Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the underlying mechanism through which Zhuluan decoction suppresses excessive autophagy in human ovarian granulosa cells （KGN） and ameliorates premature ovarian insufficiency （POI） via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway. MethodsThe optimal concentration of cyclophosphamide for inducing a POI model in KGN cells was identified via the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay. Subsequently， the impacts of varying concentrations of Zhuluan decoction-containing serum on the viability of the KGN cell model were assessed. After the optimal drug concentration was determined， KGN cells were categorized into the following groups： blank control （20% blank serum）， model （20% blank serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）， Zhuluan decoction-containing serum （20% Zhuluan decoction-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）， autophagy inhibitor （20% blank serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide + 20 μmol·L^-1 chloroquine phosphate）， autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum （20% Zhuluan decoction-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide + 20 μmol·L^-1 chloroquine phosphate）， and estradiol valerate （20% estradiol valerate-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）. Following 48 hours of incubation， flow cytometry was utilized to measure the apoptosis rate of KGN cells in each group. Western blotting was employed to quantify the protein levels of PI3K， phosphorylated （p）-Akt， Akt， p-mTOR， and mTOR， along with the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins such as Beclin1， autophagy-related 5 homolog （ATG5）， and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， in each group. Additionally， monodansylcadaverine （MDC） staining was performed to evaluate the extent of autophagy in each group. ResultsIncubation of KGN cells with 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide for 48 h successfully established a POI model， marked by a significant inhibition of KGN cell proliferation. Notably， the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on KGN cell proliferation exhibited a positive correlation with its concentration. Zhuluan decoction-containing serum at 20% and 30% promoted cell proliferation and mitigated the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on KGN cell proliferation， with comparable therapeutic efficacy observed at both concentrations. Compared with the blank control group， the model group displayed an elevated apoptosis rate （P<0.01）， reduced protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR （P<0.01）， increased protein levels of Beclin1， LC3， and ATG5 （P<0.01）， no significant alterations in the protein levels of Akt and mTOR， and an enhanced MDC autophagy fluorescence intensity （P<0.01）. In comparison to that the model group， the apoptosis rates in the blank control group， model group， Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group， autophagy inhibitor group， autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group， and estradiol valerate group all reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the most pronounced reduction observed in the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group. The protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR were higher in other groups than in the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， being the highest in the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoctio-containing serum group （P<0.01）. The protein levels of Beclin1 and ATG5 were lower in other groups than in the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expression level of LC3 declined in the Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group and the estradiol valerate group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while it decreased without statistical significance in the autophagy inhibitor group and the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group. ConclusionZhuluan decoction may activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to inhibit excessive autophagy and counteract the detrimental effects of cyclophosphamide on the KGN cell model， thus managing POI.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the underlying mechanism through which Zhuluan decoction suppresses excessive autophagy in human ovarian granulosa cells （KGN） and ameliorates premature ovarian insufficiency （POI） via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway. MethodsThe optimal concentration of cyclophosphamide for inducing a POI model in KGN cells was identified via the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay. Subsequently， the impacts of varying concentrations of Zhuluan decoction-containing serum on the viability of the KGN cell model were assessed. After the optimal drug concentration was determined， KGN cells were categorized into the following groups： blank control （20% blank serum）， model （20% blank serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）， Zhuluan decoction-containing serum （20% Zhuluan decoction-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）， autophagy inhibitor （20% blank serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide + 20 μmol·L^-1 chloroquine phosphate）， autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum （20% Zhuluan decoction-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide + 20 μmol·L^-1 chloroquine phosphate）， and estradiol valerate （20% estradiol valerate-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）. Following 48 hours of incubation， flow cytometry was utilized to measure the apoptosis rate of KGN cells in each group. Western blotting was employed to quantify the protein levels of PI3K， phosphorylated （p）-Akt， Akt， p-mTOR， and mTOR， along with the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins such as Beclin1， autophagy-related 5 homolog （ATG5）， and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， in each group. Additionally， monodansylcadaverine （MDC） staining was performed to evaluate the extent of autophagy in each group. ResultsIncubation of KGN cells with 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide for 48 h successfully established a POI model， marked by a significant inhibition of KGN cell proliferation. Notably， the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on KGN cell proliferation exhibited a positive correlation with its concentration. Zhuluan decoction-containing serum at 20% and 30% promoted cell proliferation and mitigated the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on KGN cell proliferation， with comparable therapeutic efficacy observed at both concentrations. Compared with the blank control group， the model group displayed an elevated apoptosis rate （P<0.01）， reduced protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR （P<0.01）， increased protein levels of Beclin1， LC3， and ATG5 （P<0.01）， no significant alterations in the protein levels of Akt and mTOR， and an enhanced MDC autophagy fluorescence intensity （P<0.01）. In comparison to that the model group， the apoptosis rates in the blank control group， model group， Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group， autophagy inhibitor group， autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group， and estradiol valerate group all reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the most pronounced reduction observed in the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group. The protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR were higher in other groups than in the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， being the highest in the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoctio-containing serum group （P<0.01）. The protein levels of Beclin1 and ATG5 were lower in other groups than in the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expression level of LC3 declined in the Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group and the estradiol valerate group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while it decreased without statistical significance in the autophagy inhibitor group and the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group. ConclusionZhuluan decoction may activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to inhibit excessive autophagy and counteract the detrimental effects of cyclophosphamide on the KGN cell model， thus managing POI.

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for medical institutions to establish the record management mode and review rules of off-label use of 5-aminolevulinic acid （ALA） in photodynamic therapy based on the level of evidence. METHODS All ALA-containing outpatient prescriptions in the rational drug use system in our hospital from January 1， 2024 to December 31， 2025 were retrospectively collected. Based on the drug instructions， the current status of off-label use of ALA in photodynamic therapy was identified . The relevant studies in Micromedex， PubMed， CNKI， Wanfang Data and other databases were systematically searched as the relevant evidence-based evidence of ALA off-label use. According to the Off-label Drug Use Filing Standard of the hospital，the evidence-based evaluation method was used to evaluate the evidence-based evidence of ALA off-label use and carry out hierarchical management. RESULTS A total of 1 803 effective prescriptions were included， of which 676 （37.49%） were off-label use， distributed in the dermatology department （564 prescriptions，83.43%） and the plastic surgery department （112 prescriptions，16.57%）. All 676 prescriptions were off-indications medication， involving ten types of skin diseases， primarily including moderate to severe acne （39.94%）， skin warts （25.44%）， Bowen’s disease （11.98%）， and others. According to evidence-based evidence，off-label uses such as moderate to severe acne， actinic keratosis， and Bowen’s disease were managed according to the evidence categoryⅠ orⅡ.The uses of extramammary Paget’s disease and rosacea were managed according to the evidence category Ⅲ.The uses of lichen sclerosus and keloids were managed according to the evidence category Ⅳ.The results of evidence-based evaluation showed that 92.01% of off-label use in our hospital had high-level evidence-based support （ evidence category was gradeⅠ-Ⅱ）. CONCLUSIONS Off-label uses supported by high-level evidence， such as moderate to severe acne， skin warts， and Bowen’s disease， can be managed under filing category Ⅰ or Ⅱ. For the use of lichen sclerosus and keloids， evidence-based evidence is insufficient and should be strictly restricted.The vast majority of ALA off-label use in our hospital has sufficient evidence-based basis.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors are drugs that target and inhibit tumor angiogenesis. By blocking the signaling pathway of VEGF and its receptor, they suppress tumor proliferation and play a crucial role in tumor treatment. However, their side effects, such as hypertension, proteinuria, hand-foot skin reactions, and myelosuppression, during treatment seriously affect patients' treatment compliance and quality of life. The development of intervention strategies for the side effects of VEGF inhibitors is of great importance for tumor treatment. This article reviews the clinical characteristics and toxic mechanisms of common side effects caused by VEGF inhibitors during tumor treatment and summarizes intervention strategies that combine traditional Chinese and Western medicines. Drug dosages were precisely monitored and adjusted to achieve antitumor treatment. Patients' discomfort symptoms are improved through prescriptions that act by tonifying qi and promoting blood circulation, strengthening the spleen, and tonifying the kidney. The combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicines is used to treat patients, thus providing a safe and effective treatment plan for patients with cancer.

ObjectiveTo delineate imaging findings using an imaging platform and investigate the correlation between MRI characteristics of spinal cord atrophy and clinical diagnosis in children with spinal cord injury (SCI). MethodsImaging data of 150 children with SCI admitted to Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, from January, 2002 to March, 2024 were collected and imported into the imaging platform. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the middle part of the spinal cord at the cross-section with the most severe atrophy were measured, and the relevant indicators of the previous normal spinal cord segment were measured as controls; the radiomic features were extracted. Clinical data of the children including gender, age, cause of injury, sensory level, motor level, spinal cord injury level, injury severity and disease course were collected. ResultsSpinal cord atrophy was identified in 81 cases (54%), among which 78 cases (96%) were American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade A and 3 cases (4%) were AIS grade C. The upper boundary of the spinal cord atrophy site strongly correlated with the injury level, motor level and sensory level (r > 0.8, P < 0.001). ConclusionMore than half of children with SCI may develop secondary spinal cord atrophy, the vast majority of whom suffer from complete spinal cord injury; the upper boundary of spinal cord atrophy is correlated with the injury level.

Optical microscopy is essential for exploring biological and material structures, with resolution determining the level of observable detail. The advent of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy has broken the diffraction limit, achieving nanoscale resolution. However, traditional assessment methods, such as the Rayleigh criterion and point spread function (PSF) width measurement, rely on empirical judgments and diffraction-limited models, rendering them inadequate for modern super-resolution imaging. This review systematically traces the evolution of resolution assessment methodologies, from classical criteria to advanced strategies tailored for various super-resolution modalities. We first discuss Fourier-based quantitative methods. Fourier ring correlation (FRC) and its 3D counterpart, Fourier shell correlation (FSC), objectively determine resolution by evaluating the statistical correlation of two independent image reconstructions in frequency space. These methods offer robustness against noise and provide a global resolution metric, but they require data independence and are computationally intensive. They have become the prevailing standards in electron and super-resolution microscopy. Subsequently, we examine adaptations for specific super-resolution techniques. For single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques such as PALM and STORM, the Fourier image resolution (FIRE) method extends FRC by incorporating a physical model that accounts for localization precision and labeling density. For stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and other nonlinear techniques, assessment strategies differ. While PSF shrinkage measurements using fluorescent beads are useful for system calibration, evaluating the effective resolution directly on biological samples is more practical. This is typically performed via linewidth analysis of known structures (e.g., microtubules) or edge-spread function measurements, capturing the effects of photobleaching and sample-induced aberrations. A major paradigm shift is parameter-free resolution estimation based on decorrelation analysis. This method analyzes the autocorrelation decay of a single image’s Fourier spectrum to identify the cutoff spatial frequency without requiring dual datasets or user-defined thresholds. Its high efficiency and broad applicability have been validated across widefield, confocal, STED, SIM, and SMLM modalities. Optimized rendering strategies for SMLM data further enhance its accuracy, and it is emerging as a tool for real-time optimization of experimental parameters. The review also addresses the “gold standard” of resolution validation using well-defined nanostructures, such as DNA origami and nuclear pore complexes, which provide ground truth for verifying resolution claims and detecting artifacts. In the era of artificial intelligence, deep learning plays a dual role: it powerfully enhances image resolution but also introduces challenges, as models may generate “hallucinations” or false details. This underscores the need for new validation metrics to verify the physical fidelity of AI-generated content. Finally, we outline future directions: developing unified cross-modality standards, enabling real-time dynamic resolution monitoring for live-cell imaging, creating techniques for generating local resolution maps to capture sample heterogeneity, and integrating intelligent error correction to ensure data veracity. By providing a comprehensive overview of resolution assessment progress and challenges, this review aims to equip researchers with the knowledge to select appropriate tools, thereby fostering rigorous quantitative imaging in the life and material sciences.

Objective: To explore the impact of donor reentry experience, specifically among those with a single reactive serological result who completed the reentry process, on their willingness to return for future blood donation, and to examine the mediating roles of blood donation knowledge and trait anxiety. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between November and December 2025. A total of 386 blood donors from the Changsha Blood Center were categorized into a reentry group (n=123) and a control group (n=263). Data on demographic characteristics, blood donation knowledge (BDKQ), trait anxiety (STAI-T), and blood donation return intention (BDRIS) were collected via questionnaires. SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 28.0 were used for statistical analyses, including independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple linear regression, and path analysis for mediating effect testing. Results: There were statistically significant differences in age, occupation, education level, monthly income and donation frequency between the reentry group and the control group (all P<0.05). The reentry group scored significantly higher in blood donation knowledge and blood donation return intention than the control group (both P<0.05). The mean BDRIS score was 11.51±3.62, indicating a relatively high intention to return. Blood donation knowledge was significantly negatively correlated with trait anxiety (r=-0.15, P<0.05) and positively correlated with blood donation return intention (r=0.19, P<0.05); trait anxiety was significantly negatively correlated with blood donation return intention (r=-0.33, P<0.05). Significant differences in BDRIS scores were found based on group (reentry vs control), age, and number of previous donations (all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that BDKQ positively predicted BDRIS (β=0.11, P<0.05), while STAI-T negatively predicted BDRIS (β=-0.27, P<0.05). Path analysis further revealed that the reentry experience had no direct effect on the intention to return. However, it exerted a positive influence through two indirect pathways: 1) a simple mediating effect via increased blood donation knowledge (β=0.17, accounting for 25.0% of the total effect), and 2) a chain mediating effect through "increased blood donation knowledge → decreased trait anxiety" (β=0.05, accounting for 8.1% of the total effect). The model fit indices reached the ideal fitting criteria. Conclusion: The donor reentry experience does not directly enhance the intention to return for blood donation. Rather, it may exert an indirect positive influence by increasing blood donation knowledge and through the sequential pathway of "increased knowledge → decreased trait anxiety". Blood collection institutions should leverage the reentry process as an opportunity for education and psychological support to improve donor retention rate.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between color parameters (L^*, a^*, b^*, Eab^*) and the contents of reducing sugars, total polysaccharides, total oligosaccharides, as well as four saccharides (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and kestose) during the nine cycles of steaming and sun-drying processing of Polygonatum kingianum, and to preliminarily explore the optimal processing duration.
Methods: The color changes were objectively evaluated using a colorimeter. The anthrone-sulfuric acid method was employed to determine total polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. The 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) colorimetric method was used to measure total reducing sugar content. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detection (HPLC-CAD) was applied for quantitative analysis of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and kestose. Multivariate statistical analysis was conducted to assess samples from different processing stages.
Results: Significant variations in color and component contents were observed across processing stages. The herbal pieces progressively darkened with increased processing cycles: brightness (L^*) and total color difference (Eab^*) initially decreased then stabilized, while a^* (red-green) and b^* (yellow-blue) values first increased then declined. Total polysaccharides and oligosaccharides showed overall decreasing trends, whereas reducing sugars initially increased before stabilizing. Fructose and glucose levels rose continuously, while sucrose and kestose decreased progressively, becoming undetectable after five cycles.
Conclusion: The chromatic alteration and saccharide composition of P. kingianum showed significant correlation with processing duration. Both total color difference (Eab^*) and reducing sugar content stabilized after four processing cycles (12 hours), suggesting that four cycles of steaming and sun-drying may represent the optimal processing duration.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the color parameters (L^*, a^*, b^*, Eab^* values) of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata powder prepared by different processing techniques and the contents of 2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, emodin, physcion, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.
Methods: The L^*, a^*, b^* and Eab^* values of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata powder prepared by different processing techniques were determined by spectrophotometer, and the contents of the five components were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Secondly, SPSS 26.0 software and Simca 14.1 software were used to analyze the correlation.
Results: Through the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), it was found that the steamed samples and black bean steamed samples could be obviously divided into two categories: raw products and processed products. The processed products could be further divided into 2-8 h and 12-48 h. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the content of stilbene glycoside was significantly positively correlated with L^*, a^* and b^* values (P<0.01). The a^* value was significantly positively correlated with the content of emodin and physcion (P<0.01). Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside was positively correlated with L^* value and b^* value, while physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside was negatively correlated with a^* value. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS) showed that 2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (VIP=1.69) and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (VIP=1.06) were the key variables affecting chromaticity characteristics (P<0.01).
Conclusion: The three processes of steaming, black bean steaming and black bean stewing are consistent in composition transformation and chromaticity variation, and stilbene glycoside can be used as a specific index component to characterize the processed color. Chromatic parameters can effectively reflect the processing progression and serve as quality monitoring indicators during production.