Vascular aging plays a key role in the induction of human aging and serves as the pathological basis for the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis (AS), myocardial fibrosis, and hypertension. Research suggests that vascular aging is the initiating link in the aging process of the body, and cellular senescence is a key mechanism of vascular aging. The process of vascular aging mainly involves the senescence of endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells. This review, therefore, focuses on the molecular mechanisms related to telomere dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders involved in senescence of ECs, elaborating on the correlation between the senescence of endothelial cells and the development of vascular dysfunction, AS, myocardial fibrosis, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and at the same time, systematically summarizes the relevant treatment strategies with western medicines, traditional Chinese medicine formulas, and monomers, to provide some theoretical reference for subsequent treatment and research.