Protein therapeutics, owing to their high specificity and potent activity, have demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of various ocular diseases, particularly playing a central role in posterior segment disorders such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and uveitis.However, effective ocular delivery remains challenging because of anatomical barriers and rapid clearance mechanisms.Topical eye drops are convenient but suffer from low bioavailability and poor stability, while intravitreal injections are effective but invasive and require frequent administration.This expert commentary outlines current applications of protein drugs in the eye, evaluates key delivery challenges, and discusses the physiological barriers encountered in ocular protein delivery via eye drops, along with strategies to enhance drug stability and penetration on the ocular surface, as well as the metabolic clearance pathways following intraocular injection and approaches to prolong intraocular drug residence time.By highlighting both limitations and potential solutions, this article aims to enlighten the development of more effective ocular protein therapies.

Protein therapeutics, owing to their high specificity and potent activity, have demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of various ocular diseases, particularly playing a central role in posterior segment disorders such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and uveitis.However, effective ocular delivery remains challenging because of anatomical barriers and rapid clearance mechanisms.Topical eye drops are convenient but suffer from low bioavailability and poor stability, while intravitreal injections are effective but invasive and require frequent administration.This expert commentary outlines current applications of protein drugs in the eye, evaluates key delivery challenges, and discusses the physiological barriers encountered in ocular protein delivery via eye drops, along with strategies to enhance drug stability and penetration on the ocular surface, as well as the metabolic clearance pathways following intraocular injection and approaches to prolong intraocular drug residence time.By highlighting both limitations and potential solutions, this article aims to enlighten the development of more effective ocular protein therapies.

Objective To detect the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferengamma (IFN-γ) in brucellosis patients and to study the Th1 immune response in acute and chronic patients.Method Serum levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma of 110 brucellosis patients,including 58 acute brucellosis patients and 52 chronic brucellosis patients,were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from 2014 to 2015 in Zhangjiakou Infectious Disease Hospital.Results The serum levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma of 58 acute brucellosis patients were (38.2± 3.6) pg/L and (31.3 ± 3.7) ng/L,respectively;the serum levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma of 52 chronic brucellosis patients were (12.4 ± 2.6) pg/L and (8.8 ± 3.4) ng/L,respectively.The differences were statistically significant between acute and chronic patients (t =43.216,33.809,all P ＜ 0.05).The early cure rate,early base cure rate,improvement rate and inefficiency rate were 36.2％ (21/58),32.7％ (19/58),25.9％ (15/58)and 5.2％ (3/58),respectively in acute patients.Inversely,they were 17.3％ (9/52),13.5％ (7/52),15.4％ (8/52)and 53.8％ (28/52),respectively in chronic patients.The therapeutic effect was better in acutepatients than chronic patients (x2 =4.937,5.657,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion It seems that acute brucellosis patients have a higher serum levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma and a better prognosis due to effective Th1 immune response,and chronic brucellosis patients are associated with poor outcome due to deficiency of Th1 immune response.

50%),3 cases speculate that tubecavity didn′t change obviously between cancer lesion and bronchus.The main appearance of bronchiole near lesion distribution was presented as expressed,displacement,going round.There was not constriction obviously or blockage in tubecavity.The main appearance of histology near lesion border was presented as degenerated fibrous tissue envelope and collapse alveoli tissue by lesion expressed.Conclusion The pathological base of interface imaging asymmetry distribution in PLC is bronchial tube emphraxis,lymphatic vessel refluent obstruction,pulmonary interstitial fibrous tissue proliferation,carcinoma infiltration in cancer nodules and lung interface that cancer lesion resulted.