence data of lip and oral cancer in China from 1990 to 2021 were obtained through the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database, including incidence rates by gender and age-standardized incidence rates. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trend of lip and oral cancer incidence rate. Age-period-cohort (APC) model was adopted to estimate the effects of Age, Period and Cohort on the incidence of lip and oral cancer in China.Results:The crude and age-standardized incidence rates of lip and oral cancer in China from 1990 to 2021 showed an increasing trend, and the crude incidence rates of the whole population, male and female in the year 2021 increased by 216.8%, 266.7% and 130.4%, respectively, compared with 1990. The age effect, period effect and birth cohort effect of the incidence risk of lip and oral cancer in China were statistically significant (all P<0.05). People of older the age and the more recent the birth cohort, the higher the incidence risk. Conclusions:The incidence of lip and oral cancer is on the rise in China from 1990 to 2021. Age, period and birth cohort are all the factors affecting the incidence of lip and oral cancer.

Objective:To analyze the incidence trend of lip and oral cancer in China from 1990 to 2021.Methods:The incidence data of lip and oral cancer in China from 1990 to 2021 were obtained through the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database, including incidence rates by gender and age-standardized incidence rates. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trend of lip and oral cancer incidence rate. Age-period-cohort (APC) model was adopted to estimate the effects of Age, Period and Cohort on the incidence of lip and oral cancer in China.Results:The crude and age-standardized incidence rates of lip and oral cancer in China from 1990 to 2021 showed an increasing trend, and the crude incidence rates of the whole population, male and female in the year 2021 increased by 216.8%, 266.7% and 130.4%, respectively, compared with 1990. The age effect, period effect and birth cohort effect of the incidence risk of lip and oral cancer in China were statistically significant (all P<0.05). People of older the age and the more recent the birth cohort, the higher the incidence risk. Conclusions:The incidence of lip and oral cancer is on the rise in China from 1990 to 2021. Age, period and birth cohort are all the factors affecting the incidence of lip and oral cancer.

Purpose To explore the clinicopathologic features,pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of Malaco-plakia.Methods The clinical features,imaging manifestations,cytopathologic features,histopathologic features,im-munohistochemistry,special staining and molecular pathological manifestations of 17 patients with Malacoplakia were analysed and the relevant literature was reviewed.Results Seventeen patients with Malacoplakia were mostly female,of which 13 lesions were located in the bladder,1 in the prostate,1 in the colon,1 in the right external auditory canal,and 1 in the retroperitoneum.Cytologic morphology varied depending on the site of the lesion,with phagocytes and MG-like microsomal analogues seen in renal puncture cytology,and small numbers of squamous epithelial cells and uroepi-thelial cells(NHGUC)seen in urinary cytology specimens.Histologic morphology showed a large number of foamy his-tiocytes and small numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils against a background of chronic inflammation dominated by lymphocytes and plasma cells;the cytoplasm of the histiocytes was eosinophilic and granular,with blue calcified vesi-cles scattered throughout,some of which were in the form of target-ring or concentric-circle-like structures,which are known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies(MG bodies).Special stains showed PAS and iron staining(+);immunohisto-chemistry showed diffuse histiocyte CD68(+),CD163(+),CK(AE1/AE3)(-);molecular pathology showed TB-DNA(-).Conclusion Malacoplakia is a chronic granulomatous disease that can be cured.Imaging often shows occupancy,which is easily misdiagnosed as a tumour clinically,and confirming the diagnosis mainly relies on patholog-ical diagnosis,differential diagnosis includes xanthogranulomatous cystitis,xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis,colon cancer,granulosa cell tumour and Langerhans histiocytosis.

Objective:To perform harmonization based on the ComBat method for PET brain imaging scanned by different types of scanners from the same manufacturer and explored its effect on center effect.Methods:The three-dimensional (3D) Hoffman brain model was scanned by two different PET/CT instruments (Siemens Biograph64 TruePoint and Biograph128 mCT). Fourteen healthy subjects (8 males, 6 females, age: (57.7±9.5) years) underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT on Siemens Biograph64 TruePoint and 12 healthy subjects (9 males, 3 females, age: (55.8±10.5) years) underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT on Siemens Biograph128 mCT (all from Huashan Hospital, Fudan University; from November 2020 to March 2023). The whole brain was divided into 116 brain regions based on the anatomical automatic labeling (AAL) brain template. The ComBat method was applied to harmonized the PET data from brain model and healthy subjects. Mann-Whitney U test was performed on the radioactive counts and SUV ratios (SUVR) before and after homogenization acquired by both PET/CT instruments. Voxel-based statistical parametric mapping (SPM) independent-sample t test was also performed on data of healthy subjects. Results:In 3D Hoffman brain model, radioactivity counts (5 590.33(4 961.67, 6 102.95) vs 6 116.03(5 420.97, 6 660.66); z=-9.35, P<0.001) and SUVR (1.35(1.19, 1.47) vs 1.37(1.21, 1.49); z=-3.63, P<0.001) were significantly different between the two PET/CT scanners before harmonization and not after harmonization (radioactivity counts: 5 845.95(5 192.68, 6 378.63) vs 5 859.17(5 193.84, 6 380.52); SUVR: 1.35(1.20, 1.48) vs 1.36(1.20, 1.49); both z=-0.68, both P=0.498). In the healthy subjects, radioactive counts in 19 brain regions (12 422.78(11 181.60, 13 424.28)-18 166.40(15 882.80, 18 666.27); z values: from -3.24 to -2.06, all P<0.05) and SUVR in 40 brain regions (1.46(1.41, 1.52)-2.28(2.16, 2.36); z values: from -3.65 to -1.70, all P<0.05) were significantly different between the two scanners before harmonization, while after homogenization there were no statistical differences for all 116 brain regions (radioactivity counts: 9 243.55(8 502.38, 9 854.87)-20 419.60(19 931.51, 21 179.43); z values: from -0.72 to 0, all P>0.05; SUVR: 1.04(1.01, 1.09)-2.32(2.24, 2.40); z values: from -0.82 to 0, all P>0.05). SPM showed that significant differences of glucose metabolism in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, midbrain and cerebellum were found in healthy subjects between the two PET/CT scanners before homogenization, and brain regions with obvious differences reduced after homogenization. Conclusion:ComBat harmonization method is efficient at removing the center effect among different types of PET/CT scanners from the same manufacturer and may provide a simple and easy-to-implement homogenization for multicenter brain imaging studies.

Objectives:To investigate the rate and risk factors of tip displacement of umbilical venous catheterization (UVC) in preterm infants.Methods:This was a multicenter cohort study. Study population were preterm infants admitted to 44 tertiary hospitals in China between October 2019 and August 2021. Demographic information, general clinical data, UVC indwelling conditions and related complications were collected. The primary outcome was the rate of UVC tip displacement. The observation time points were 2 d and 7 d after UVC. They were grouped according to UVC displacement, gestational age, and birth weight. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of UVC tip displacement.Results:The 2 086 preterm infants had a gestational age of (29.9±2.3) weeks and a birth weight of (1 248±298) g. There were 1 106 male preterm infants (53.0%). The rate of UVC displacement at 2 d and 7 d were 34.6% (721/2 086) and 33.6% (494/1 470), respectively, with no statistically significant difference ( χ2=0.35, P=0.533). Univariate analysis indicated that male infants, small gestational age, low birth weight and small catheter diameter were all risk factors for UVC tip displacement at the 2 d time point (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that small catheter diameter was an independent risk factor for tip displacement at both 2 d ( OR=0.47, 95% CI 0.34-0.66) and 7 d ( OR=0.39, 95% CI 0.25-0.59) time points (both P<0.001). Conclusions:The rate of UVC tip displacement is high in preterm infants. It should be avoided to deliberately select a small diameter catheter for UVC, and pay attention to the imaging monitoring of the tip position after UVC.