Objective: To statistically analyze the association between blood donation intervals and the incidence of adverse reactions to blood donation based on blood donor data from Shenzhen. Methods: Basic data and records of adverse reactions to blood donation among voluntary whole blood donors in Shenzhen from January 2017 to June 2025 were extracted. A total of 795 404 whole blood donations were recorded, including 502 743 from males and 292 661 from females, with 1 088 and 751 cases of adverse reactions, respectively. Analyses were performed using R software, including restricted cubic spline (RCS), binary logistic regression, and generalized estimating equations (GEE) to evaluate the correlation between donation intervals and adverse reactions. Results: A total of 1 839 cases of adverse reactions were recorded, accounting for 0.23% of the total donations. Both binary logistic regression analysis and the generalized estimating equations (GEE) model showed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between male and female donors with an interval of ≥6 months compared to those with an interval of ≥3 months but<6 months. Furthermore, using the 3-5 month interval group as the reference, the analysis indicated that the incidence of adverse reactions significantly increased in males with a 9-12 month interval, while no statistically significant differences were observed across any of the female subgroups. Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between adverse reactions to blood donation and the donation interval. Compared with a donation interval of ≥6 months, an interval of<6 months does not lead to an increase in the incidence of adverse reactions among male or female donors. The findings of this study may help enhance the willingness of blood donors to participate.

Objective: To statistically analyze the association between blood donor age and the incidence of adverse reactions based on whole blood donor data from Shenzhen. Methods: Data on basic characteristics and records of adverse donation reactions among voluntary whole blood donors in Shenzhen from January 2017 to June 2025 were extracted. A total of 795 404 whole blood donations were recorded, including 502 743 from males and 292 661 from females, with 1 088 and 751 cases of adverse reactions, respectively. Analyses were performed using R software, including restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, binary logistic regression, and generalized estimating equations (GEE) to evaluate the correlation between donor age and adverse reactions. Results: A total of 1 839 cases of adverse reactions were recorded, accounting for 0.23% of the total donations. Both binary logistic regression and GEE model revealed that, compared with the≤55 years age group, the incidence of adverse reactions was reduced in both male and female donors in the >55 years age group, with the difference being statistically significant in males. Using the <23 years age group as a reference, the incidence of adverse reactions significantly decreased in both male and female donors across the 23-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51-60 age groups, with the differences being statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a negative correlation between the rate of adverse donation reactions and age, with the incidence of such reactions among whole blood donors over 55 years old being no higher than that among donors aged 55 years or younger. These findings carry positive significance for safeguarding the donation rights of older donors and meeting clinical blood demand.

Objective To predict the invasion degree of subsolid nodule(SSN)lung adenocarcinoma using a combined model incorporating artificial intelligence(AI)quantitative parameters and imaging signs,and to validate the predictive efficacy of this model.Methods A total of 281 SSN lung adenocarcinoma CT images in 243 patients were retrospectively collected and randomly divided into training set(224 cases)and validation set(57 cases)in an 8∶2 ratio,with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia(A AH)+adenocarcinoma in situ(AIS)+minimally invasive adenocarcinoma(MIA)(191 cases)as the non-invasive adenocarcinoma(I AC)group and I AC(90 cases)as the IAC group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed based on the AI quantitative parameters and CT signs in the training set to obtain independent predictors of IAC.A combined model and nomogram were then constructed and validated.The diagnostic efficacy and clinical applicability of the model were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,calibration curve,and clinical decision curve analysis(DCA).Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the training set showed nodule type,spicule sign,vascular abnormality,long diameter＞11.5 mm,median CT value＞—426.25 HU,and mass＞391.5 mg were independent predictors of IAC(P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of the training set model,based on these independent predictive factors,was 0.915[95％confidence interval(CI)0.875-0.954],and the AUC of the validation set model was 0.903(95％CI 0.824-0.982),indicating both the training set and validation set models had high efficacy in distinguishing IAC.The nomogram model,which quantified these independent factors,demonstrated enhanced predictive power for IAC.The calibration curve indicated good fit of the prediction model,and the clinical DCA showed the model had good clinical applicability.Conclusion The model combining AI quantitative parameters and imaging signs has a higher ability to predict the risk of IAC,compared to a single indicator.It helps clinicians in determining the appropriate surgical timing,formulating surgical methods,and reducing overtreatment.

Objective To predict the invasion degree of subsolid nodule(SSN)lung adenocarcinoma using a combined model incorporating artificial intelligence(AI)quantitative parameters and imaging signs,and to validate the predictive efficacy of this model.Methods A total of 281 SSN lung adenocarcinoma CT images in 243 patients were retrospectively collected and randomly divided into training set(224 cases)and validation set(57 cases)in an 8∶2 ratio,with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia(A AH)+adenocarcinoma in situ(AIS)+minimally invasive adenocarcinoma(MIA)(191 cases)as the non-invasive adenocarcinoma(I AC)group and I AC(90 cases)as the IAC group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed based on the AI quantitative parameters and CT signs in the training set to obtain independent predictors of IAC.A combined model and nomogram were then constructed and validated.The diagnostic efficacy and clinical applicability of the model were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,calibration curve,and clinical decision curve analysis(DCA).Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the training set showed nodule type,spicule sign,vascular abnormality,long diameter＞11.5 mm,median CT value＞—426.25 HU,and mass＞391.5 mg were independent predictors of IAC(P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of the training set model,based on these independent predictive factors,was 0.915[95％confidence interval(CI)0.875-0.954],and the AUC of the validation set model was 0.903(95％CI 0.824-0.982),indicating both the training set and validation set models had high efficacy in distinguishing IAC.The nomogram model,which quantified these independent factors,demonstrated enhanced predictive power for IAC.The calibration curve indicated good fit of the prediction model,and the clinical DCA showed the model had good clinical applicability.Conclusion The model combining AI quantitative parameters and imaging signs has a higher ability to predict the risk of IAC,compared to a single indicator.It helps clinicians in determining the appropriate surgical timing,formulating surgical methods,and reducing overtreatment.

Objective:To investigate the combined application of cytology, cell block histology and immunohistochemistry to improve the diagnostic accuracy of solid pancreatic lesions in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) samples.Methods:The pathological data of EUS-FNA in 311 cases of solid pancreatic lesions submitted to the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China from May 2019 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The cases included pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, 172 cases), solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN, 12 cases), neuroendocrine tumors (PNET, 14 cases) and chronic pancreatitis (113 cases). The cytological features of smears, the histology of cell block sections and the diagnostic markers in PDAC, SPN and PNET were analyzed. The diagnostic accuracies of cytology, cell block histology/immunohistochemistry and combination of the two methods for classifying these pancreatic solid lesions were evaluated.Results:Irregular arrangement of atypical (cancer) cells, anisonucleosis and nuclear atypia were the typical cytological features of PDAC, while presence of pseudopapillae with a myxoid/hyalinized fibrovascular core and low adhesion/salt-and-pepper chromatin were diagnostic features of SPN and NET, respectively. Immunohistochemical results showed that CK7 and CK19 were the most sensitive markers of pancreatic ductal epithelia, and the diffuse strong expression of S-100P (102/111, 91.9%) and aberrant expression of p53 (80/111, 72.1%) were important immunophenotypic markers of PDAC. Various degrees of CDX2 expression could be found in 66.4% PDAC. The expression of CD10, PR, vimentin, CD99 and cyclinD1 and the aberrant expression of β-catenin were the immunophenotypic features of SPN, while the expression of CgA, Syn and CD56 were indispensable immunemarkers for the diagnosis of PNET. Overall, cytology had higher sensitivity than cell block histology (93.9% versus 82.8%) and lower specificity (92.9% versus 99.1%), while the combination of the two methods significantly improved the sensitivity to 96.9% in solid pancreatic lesions. The combination of cytology and cell block histology could significantly improve the diagnostic efficacy of EUS-FNA in PDAC.Conclusions:Integrated diagnosis based on cytology (including rapid on-site evaluation), cell block histology and immunohistochemical findings could significantly improve the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA in classifying solid pancreatic lesions.

Objective:To investigate the combined application of cytology, cell block histology and immunohistochemistry to improve the diagnostic accuracy of solid pancreatic lesions in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) samples.Methods:The pathological data of EUS-FNA in 311 cases of solid pancreatic lesions submitted to the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China from May 2019 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The cases included pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, 172 cases), solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN, 12 cases), neuroendocrine tumors (PNET, 14 cases) and chronic pancreatitis (113 cases). The cytological features of smears, the histology of cell block sections and the diagnostic markers in PDAC, SPN and PNET were analyzed. The diagnostic accuracies of cytology, cell block histology/immunohistochemistry and combination of the two methods for classifying these pancreatic solid lesions were evaluated.Results:Irregular arrangement of atypical (cancer) cells, anisonucleosis and nuclear atypia were the typical cytological features of PDAC, while presence of pseudopapillae with a myxoid/hyalinized fibrovascular core and low adhesion/salt-and-pepper chromatin were diagnostic features of SPN and NET, respectively. Immunohistochemical results showed that CK7 and CK19 were the most sensitive markers of pancreatic ductal epithelia, and the diffuse strong expression of S-100P (102/111, 91.9%) and aberrant expression of p53 (80/111, 72.1%) were important immunophenotypic markers of PDAC. Various degrees of CDX2 expression could be found in 66.4% PDAC. The expression of CD10, PR, vimentin, CD99 and cyclinD1 and the aberrant expression of β-catenin were the immunophenotypic features of SPN, while the expression of CgA, Syn and CD56 were indispensable immunemarkers for the diagnosis of PNET. Overall, cytology had higher sensitivity than cell block histology (93.9% versus 82.8%) and lower specificity (92.9% versus 99.1%), while the combination of the two methods significantly improved the sensitivity to 96.9% in solid pancreatic lesions. The combination of cytology and cell block histology could significantly improve the diagnostic efficacy of EUS-FNA in PDAC.Conclusions:Integrated diagnosis based on cytology (including rapid on-site evaluation), cell block histology and immunohistochemical findings could significantly improve the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA in classifying solid pancreatic lesions.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings for early detection of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF).Methods:A retrospective collection of 53 patients with DAVF confirmed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from September 2018 to June 2023 was conducted. All patients underwent routine non-enhanced and enhanced MRI scans before treatment, with 30 patients also receiving magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) examination. Medical records were reviewed, and basic patient information, clinical symptoms, and imaging markers [pial venous engorgement (PVE), cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasogenic edema, venous infarction, medullary veins engorgement (MVE), parenchymal enhancement, encephalopathy mimics] were recorded. The Cognard grading was carried out in accordance with the manifestations shown by DSA.Results:Seventy-seven percent (41/53) of patients exhibited PVE on the brain surface, with 95% (39/41) of these cases showing localized PVE on one hemisphere or even within a single brain lobe. Approximately 64% (34/53) of these PVEs were detectable on conventional T 2-weighted imaging. Among the 30 patients who underwent MRA, only 50% (15/30) showed evidence of PVE on both T 2WI and MRA, while an additional 23% (7/30) had PVE only on MRA. About 38% (20/53) of patients presented with isolated vasogenic edema, with 70% (14/20) of these cases demonstrating PVE on T 2WI. Twenty-six percent (14/53) of patients had intracranial hemorrhage, and 11 of these patients demonstrated positive signs of PVE. Parenchymal enhancement was primarily observed in subarachnoid structures in 11% (6/53) of patients, with 5/6 showing PVE on the brain surface or spinal cord surface. Venous infarction (4%, 2/53) and MVE (4%, 2/53) were more commonly seen in high Cognard grade DAVF, whereas encephalopathy mimics (4%, 2/53) were frequently encountered in low Cognard grade DAVF. Conclusions:PVE on the brain surface is a direct sign for the diagnosis of DAVF on routine MRI, yet it is often subtle. Familiarity with common indirect signs is of great importance for the early diagnosis of DAVF.

Objective: To develop a comprehensive health economics evaluation model for HIV blood screening using Markov modeling, so as to evaluate the quality-of-life adjustment years (QALYs) gained by transfusion recipients after implementation of blood HIV screening. Methods: Shenzhen Blood Center was selected as the validation case for model development. Based on historical HIV screening data of Shenzhen Blood Center and published literature, the health economics evaluation of donor HIV screening was performed using cost-utility analysis. The single factor sensitivity analysis was performed on parameters in the model. Results: 3.09 QALYs were gained for each transfusion recipient prevented from HIV infection. During 2020-2023, donor HIV screening at Shenzhen Blood Center saved 506.76 QALYs, and each QALY saved 182 900 yuan. Conclusion: From the perspective of long-term benefit of transfusion recipients, HIV screening of blood donors demonstrates high health and economic value.

Objective: To develop a comprehensive health economics evaluation model for HIV blood screening using Markov modeling, so as to evaluate the quality-of-life adjustment years (QALYs) gained by transfusion recipients after implementation of blood HIV screening. Methods: Shenzhen Blood Center was selected as the validation case for model development. Based on historical HIV screening data of Shenzhen Blood Center and published literature, the health economics evaluation of donor HIV screening was performed using cost-utility analysis. The single factor sensitivity analysis was performed on parameters in the model. Results: 3.09 QALYs were gained for each transfusion recipient prevented from HIV infection. During 2020-2023, donor HIV screening at Shenzhen Blood Center saved 506.76 QALYs, and each QALY saved 182 900 yuan. Conclusion: From the perspective of long-term benefit of transfusion recipients, HIV screening of blood donors demonstrates high health and economic value.

[Objective] To conduct a retrospective statistical comparison of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test values in blood donors prior to blood collection, aiming to analyze the objective characteristics of the population with elevated ALT levels (ALT>50 U/L) and provide reference data for adjusting the screening eligibility threshold for ALT. [Methods] The preliminary ALT screening data of 30 341 blood donor samples collected prior to blood donation from three smart blood donation sites at the Shenzhen Blood Center between 2022 and 2023 were extracted and compared with data from a health examination department of a tertiary hospital in Shenzhen (representing the general population, n=24 906). Both datasets were categorized and statistically described. A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine the associations between ALT test results and factors such as donors' gender, age, ethnicity, donation site, donation season, and frequency of blood donation. [Results] The ALT levels in both blood donors and the general population were non-normally distributed. The 95th percentile of ALT values was calculated as 61.4 U/L (male: 67.8 U/L, female: 39.3 U/L) for blood donors and 58.1 U/L (male: 63.7 U/L, female: 51.2 U/L) for the general population. The non-compliance rates (ALT>50 U/L) were 7.65% (2 321/30 341) in blood donors and 7.08% (1 763/24 906) in the general population. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the ALT failure rate among blood donors based on gender, age, and donation site, but no significant differences (P>0.05) during the blood donation season. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the positive rates of four serological markers (HBsAg, anti HCV, HIV Ag/Ab, anti TP) for blood screening pathogens between ALT unqualified and qualified individuals (2.05% vs 1.5%). If the ALT qualification threshold was raised from 50 U/L to 90 U/L, the non qualification rates of male and female blood donors would decrease from 9.82% (2 074/21 125) to 2.23% (471/21 125) and from 2.70% (249/9 216) to 0.75% (69/9 216), respectively. Among the 154 blood donors who donated blood more than 3 times, 88.31% of the 248 ALT test results were in the range of 50-90 U/L. Among them, 9 cases had ALT>130 U/L, and ALT was converted to qualified in subsequent blood donations. [Conclusion] There are differences in the ALT failure rate among blood donors of different genders and ages, and different blood donation sites and operators can also affect the ALT detection values of blood donors. The vast majority of blood donors with ALT failure are caused by transient and non pathological factors. With the widespread use of blood virus nucleic acid testing, appropriately increasing the ALT qualification threshold for blood donors can expand the qualified population and alleviate the shortage of blood sources, and the risk of blood safety will not increase.