Objective:To investigate the effect of growth stimulation expressed gene 2(ST2)on intestinal microflora of mice with ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)by knockout.Methods:ST2 gene knockout mice were constructed by gene knockout technique.On this basis,AIH mouse model was established by ConA induction.The relative expression of cytokines was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-PCR).Intestinal microorganisms were sequenced using the 16S rRNA high-through put sequencing method,and the sequencing results were analyzed using Microbial Ecology related software and database.Results:Com-pared with the control group,ALT and AST were decreased,the damage of liver was mild,and the relative expression of IL-6 was also decreased in the liver of mice with ConA-induced AIH after ST2 gene knockout.There was no significant difference in the ACE and CHAO indices of the abundance of reactive flora.There was no significant difference between Shannon index and Simpson index re-flecting bacterial diversity.Psychrobacter,unclassified_Clostridia,Halothiobacillus,Clostridium_XlVa and Haemophilus genus content increased;Romboutsia,Rikenella,Parabacteroides and unclassified_Clostridiales bacterial content reduce.The areas under the receiv-er operator characteristic(ROC)curves were 0.88,0.89,0.88,0.80,0.90,0.90,0.84,0.91 and 0.84,respectively.Conclusion:Knockout of ST2 gene expression in mice with AIH can reduce liver injury and inflammation,and does not affect the distribution abun-dance and diversity of intestinal flora.However,there are differences among bacteria genera,and it has good diagnostic value.

Objective:To investigate the effect of growth stimulation expressed gene 2(ST2)on intestinal microflora of mice with ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)by knockout.Methods:ST2 gene knockout mice were constructed by gene knockout technique.On this basis,AIH mouse model was established by ConA induction.The relative expression of cytokines was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-PCR).Intestinal microorganisms were sequenced using the 16S rRNA high-through put sequencing method,and the sequencing results were analyzed using Microbial Ecology related software and database.Results:Com-pared with the control group,ALT and AST were decreased,the damage of liver was mild,and the relative expression of IL-6 was also decreased in the liver of mice with ConA-induced AIH after ST2 gene knockout.There was no significant difference in the ACE and CHAO indices of the abundance of reactive flora.There was no significant difference between Shannon index and Simpson index re-flecting bacterial diversity.Psychrobacter,unclassified_Clostridia,Halothiobacillus,Clostridium_XlVa and Haemophilus genus content increased;Romboutsia,Rikenella,Parabacteroides and unclassified_Clostridiales bacterial content reduce.The areas under the receiv-er operator characteristic(ROC)curves were 0.88,0.89,0.88,0.80,0.90,0.90,0.84,0.91 and 0.84,respectively.Conclusion:Knockout of ST2 gene expression in mice with AIH can reduce liver injury and inflammation,and does not affect the distribution abun-dance and diversity of intestinal flora.However,there are differences among bacteria genera,and it has good diagnostic value.

Axon initial segment (AIS) is the most excitable subcellular domain of a neuron for action potential initiation. AISs of cortical projection neurons (PNs) receive GABAergic synaptic inputs primarily from chandelier cells (ChCs), which are believed to regulate action potential generation and modulate neuronal excitability. As individual ChCs often innervate hundreds of PNs, they may alter the activity of PN ensembles and even impact the entire neural network. During postnatal development or in response to changes in network activity, the AISs and axo-axonic synapses undergo dynamic structural and functional changes that underlie the wiring, refinement, and adaptation of cortical microcircuits. Here we briefly introduce the history of ChCs and review recent research advances employing modern genetic and molecular tools. Special attention will be attributed to the plasticity of the AIS and the ChC-PN connections, which play a pivotal role in shaping the dynamic network under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Animals ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology* ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology* ; Axons/physiology* ; Nerve Net/physiology* ; Humans ; Synapses/physiology* ; GABAergic Neurons/physiology*

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a very important pathogen, especially for children.On a global scale, GAS is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.But the burden of disease caused by GAS is still unknown in China and also has not obtained enough attention.For this purpose, the expert consensus is comprehensively described in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of GAS diseases in children, covering related aspects of pneumology, infectiology, immunology, microbiology, cardiology, nephrology, critical care medicine and preventive medicine.Accordingly, the consensus document was intended to improve management strategies of GAS disease in Chinese children.

Some primary bone tumors are prone to hematogenous metastasis and after that, the therapeutic effect is not that good and prognosis is poor. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) shed from the tumor cells of primary or metastatic focus and then enter into blood circulation. CTC may appear in the early stage of the tumor, which can implant in distant organs to form metastatic sites and self-implant in the primary sites leading to the tumor recurrence; CTC are closely related with the prognosis of patients with tumors. In most primary bone tumors, CTC are heterogeneous compared with primary tumor cells. Studying CTC from various aspects can provide a basis for the early diagnosis and treatment of primary bone tumors. This review summarizes the current researches of CTC in common primary bone tumors, and expects the future of research direction and application practice in clinic.

Tetanus consists of neonatal tetanus and non-neonatal tetanus. Non-neonatal tetanus remains a serious public health problem, although neonatal tetanus has been eliminated in China since 2012. Non-neonatal tetanus is a potential fatal disease. In the absence of medical intervention, the mortality rate of severe cases is almost 100%. Even with vigorous treatment, the mortality rate remains 30%-50% globally. These specifications aim to regulate non-neonatal tetanus diagnosis and treatment in China, in order to improve medical quality and safety. These specifications introduce the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and laboratory tests, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, grading and treatment of non-neonatal tetanus.

Tetanus consists of neonatal tetanus and non-neonatal tetanus.Non-neonatal tetanus remains a serious public health problem,although neonatal tetanus has been eliminated in China since 2012.Non-neonatal tetanus is a potential fatal disease.In the absence of medical intervention,the mortality rate of severe cases is almost 100％.Even with vigorous treatment,the mortality rate is still 30％-50％ globally.These specifications aim to regulate non-neonatal tetanus diagnosis and treatment in China,in order to improve medical quality and safety.These specifications introduce the etiology,epidemiology,pathogenesis,clinical manifestations and laboratory tests,diagnosis,differential diagnosis,grading and treatment of non-neonatal tetanus.

Tetanus consists of neonatal tetanus and non-neonatal tetanus. Although neonatal tetanus in China has been eliminated since 2012, non-neonatal tetanus remains a serious public health problem. Non-neonatal tetanus is a potential fatal disease, and the mortality rate of severe cases is almost 100% in the absence of medical intervention. Even with vigorous treatment, the mortality rate is still 30~50% globally. In order to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of non-neonatal tetanus in China, this specification is hereby formulated. This standard includes etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, classification, grading and treatment of non-neonatal tetanus.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of fatigue symptoms and investigate its related factors in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods The Parkinson's Fatigue Scale (PFS-16) was used to assess the fatigue status of 453 PD patients.These patients were divided into fatigue group (mean PFS-16≥3.3 defined as fatigue) and non-fatigue group.All of them completed the assessment of the relevant scale.Results Among 453 PD patients,there were 169 patients (37.3％) in fatigue group and 284 patients (62.7％) in non-fatigue group.Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and HoehnYahr (H-Y) staging in fatigue group were significantly higher than non-fatigue group (P ＜0.05).Motor symptoms,mental and emotional status and daily living ability are positively correlated with fatigue symptoms.Conclusions The motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms are more serious in PD patients with fatigue.The motor symptoms,mental and emotional status,daily living ability and Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) stage are the main related factors of fatigue symptoms in PD patients.