Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR), known as Banxia in Chinese, Hange in Japanese, and Banha in Korean, is a renowned herbal medicine in East Asia derived from the dry tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (PT). It is extensively utilized in dispensing granules, classical prescriptions, and herbal formulas to treat various conditions, including cough, infection, phlegm, nausea, asthma, and inflammation. Despite numerous studies on PR and its classical prescriptions over recent decades, a comprehensive synthesis of available evidence regarding its multifunctional roles and therapeutic potential is lacking. This review aims to address this gap by examining emerging evidence from metabonomics, preclinical studies, and clinical trials, while exploring potential trends and prospects for future research. A systematic literature search was conducted across six electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, to identify relevant articles on PR published until March 2023. PR contains 107 compounds with diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-asthma, antitussive and expectorant, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-microbial, emetic and anti-emetic, anti-convulsant and anti-epileptic, sedative and hypnotic, learning and memory enhancement, and anti-depressant effects. Metabonomic studies suggest that raw PR may exhibit cardiotoxicity and pregnancy toxicity while showing no apparent hepatorenal toxicity. However, limited pharmacokinetic investigations on PR constrain its clinical translation. Furthermore, clinical safety data on PR is scarce, with only four clinical trials assessing its positive effects in pediatric epilepsy, nausea and vomiting, soft tissue injury, and chronic sinus tract. This review aims to enhance understanding of PR and provide valuable information and recommendations for further research and development of herbal medicine.
Humans ; Pinellia/chemistry* ; Animals ; Ethnopharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Phytochemicals/chemistry* ; Rhizome/chemistry*

BACKGROUND:Acupotomy is an effective method for the treatment of cervical spondylosis with definite clinical efficacy,but its key molecular mechanism is still unclear.OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of acupotomy intervention on the expression of fibroblast growth factor family and kinase insert domain protein receptor in the splenius capitis muscles of rats with cervical spondylosis,and to study the therapeutic mechanism of acupotomy in cervical spondylosis.METHODS:The Genomics Expression Omnibus Database was searched to obtain the microarray dataset GSE153761,which was compatible with the study,and a bioinformatics approach was used for the initial screening of targets,followed by animal experiments.Twenty-four 6-month-old SPF grade Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups.The model of cervical spondylosis was established by unbalanced dynamic and static forces in the model and acupotomy groups.The muscles and ligaments were not cut in the sham operation group.After successful modeling,acupotomy intervention was performed in the acupotomy group,once a week,3 times in total.Normal rats were selected as controls.The posteroanterior and lateral X-rays of the cervical spine were taken for modeling verification;the open-field tests were performed in all rats to observe behavioral changes;the pathological structure of the splenius capitis muscles was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining;the mRNA and protein expression of fibroblast growth factor family and kinase insert domain protein receptor in the splenius capitis muscles was detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical method,respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Bioinformatics results indicated that fibroblast growth factor family/kinase insert domain protein receptor is an important signal axis for activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway.After modeling,the intervertebral space of the rats was narrowed,and the anterior and posterior borders of the vertebral body and the articular process were hyperosteogenous.In the open-field tests,the total distance and average speed in the model group were decreased after modeling(P<0.05),while the total rest time in the model group was increased(P<0.05).After treatment,the total distance and average speed in the acupotomy group were greater than those in the model group(P<0.05),while the total rest time in the acupotomy group was shorter than that in the model group(P<0.05).The pathological changes of the splenius capitis muscles indicated damage to the cervical muscle,and acupotomy improved cervical muscle strain.Compared with the normal group,The mRNA and protein expressions of fibroblast growth factor 7,fibroblast growth factor 9,fibroblast growth factor 10,fibroblast growth factor 18,and kinase insert domain protein receptor in the splenius capitis muscles were increased in the model group compared with the normal group(P<0.05).In contrast,acupotomy treatment could downregulate the above indicators(P<0.05).Thus,acupotomy may repair cervical muscle strain by regulating the expression of fibroblast growth factor 7,fibroblast growth factor 9,fibroblast growth factor 10,fibroblast growth factor 18,and kinase insert domain protein receptor,thereby improving intervertebral disc degeneration,which may be the key target for acupotomy treatment of cervical spondylosis.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of simultaneous multi-slice(SMS)acquisition combined with single-shot echo-planar imaging(SSEPI)multi-model diffusion weighted imaging(DWI)for breast lesions.Methods Totally 108 cases of breast lesions were retrospectively enrolled and divided into malignant group(n=66)and benign group(n=42)based on pathology.3.0T MR scanner was used to acquire SSEPI and SMS-SSEPI multi-b values DWI,7 derived parameters were obtained through post-processing with mono-exponential,fractional-order calculus(FROC)and continuous-time random walk(CTRW)models.Then the imaging quality and derived parameters of SMS-SSEPI and SSEPI DWI were compared between groups.Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationships of corresponding parameters between SMS-SSEPI DWI and SSEPI DWI.Diagnostic performance of each parameter for distinguishing malignant and benign lesions was evaluated according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC).Results Background noise score of SMS-SSEPI DWI was lower than that of SSEPI DWI(P＜0.05),whereas no significant difference of overall imaging quality,normal anatomical structure depiction,lesion conspicuity,geometric distortion,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)nor contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)was found between SMS-SSEPI DWI and SSEPI DWI(all P＞0.05).Parameters derived from SMS-SSEPI DWI were all moderately to highly positively correlated with those from SSEPI DWI(rs=0.66-0.98).Malignant lesions exhibited significantly lower apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC),diffusion coefficient based on FROC(DFROC),fractional order derivative in space(βFROC),diffusion coefficient based on CTRW(DCTRW),temporal diffusion heterogeneity index(αCTRW)and spatial diffusion heterogeneity index(βCTRW)values,but higher spatial parameter(μFROC)value than benign lesions(all P＜0.05).AUC of SMS-SSEPI DWI derived parameters for differentiating malignant from benign lesions were 0.699-0.900,of those from SSEPI DWI were 0.654-0.887,while in both SMS-SSEPI DWI and SSEPI DWI,DFROC had the highest diagnostic efficacy(AUC=0.900,0.887).Conclusion SMS-SSEPI DWI could be used to effectively differentiate malignant and benign breast lesions.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of simultaneous multi-slice(SMS)acquisition combined with single-shot echo-planar imaging(SSEPI)multi-model diffusion weighted imaging(DWI)for breast lesions.Methods Totally 108 cases of breast lesions were retrospectively enrolled and divided into malignant group(n=66)and benign group(n=42)based on pathology.3.0T MR scanner was used to acquire SSEPI and SMS-SSEPI multi-b values DWI,7 derived parameters were obtained through post-processing with mono-exponential,fractional-order calculus(FROC)and continuous-time random walk(CTRW)models.Then the imaging quality and derived parameters of SMS-SSEPI and SSEPI DWI were compared between groups.Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationships of corresponding parameters between SMS-SSEPI DWI and SSEPI DWI.Diagnostic performance of each parameter for distinguishing malignant and benign lesions was evaluated according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC).Results Background noise score of SMS-SSEPI DWI was lower than that of SSEPI DWI(P＜0.05),whereas no significant difference of overall imaging quality,normal anatomical structure depiction,lesion conspicuity,geometric distortion,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)nor contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)was found between SMS-SSEPI DWI and SSEPI DWI(all P＞0.05).Parameters derived from SMS-SSEPI DWI were all moderately to highly positively correlated with those from SSEPI DWI(rs=0.66-0.98).Malignant lesions exhibited significantly lower apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC),diffusion coefficient based on FROC(DFROC),fractional order derivative in space(βFROC),diffusion coefficient based on CTRW(DCTRW),temporal diffusion heterogeneity index(αCTRW)and spatial diffusion heterogeneity index(βCTRW)values,but higher spatial parameter(μFROC)value than benign lesions(all P＜0.05).AUC of SMS-SSEPI DWI derived parameters for differentiating malignant from benign lesions were 0.699-0.900,of those from SSEPI DWI were 0.654-0.887,while in both SMS-SSEPI DWI and SSEPI DWI,DFROC had the highest diagnostic efficacy(AUC=0.900,0.887).Conclusion SMS-SSEPI DWI could be used to effectively differentiate malignant and benign breast lesions.

BACKGROUND:Acupotomy is an effective method for the treatment of cervical spondylosis with definite clinical efficacy,but its key molecular mechanism is still unclear.OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of acupotomy intervention on the expression of fibroblast growth factor family and kinase insert domain protein receptor in the splenius capitis muscles of rats with cervical spondylosis,and to study the therapeutic mechanism of acupotomy in cervical spondylosis.METHODS:The Genomics Expression Omnibus Database was searched to obtain the microarray dataset GSE153761,which was compatible with the study,and a bioinformatics approach was used for the initial screening of targets,followed by animal experiments.Twenty-four 6-month-old SPF grade Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups.The model of cervical spondylosis was established by unbalanced dynamic and static forces in the model and acupotomy groups.The muscles and ligaments were not cut in the sham operation group.After successful modeling,acupotomy intervention was performed in the acupotomy group,once a week,3 times in total.Normal rats were selected as controls.The posteroanterior and lateral X-rays of the cervical spine were taken for modeling verification;the open-field tests were performed in all rats to observe behavioral changes;the pathological structure of the splenius capitis muscles was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining;the mRNA and protein expression of fibroblast growth factor family and kinase insert domain protein receptor in the splenius capitis muscles was detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical method,respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Bioinformatics results indicated that fibroblast growth factor family/kinase insert domain protein receptor is an important signal axis for activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway.After modeling,the intervertebral space of the rats was narrowed,and the anterior and posterior borders of the vertebral body and the articular process were hyperosteogenous.In the open-field tests,the total distance and average speed in the model group were decreased after modeling(P<0.05),while the total rest time in the model group was increased(P<0.05).After treatment,the total distance and average speed in the acupotomy group were greater than those in the model group(P<0.05),while the total rest time in the acupotomy group was shorter than that in the model group(P<0.05).The pathological changes of the splenius capitis muscles indicated damage to the cervical muscle,and acupotomy improved cervical muscle strain.Compared with the normal group,The mRNA and protein expressions of fibroblast growth factor 7,fibroblast growth factor 9,fibroblast growth factor 10,fibroblast growth factor 18,and kinase insert domain protein receptor in the splenius capitis muscles were increased in the model group compared with the normal group(P<0.05).In contrast,acupotomy treatment could downregulate the above indicators(P<0.05).Thus,acupotomy may repair cervical muscle strain by regulating the expression of fibroblast growth factor 7,fibroblast growth factor 9,fibroblast growth factor 10,fibroblast growth factor 18,and kinase insert domain protein receptor,thereby improving intervertebral disc degeneration,which may be the key target for acupotomy treatment of cervical spondylosis.

Objective: To investigate the potential mechanism of Wendan decoction in obesity by screening target genes with promoter region methylation changes and constructing a multiple signaling pathways network based on promoter methylation. Methods: The methylation degree of Itgad, Col8a1, Adra2b, Jund, Rab2a, Wnt8b, Fzd9, B4galt7, Pik3cd, Creb1, Stard8, and Mmp1 in the abdominal adipose tissue of obese rats was determined using the Agena MassARRAY system. Western blot was performed to assess protein expression levels. Target genes were identified based on the methylation degree in the promoter region and protein expression. Enrichment analysis of signaling pathways was conducted to identify relevant target genes and obtain a multiple signaling pathway network associated with obesity. Core and terminal effector molecules in the pathway networks were selected as research targets for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Results: Four genes (Adra2b, Creb1, Itgad, and Pik3cd) showed a degree of promoter methylation consistent with their respective protein expression levels. Among them, Adra2b, Creb1, and Pik3cd expression increased, while that of Itgad decreased. Enrichment analysis revealed that Creb1 and Pik3cd were involved in 6 signaling pathways related to obesity: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, growth hormone synthesis/secretion and action, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, relaxin signaling pathway, cyclic nucleotide (cAMP) signaling pathway, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. Subsequently, a multiple signaling pathways network was constructed based on promoter methylation. Key molecules including protein kinase B (AKT), mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), as well as terminal effector molecules interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) were selected as research targets. Wendan decoction decreased the expressions of AKT, mTORC1, IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL2 while up-regulating ULK1 expression. Conclusion The mechanism of Wendan decoction in preventing obesity involves the regulation of multiple signaling pathways through the control of Creb1 and Pik3cd gene promoter methylation. However, the associated multi-path gene regulation mechanism in preventing obesity is complex. Thus, further exploration is needed to elucidate the role of methylation changes in this mechanism.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of sortilin 1(SORT1)gene as a new diagnostic biomarker for pediatric sep-sis.Methods Three pediatric sepsis-related microarray datasets,including GSE13904,GSE26378,and GSE26440,were obtained from the gene expression omnibus(GEO)database to analyze the expression difference of SORT1 gene between normal and sepsis sam-ples.Then,65 clinical samples were used to validate the difference through qRT-PCR.The molecular mechanism and biological process associated with SORT1 gene were explored by the gene set enrichment analysis(GSEA).Results The expression levels of SORT1 gene in the sepsis samples of GSE13904,GSE26378,and GSE26440 datasets and clinical samples were higher than that in normal samples.Compared with commonly used inflammatory markers such as procalcitonin(PCT),C-reactive protein(CRP),white blood cell(WBC),and the percentage of neutrophils(Neu％),SORT1 gene showed better diagnostic ability for pediatric sepsis and the area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve(AUCROC)was 0.863.SORT1 gene may be involved in the occurrence and de-velopment of pediatric sepsis through the TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway.Conclusion SORT1 gene may have certain diagnostic val-ue for pediatric sepsis,which needs to be further confirmed in clinical practice.

Objective To study the efficacy of breathing training in the patients with chronic non-spe-cific low back pain (CNLBP).Methods The databases of Pubmed,Embase,Web of Science,Cochrane Librar-y,CNKI,China Biomedical Literature Database,Wanfang Database and VIP Database were searched for obtai-ning relevant trials of respiratory-related training for treating CNLBP.The retrieval time limit was from the database establishment to October 2022.The quality assessment was performed by using the Cochrane Manual for Systematic Reviews,and the data analysis was performed by using StataSE15.1 software.Results Nine-teen articles were finally obtained,involving in 1011 cases.The meta analysis showed that the visual analogue scale (VAS) score or pain numerical scale (NRS) score in the experiment group were lower than those in the control group (MD=-1.19,95％CI:-1.51 to-0.87,P<0.05),and the Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI) score was lower than that in the control group (MD=-0.64,95％CI:-0.91 to-0.38,P<0.05). For different types of the patients,the improvement effects of VAS score for different types of patients with CNLBP from high to low were in turn postpartum patients (MD=-1.89,95％CI:-2.51 to-1.27,P<0.05),athletes (MD=-1.46,95％CI:-1.79 to-1.13,P<0.05) and general population (MD=-1.01,95％CI:-1.40 to-0.61,P<0.05).Conclusion Thebreathing training has the improvement effect for pain,dysfunction,proprioception and posture control in various populations with CNLBP.

Objective:To investigate the effects of extracts of Rhizoma Sparganii and Rhizoma Curcumae on cartilage damage in osteoarthritis rats and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)/reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Methods:Rats (50 cases) were divided into the sham group, and model group, as well as the low, medium, and high dose groups of extracts of Rhizoma Sparganii and Rhizoma Curcumae, with 10 rats in each group. Except for sham group, the rat model of cartilage damage in knee osteoarthritis was established. On the second day after modeling, the rats in the low, medium, and high dose groups received intragastric extracts perfusion of Rhizoma Sparganii and Rhizoma Curcumae at the doses of 5, 10, and 20 g/kg respectively. The rats in the sham and model groups received intragastric equivalent 0.9% sodium chloride solution perfusion, once daily, for 20 days by continuous administration. The knee joint behavior, bone metabolism indicators, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels, inflammatory factors, NOX2, and NF-κB levels of each group were observed. Results:Compared with the model group, the behavioral abnormality scores, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), MDA, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), NOX2, and NF-κB levels in the low, medium, and high dose groups were all gradually decreased (all P < 0.05), while proteoglycan, SOD, GSH, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in the low, medium, and high dose groups were all gradually increased (all P < 0.05), and it was dose-dependent. Conclusions:Rhizoma Sparganii and Rhizoma Curcumae extracts can effectively improve cartilage damage in osteoarthritis rats, and it may be related to the inhibition of the NOX2/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective:To evaluate the short-term and long-term efficacy of Heidelberg triangle dissection in surgical treatment for pancreatic head cancer.Methods:The clinicopathological data of 97 patients with pancreatic head cancer who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy at Cangzhou Central Hospital from Jan 2017 to Jan 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. After propensity score matching, 33 patients were included into the Heidelberg group and 36 patients in the control group.Results:There were no significant difference between Heidelberg group and control group in preoperative general conditions and postoperative major complications, while there were more cases with safe surgical margin > 1 mm (81.8% vs. 58.3%, P=0.034) and a significantly higher total number of lymph node dissection (11.24±2.35 vs. 9.50±2.76, P=0.006). In the survival analysis, the cumulative recurrence rate at 12 months (0.182±0.067 vs. 0.444±0.083, P=0.023) and 18 months (0.424±0.086 vs. 0.667±0.079, P=0.024) were better off in the Heidelberg group, and the local recurrence rate in the Heidelberg group was significantly lower than that in the control group (15.3 % vs. 36.1 %, P=0.037). However, there was no statistical difference in the overall survival time between the two groups. Conclusion:Dissection of Heidelberg triangle in radical resection of pancreatic head cancer reduces tumor local recurrence ,while fails to provide survival benefit.