Objective: To discuss the epidemiological characteristics of hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) among children in Jiujiang City, and its correlation with meteorological factors, so as to provide scientific evidence for developing targeted HFMD prevention and control measures. Methods: HFMD incidence data among children and meteorological factor records from Jiujiang City during 2019-2023 were collected. Pearson correlation analysis and Quasi-Poisson regression analysis of generalized additive model were used to analyze the relationship between the number of cases and meteorological factors, calculating correlation coefficients (r) and excess risk (ER). Results: The annual reported children HFMD cases in Jiujiang City during 2019-2023 were 4 299, 4 671, 2 560, 3 230, and 3 584, respectively. Except for a peak in autumn-winter in 2020, outbreaks occurred mainly in spring and summer in other years. The majority of cases involved scattered children (71.11%) and children in daycare centers (26.64%). Pearson correlation analysis showed that total case counts, cases among scattered children, and cases among children in daycare centers were positively correlated with average temperature ( r =0.36, 0.39, 0.23), maximum temperature ( r =0.32, 0.36, 0.20), minimum temperature ( r =0.37, 0.41, 0.24), and average relative humidity ( r =0.19, 0.20, 0.15) (all P <0.05). Quasi-Poisson regression analysis of generalized additive model revealed that total cases, cases among scattered children, and cases among daycare children were positively associated with average temperature ( r =0.05, 0.06, 0.03) and average relative humidity ( r =0.03, 0.02, 0.02) (all P <0.01). Excess incidence risk analysis indicated that for every 10 ℃ increase in average temperature, the ER (95% CI ) values were 72.16 (45.91-103.14), 79.76 (52.99- 111.23 ) and 39.30 (14.45-69.54) among total children, scattered children and daycare children, respectively; for every 10% increase in average relative humidity, the ER (95% CI ) values were 28.69 (12.22-47.56), 27.81 (12.01-45.84) and 24.42 (5.56-46.65), respectively. Conclusions The incidence level of HFMD among children in Jiujiang City is positively correlated with the average temperature and average relative humidity. Higher temperature and humidity are associated with an increased risk of excess HFMD incidence in scattered children compared to children in daycare centers.

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a progressive visual impairment fundus disease that frequently occurs in individuals aged >55 years. The main risk factors are aging, long-term smoking, genetics, and racial differences. Pathogenesis includes abnormal function of the retinal pigment epithelium, damaged blood-retinal barrier, and abnormal immune function. Currently, intravitreal injection(IVI)of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs is the preferred treatment option for ARMD in clinical practice. However, it also faces challenges such as repeated treatments, high medical costs, and poor patient compliance. The predicament in the treatment of ARMD has given rise to several new treatment options. This article aims to review the treatment methods and progress of dry ARMD and wet ARMD, providing new ideas for addressing the limitations of the current clinical anti-VEGF treatment.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the optimal compatibility ratio of the Chuanxiong Rhizoma-Carthami Flos （CR-CF） couplet medicines in ischemic stroke （IS） therapy and its pharmacological action mechanism， providing a scientific basis for the clinical application of CR-CF couplet medicines in IS therapy. MethodsThe chemical composition of CR-CF was analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）. The contents of eight characteristic chemical components in aqueous extracts of CR-CF with common clinical compatibility ratios （1∶1， 1∶2， 1∶3， 3∶2， 2∶1） were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography（UHPLC）. An oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation （OGD/R）-induced mouse hippocampal neuron HT22 cell injury model was established， and cells were treated with different CR-CF compatibility ratios. The collaborative index （CI） was calculated by using CompuSyn software. A cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion （MCAO/R） model of rats was induced by using the modified Longa suture method. The rats were divided into the sham group， model group， Chuanxiong Rhizoma （CR） group （1.3 g·kg^-1）， Carthami Flos （CF） group （3.9 g·kg^-1）， CR-CF group （5.2 g·kg^-1）， and edaravone group （5 mg·kg^-1）. Neuronal defect scores were assessed by the Longa scoring method. Cerebral infarction volume was measured by 2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride（TTC） staining. Neuronal damage was observed via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Neuronal apoptosis of rats was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling （TUNEL） staining， and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was analyzed by Western blot. Label-free proteomics was employed to screen differentially expressed proteins， and Western blot was used to examine the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B（PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway-related proteins. Finally， molecular docking was performed to predict the binding affinity of eight active constituents in CR-CF （1∶3） with PI3K. ResultsWhen CR-CF was combined at a 1∶3 ratio， the total content of the eight active constituents in the extract was the highest， and the synergistic protective effect on OGD/R-injured HT22 cells was the strongest （CI=0.308）. Animal experiments showed that compared with the sham group， the model group exhibited increased neuroecological score points （P<0.01）， larger cerebral infarction volumes （P<0.01）， aggravated brain tissue damage， elevated neuronal apoptosis （P<0.01）， and increased B-cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）-associated X protein （Bax）/Bcl-2 and cleaved Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3/Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 （cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3） ratios （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， CR-CF （1∶3） significantly reduced neurological scores （P<0.01）， significantly decreased cerebral infarction volume （P<0.01）， alleviated brain tissue damage， inhibited neuronal apoptosis （P<0.01）， and significantly lowered the Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3 ratios （P<0.01）. The therapeutic effect of CR-CF （1∶3） was superior to that of CR or CF alone. Proteomic analysis revealed that CR-CF （1∶3） activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Validation experiments demonstrated that compared with the sham group， the model group showed obviously reduced p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt ratios （P<0.05） obviously increased. Compared with the CR-CF group， the 2-（4-morpholinyl）-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one LY294002 inhibitor+CR-CF group exhibited obviously decreased p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt （P<0.05）. Molecular docking results indicated that the active constituents of CR-CF （1∶3） had strong binding affinity with PI3K. ConclusionThe CR-CF couplet medicines at a 1∶3 ratio exhibit optimal synergistic effects， and their anti-IS mechanism is closely related to activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and inhibition of neuronal apoptosis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of Shexiang Baoxinwan in treating stable angina pectoris with Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome in patients with coronary artery disease （CAD） complicated with anxiety and depression and explore its underlying mechanisms. MethodsThis study employed a randomized， double-blind， and placebo-controlled clinical trial design. Patients admitted to the hospital were randomly assigned to the observation group and the control group， with 52 patients in each group. Patients in the observation and control groups received Shexiang Baoxinwan and placebo， respectively， both in combination with conventional Western medication. The dose was 45.0 mg， three times daily， for a total duration of eight weeks. The primary outcome was the Seattle Angina Questionnaire （SAQ） scores before and after treatment. Secondary outcomes included changes in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome score， the patient health questionnaire-9 （PHQ-9）， generalized anxiety disorder-7 （GAD-7）， inflammatory markers ［interleukin-18 （IL-18）， interleukin-10 （IL-10）， tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α）， CD40， etc.］， monoamine neurotransmitters ［e.g.， dopamine （DA）］， vascular endothelial function markers ［e.g.， endothelin-1（ET-1）］， adipokines， and ischemia-modified albumin （IMA）. Adverse reactions were also recorded. ResultsA total of 92 patients completed the study， with 44 in the observation group and 48 in the control group. Compared with baseline， both groups showed significant decreases in PHQ-9， GAD-7， and TCM syndrome scores following treatment （P<0.05）， along with a significant increase in SAQ scores （P<0.05）. In the observation group， DA levels were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while levels of IL-18， TNF-α， CD40， ET-1， and IMA were decreased （P<0.05）. In contrast， the control group exhibited significantly increased CD40 levels （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group after treatment， the observation group showed significant improvements in the SAQ dimensions of physical limitation， angina stability， treatment satisfaction， and disease perception， as well as in TCM syndrome score， PHQ-9 score， IL-18， CD40， ET-1， and IMA （P<0.05）. No adverse reactions were observed in either group during treatment. ConclusionShexiang Baoxinwan can improve anxiety and depression， alleviate angina symptoms， and reduce TCM symptoms of Qi stagnation and blood stasis in CAD patients. The mechanism may involve anti-inflammation， improvement of vascular endothelial function， reduction of IMA， and increase of monoamine neurotransmitter levels.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of Shexiang Baoxinwan in treating stable angina pectoris with Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome in patients with coronary artery disease （CAD） complicated with anxiety and depression and explore its underlying mechanisms. MethodsThis study employed a randomized， double-blind， and placebo-controlled clinical trial design. Patients admitted to the hospital were randomly assigned to the observation group and the control group， with 52 patients in each group. Patients in the observation and control groups received Shexiang Baoxinwan and placebo， respectively， both in combination with conventional Western medication. The dose was 45.0 mg， three times daily， for a total duration of eight weeks. The primary outcome was the Seattle Angina Questionnaire （SAQ） scores before and after treatment. Secondary outcomes included changes in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome score， the patient health questionnaire-9 （PHQ-9）， generalized anxiety disorder-7 （GAD-7）， inflammatory markers ［interleukin-18 （IL-18）， interleukin-10 （IL-10）， tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α）， CD40， etc.］， monoamine neurotransmitters ［e.g.， dopamine （DA）］， vascular endothelial function markers ［e.g.， endothelin-1（ET-1）］， adipokines， and ischemia-modified albumin （IMA）. Adverse reactions were also recorded. ResultsA total of 92 patients completed the study， with 44 in the observation group and 48 in the control group. Compared with baseline， both groups showed significant decreases in PHQ-9， GAD-7， and TCM syndrome scores following treatment （P<0.05）， along with a significant increase in SAQ scores （P<0.05）. In the observation group， DA levels were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while levels of IL-18， TNF-α， CD40， ET-1， and IMA were decreased （P<0.05）. In contrast， the control group exhibited significantly increased CD40 levels （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group after treatment， the observation group showed significant improvements in the SAQ dimensions of physical limitation， angina stability， treatment satisfaction， and disease perception， as well as in TCM syndrome score， PHQ-9 score， IL-18， CD40， ET-1， and IMA （P<0.05）. No adverse reactions were observed in either group during treatment. ConclusionShexiang Baoxinwan can improve anxiety and depression， alleviate angina symptoms， and reduce TCM symptoms of Qi stagnation and blood stasis in CAD patients. The mechanism may involve anti-inflammation， improvement of vascular endothelial function， reduction of IMA， and increase of monoamine neurotransmitter levels.

This study employs ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) to analyze the differences in alkaloid content of Commelina communis from various geographical origins, exploring its feasibility as a quality evaluation indicator. A total of 57 batches of C. communis samples from 23 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China were selected. The MicroPulite HSS T3(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm)column was used with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.2% phosphoric acid aqueous solution(20∶80), detection wavelength at 254 nm, and a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1) to measure the content of 1-deoxynojirimycin(DNJ) and deoxymannojirimycin(DMJ). The MicroPulite XP tC_(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm)column was employed with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.2% phosphoric acid aqueous solution(4∶96), detection wavelength at 254 nm, and a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min~(-1) to measure the content of norharmine(NHM) and harmanme(HM). Chemometric methods were applied to study the relationships and differences among the 57 batches of C. communis. Significant differences in alkaloid content were observed among C. communis from different regions, with the average total content decreasing in the order of North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, East China, Southwest China, Central China, and South China. Cluster analysis(CA) and principal component analysis(PCA) further revealed the quality differences of C. communis from various origins, and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) identified DNJ as a marker compound to distinguish the quality differences between different geographical sources of C. communis. It is recommended that the content limit of DNJ be set at no less than 0.055 9%, providing a reference for the quality evaluation and clinical application of C. communis medicinal materials.
Alkaloids/analysis* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chemometrics/methods* ; Quality Control

This paper explored the specific mechanism of ginsenoside Rg_1 in regulating mitochondrial fusion through the neurogenic gene Notch homologous protein 1(Notch1) pathway to alleviate hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R) injury in HL-1 cells. The relative viability of HL-1 cells after six hours of hypoxia and two hours of reoxygenation was detected by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8). The lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity in the cell supernatant was detected by the lactate substrate method. The content of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) was detected by the luciferin method. Fluorescence probes were used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species(Cyto-ROS) levels and mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨ_m). Mito-Tracker and Actin were co-imaged to detect the number of mitochondria in cells. Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of Notch1, mitochondrial fusion protein 2(Mfn2), and mitochondrial fusion protein 1(Mfn1). The results showed that compared with that of the control group, the cell activity of the model group decreased, and the LDH released into the cell culture supernatant increased. The level of Cyto-ROS increased, and the content of ATP decreased. Compared with that of the model group, the cell activity of the ginsenoside Rg_1 group increased, and the LDH released into the cell culture supernatant decreased. The level of Cyto-ROS decreased, and the ATP content increased. Ginsenoside Rg_1 elevated ΔΨ_m and increased mitochondrial quantity in HL-1 cells with H/R injury and had good protection for mitochondria. After H/R injury, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Notch1 and Mfn1 decreased, while the mRNA and protein expression levels of Mfn2 increased. Ginsenoside Rg_1 increased the mRNA and protein levels of Notch1 and Mfn1, and decreased the mRNA and protein levels of Mfn2. Silencing Notch1 inhibited the action of ginsenoside Rg_1, decreased the mRNA and protein levels of Notch1 and Mfn1, and increased the mRNA and protein levels of Mfn2. In summary, ginsenoside Rg_1 regulated mitochondrial fusion through the Notch1 pathway to alleviate H/R injury in HL-1 cells.
Ginsenosides/pharmacology* ; Receptor, Notch1/genetics* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Mice ; Animals ; Mitochondrial Dynamics/drug effects* ; Mitochondria/metabolism* ; Cell Line ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Oxygen/metabolism* ; Cell Hypoxia/drug effects* ; Cell Survival/drug effects* ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects* ; Humans

From the perspective of competitive endogenous RNA(ceRNA) constructed by metastasy-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1(Malat1) and microRNA 16-5p(miR-16-5p), the improvement mechanism of Tonggu Xiaotong Capsules(TGXTC) on the imbalance and disorder of "cholesterol-iron" metabolism in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis(OA) was explored. In vivo experiments, 60 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were acclimatized and fed for 1 week and then randomly divided into two groups: blank group(12 mice) and modeling group(48 mice). The animals in modeling group were anesthetized by 5% isoflurane inhalation, which was followed by the construction of OA model. They were then randomly divided into model group, TGXTC group, Malat1 overexpression group, and TGXTC+Malat1 overexpression(TGXTC+Malat1-OE) group, with 12 mice in each group. The structural changes of mouse cartilage tissues were observed by Masson staining after the intervention in each group. RT-PCR was employed to detect the mRNA levels of Malat1 and miR-16-5p in cartilage tissues. Western blot was used to analyze the protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1), sterol regulatory element-binding protein(SREBP), cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1(CYP7B1), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein(CHOP), acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4(ACSL4), and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4) in cartilage tissues. In vitro experiments, mouse chondrocytes were induced by thapsigargin(TG), and the combination of Malat1 and miR-16-5p was detected by double luciferase assay. The fluorescence intensity of Malat1 in chondrocytes was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The miR-16-5p inhibitory chondrocyte model was constructed. RT-PCR was used to analyze the levels of Malat1 and miR-16-5p in chondrocytes under the inhibition of miR-16-5p. Western blot was adopted to analyze the regulation of TG-induced chondrocyte proteins ABCA1, SREBP, CYP7B1, CHOP, ACSL4, and GPX4 by TGXTC under the inhibition of miR-16-5p. The results of in vivo experiments showed that,(1) compared with model group, TGXTC group exhibited a relatively complete cartilage layer structure. Compared with Malat1-OE group, TGXTC+Malat1-OE group showed alleviated cartilage surface damage.(2) Compared with model group, TGXTC group had a significantly decreased Malat1 mRNA level and an increased miR-16-5p mRNA level in mouse cartilage tissues(P<0.01).(3) Compared with the model group, the protein levels of ABCA1 and GPX4 in the cartilage tissue of mice in the TGXTC group increased, while the protein levels of SREBP, CYP7B1, CHOP and ACSL4 decreased(P<0.01). The results of in vitro experiments show that,(1) dual-luciferase was used to evaluate that miR-16-5p has a targeting effect on the Malat1 gene.(2)Compared with TG+miR-16-5p inhibition group, TG+miR-16-5p inhibition+TGXTC group had an increased mRNA level of miR-16-5p and an decreased mRNA level of Malat1(P<0.01).(3) Compared with TG+miR-16-5p inhibition group, TG+miR-16-5p inhibition+TGXTC group exhibited increased expression of ABCA1 and GPX4 proteins and decreased expression of SREBP, CYP7B1, CHOP, and ACSL4 proteins(P<0.01). The reasults showed that TGXTC can regulate the ceRNA of Malat1 and miR-16-5p to alleviate the "cholesterol-iron" metabolism disorder of osteoarthritis chondrocytes.
Animals ; MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism* ; Chondrocytes/drug effects* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice ; Osteoarthritis/drug therapy* ; Iron/metabolism* ; Male ; Cholesterol/metabolism* ; Humans ; Capsules ; RNA, Competitive Endogenous

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is the pillar for the development of motherland medicine, and animal medicine has a long history of application in China, characterized by wide resources, strong activity, definite efficacy, and great benefits. It has significant potential and important status in the consumption market of raw materials of TCM. In the context of global climate change, farming system alterations, and low renewability, the depletion of wild medicinal animal resources has accelerated. Accordingly, the conservation and sustainable utilization of wild resources of animal medicinal materials has become a problem that garners increasing attention and urgently needs to be solved. This paper summarizes the current situation of domestic and foreign medicinal animal breeding and research progress in industrial application in recent years and points out the issues related to standardized breeding, germplasm selection and breeding, and quality evaluation standards for medicinal animals. Furthermore, this paper discusses standardized breeding, quality standards, resource protection and utilization, and the search for alternative resources for rare and endangered medicinal animals. It proposes that researchers should systematically carry out in-depth basic research on animal medicine, improve the breeding scale and level of medicinal animals, employ modern technology to enhance the quality standards of medicinal materials, and strengthen the research and development of alternative resources. This approach aims to effectively address the relationship between protection and utilization and make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of medicinal animal resources and the animal-based Chinese medicinal material industry.
Animals ; Breeding ; China ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Conservation of Natural Resources

In China, the regulatory framework for medical device procurement and sales, particularly concerning anti-commercial bribery, relies heavily on punitive mechanisms applied after violations occur. Consequently, there is an urgent need to establish a scientific risk regulation framework as a complementary approach. Effective risk-oriented regulatory models require precise identification of risk areas in commercial bribery. Focusing on several major procurement scenarios such as centralized bulk-buying, tendering and bidding processes, in-hospital procurement, and online purchasing, this article analyzes the structural factors contributing to these risks, represented by the absence of certification mechanisms, lack of transparency in information disclosure, and inadequate checks and balances. Based on official risk assessment results, this study applies the theory of power and responsibility to propose a preventive regulatory framework that combines industry self-discipline and administrative oversight. By combining these approaches, the framework aims to develop regulatory measures that can effectively reduce commercial bribery risks and prevent illegal and non-compliant conduct.
China ; Equipment and Supplies/economics* ; Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Humans ; Risk Assessment