BACKGROUND:Parkinson's disease has the main pathological changes in the midbrain,especially in the dense substantia nigra,leading to impaired motor and non-motor function in patients.At present,research is limited by cellular heterogeneity,and its pathogenesis still needs to be further elucidated.In recent years,single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)has gradually been applied in neurodegenerative diseases,which is of great significance for understanding intercellular heterogeneity,disease development mechanisms,and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress of scRNA-seq technology applied to Parkinson's disease in recent years,providing a theoretical basis for the application of scRNA-seq in the treatment and diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. METHODS:The first author used a computer system to search for relevant literature in the CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,and Web of Science databases,with the Chinese search terms"single-cell RNA sequencing,Parkinson's disease,cell heterogeneity,cell subtypes,dopaminergic neurons,glial cells"and English search terms"single-cell RNA seq,Parkinson disease,heterogenicity,subtypes,dopaminergic neurons,glial cells."71 articles were ultimately included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)scRNA-seq is a high-throughput experimental technique that utilizes RNA sequencing at the single-cell level to quantify gene expression profiles in specific cell populations,revealing cellular mysteries at the molecular level.Compared with traditional sequencing techniques,scRNA-seq technology is used to reveal the diversity of cell types and changes in specific gene expression in complex tissues under various physiological and pathological conditions through automatic clustering analysis of cell transcriptome.(2)By using scRNA-seq,the development process of dopaminergic neurons and the unique functional characteristics of various cell subtypes are elucidated,in order to better understand potential therapeutic molecular targets.(3)The use of scRNA-seq analysis has improved our understanding of the response of Parkinson's disease glial cells,enabling us to comprehensively map and characterize different cell type populations,identify specific glial cell subpopulations related to neurodegeneration,and draw valuable single cell maps as reference data for future research.(4)The application of scRNA-seq to detect embryonic mice and stem cells will help improve the in vitro differentiation protocol and quality control of cell therapy,as well as evaluate the overall cell quality and developmental stage of dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cells.

[Objective] To investigate the protective effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza injection (SMI) on the kidneys of HBOC-CHP01 resuscitated haemorrhagic shock rats. [Methods] A 50% haemorrhagic shock rat model was established, with 12 rats divided into two groups: SMI + HBOC-CHP01 group and HBOC-CHP01 group, with 6 rats in each group. The rats in the SMI+ HBOC-CHP01 group were given an equal volume of HBOC-CHP01 for resuscitation after haemorrhagic shock, and an 8 mL/kg dose of SMI. Rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group were resuscitated by administering an equilibrium blood loss volume of HBOC-CHP01 and given an 8 mL/kg dose of 0.9% NaCl solution. Blood was taken from rats at five points: before bloodletting (baseline), during haemorrhagic shock (HS), immediately after resuscitation (RS0h), 1 h after resuscitation (RS1h), and 24 h after resuscitation (RS24h). A blood gas analyser was used to detect the lactate level (Lac), glucose content (Glu), residual base (BEecf), pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-), high iron haemoglobin (MetHb). White blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT), haemoglobin content (Hb), carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) were detected using a quintuple classification. Blood creatinine (SCr), uric acid (UA), kidney-related indexes were detected using biochemistry instrument. Kidney tissues of the rats were taken after 24 h of resuscitation and after execution, and the inflammation of kidneys of the rats of the two groups was analyzed using HE staining. Fluorescence staining was used to detect the level of ROS in the kidneys of rats in both groups. [Results] At RS 0h, the Beecf, Glu and Lac levels of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group were significantly lower than those of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group, and the pH level of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly higher than that of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group, and the Glu levels of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group were significantly lower than those of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group at RS 1h. At RS 0h, the WBC, PLT and COHb contents of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group were all significantly higher than those of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group, and at RS 1h, the WBC content of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly higher than that of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group; at RS 1h, the UA content of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly lower than that of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group; at RS 24h, the SCr content of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly lower than that of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group; at RS 24h, the inflammation level of kidney tissues of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly lower than that of rats in the HBOC -CHP01 group rats, and the ROS and MPO levels in the kidney tissues of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group were significantly lower than those of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group. [Conclusion] The combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza injection during the resuscitation of rats with severe haemorrhagic shock by HBOC-CHP01 can alleviate renal injury by reducing inflammatory response and oxidative stress.

Objective:To investigate the clinical diagnosis and treatment of IgG4-related disease（IgG4-RD） primarily involving the nasal cavity and skull base. Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 8 patients with IgG4-RD primarily involving the nasal cavity and skull base who visited the Nasal and Skull Base Surgery Department at Xiangya Hospital from October 2017 to January 2024. The cohort comprised 4 males and 4 females, aged 8 to 69 years. Clinical data, laboratory examination results, imaging findings, histopathological results, and treatment plans were collected. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up results of IgG4-RD primarily involving nasal cavity and skull base were summarized and previous literature were also reviewed. Results:The initial symptoms in the 8 patients included nasal congestion, headache, sensory function decline, and facial deformities. Three patients also had parotid and pulmonary involvement. Among the 8 patients, 4 underwent partial surgical resection combined with glucocorticoid therapy; 1 underwent partial surgical resection combined with glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant therapy; 1 received glucocorticoid therapy alone; and 2 received glucocorticoid combined with immunosuppressant therapy. Follow-up was conducted one month after treatment, lasting from 5 to 79 months. During the follow-up period, recurrence was observed in 1 patient treated with glucocorticoid combined with immunosuppressants and in 1 patient treated with glucocorticoid alone, while the other 6 patients achieved significant remission. Conclusion:The diagnosis of nasal cavity and skull base IgG4-RD requires the combination of histopathology, laboratory tests, and imaging results. Treatment primarily includes glucocorticoids or combined immunosuppressants. For patients with significant compression symptoms, sensory function impairment, or facial deformities, surgical resection is an important treatment option. Given the high risk of recurrence, early intervention, active treatment, and long-term follow-up are crucial.
Humans ; Male ; Skull Base/pathology* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Aged ; Nasal Cavity/pathology* ; Adult ; Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease/therapy* ; Immunoglobulin G ; Child ; Young Adult ; Adolescent

Nuclear medicine plays an indispensable role in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of a wide range of diseases.Nuclear medicine using radionuclides for diagnosis has the advantages of accuracy,speed,high sensitivity and high resolution.Currently,several radionuclides play pivotal roles in disease diagnosis.This article primarily examines the clinical application and research of diagnostic radionuclides,including 18 F,89 Zr,68 Ga,99m Tc,131 I,123 I,and 11 C.The objective is to offer valuable insights for disease diagnosis and staging of diseases.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of postoperative severe hypocalcemia (SH) occur-rence in the patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) treated by ultrasound-guided radiofrequen-cy ablation (RFA).Methods A total of 41 patients with SHPT receiving RFA treatment in the Affiliated Nanchong Central Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from May 2019 to March 2023 were selected as the study subjects.The retrospective analysis was adopted to collect the data such as the basic information,disease information,laboratory and imagiological examination.The patients were divided into the SH group and non-SH group according to whether or not the corrected serum calcium level being lower than 1.8 mmol/L on 1 d after RFA.The univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the related risk factors of SH occurrence after RFA.The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to test the predictive efficiency of the related risk factors.Results There were 41 patients with SHPT,inclu-ding 19 males and 22 females,with an average age of (49.56±13.64)years old,and 22 cases developed SH on 1 d after RFA.The univariate analysis results showed that preoperative alkaline phosphatase (ALP),C-reac-tive protein (CRP),parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum calcium levels had statistical differences between the two groups.The multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that ALP was an independent risk factor for postoperative SH occurrence.The area under the curve (AUC) of adopting ALP for predicting SH occurrence after RFA in the patients with SHPT was 0.895,and the best predicted cut-off value was 323.34 U/L.Conclusion Paying attention to the level of ALP before operation and correcting it reasonably could be conducive to reduce the incidence rate of postoperative SH.

Objective To investigate the changes in blood microbiota in patients with high altitude polycythemia(HAPC)and the correlation with the risk of HAPC.Methods A cross-sectional trial was carried out among 41 HAPC patients(HAPC group)and 41 healthy plateau individuals(control group)who took physical examination in the Health Management Department of No.953 Hospital of PLA Army in 2021.High-throughput sequencing technology was used to detect the V3-V4 variable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA(16S rRNA)gene in the blood smaples,and the composition and difference of the blood microbiota were compared and analyzed between the 2 groups.Results All the participants were male and Han people,and there were no significant differences in baseline data such as age,body mass index and plateau migration time between the 2 groups(P＞0.05).The α-diversity of blood microbiota in the HAPC group,including the Simpson index(0.931±0.005 vs 0.907±0.008,P＜0.05),Goods Coverage index(0.998±0.001 vs 0.997±0.001,P＜0.001)and Pielou index(0.597±0.011 vs 0.567±0.009,P＜0.05)were significantly higher than those in the control group.Meanwhile,obvious difference was observed in the β diversity between the 2 groups(P＜0.01).The relative abundance analysis of bacteria showed that Pelomonas(0.046±0.004 vs 0.033±0.003,P＜0.05),Azospirillum(0.046±0.006 vs 0.021±0.003,P＜0.01),Acidovorax(0.032± 0.003 vs 0.019±0.002,Azospirillum(0.046±0.006 vs 0.021±0.003,P＜0.01)and Acidovorax(0.032± 0.003 vs 0.019±0.002,P＜0.05)were statistically higher in the HAPC group than the control group.LEfSe analysis showed that the characteristic blood microbiota of the HAPC group were α-Proteobacteria,and those of control group were Trichospiridae.Conclusion Significant changes are found in diversity,relative abundance and characteristic bacteria of the blood microbiota between the HAPC patients and healthy people at the high altitude,which might be closely associated with the occurrence and development of HAPC.

Objective To investigate the effects of clearing meibomian gland ducts prior to cataract surgery on the gland dysfunction and dry eye induced by surgery.Methods A prospective,randomized controlled trial was conducted on 110 patients(110 eyes)undergoing elective cataract surgery for senile cataract in our department from June 1,to December 31,2021.The participants were randomly allocated into treatment(n=56)and control(n=54)groups.The patients from the treatment group were given eyelid compresses and cleaning to remove an obstructed meibum in 1 week prior to cataract surgery,while those from the control group received no such treatment.Ocular surface disease index(OSDI),indicators related to meibomian gland function,including tear film lipid layer thickness(LLT),meibomian glands yielding liquid secretion(MGYLS),meibomian glands yielding secretion score(MGYSS),and tear film break-up time(TBUT)before,and 1 and 3 months after surgery were employed to evaluate the efficacy of clearing meibomian gland ducts.Results The control group exhibited significantly decreased MGYLS(P＜0.05),increased MGYSS(P＜0.01),thinner LLT(P＜0.01),shorter TBUT,worsened dry eye symptoms,and elevated OSDI score(P＜0.05)in 1 month after surgery.Conversely,the treatment group showed significantly improved MGYLS(P＜0.01),decreased MGYSS(P＜0.01),thicker LLT,extended TBUT,and improved subjective outcomes reported on OSDI.Conclusion Our preoperative meibomian gland treatment prior to cataract surgery may be a safe and effective intervention for relieving dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction induced by surgery.

Objective To study the application effect of quality control circle(QCC)in reducing the dissatisfaction rate of physical examination clients in health management center.Methods To establish QCC,selected the health check-up popula-tion in our hospital in September-2019 and March-2020,through the questionnaire investigation and analysis,compare the dis-satisfaction of the clients before and after the quality control circle.Results After carrying out QCC activities,the dissatisfaction of physical examination clients was significantly lower than that before QCC,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion The activities of QCC in the health management center can effectively improve the quality of the physical examination work and reduce the dissatisfaction of the customers in the physical examination.It is of great significance to the health management.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and mutation spectrum of monogenic diseases in Chinese population through a large-scale,multicenter carrier screening.Methods This study was conducted among a total of 33 104 participants(16 610 females)from 12 clinical centers across China.Carrier status for 223 genes was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and different PCR methods.Results The overall combined carrier frequency was 55.58%for 197 autosomal genes and 1.84%for 26 X-linked genes in these participants.Among the 16 669 families,874 at-risk couples(5.24%)were identified.Specifically,584 couples(3.50%)were at risk for autosomal genes,306(1.84%)for X-linked genes,and 16 for both autosomal and X-linked genes.The most frequently detected autosomal at-risk genes included GJB2(autosomal recessive deafness type 1A,393 couples),HBA1/HBA2(α-thalassemia,36 couples),PAH(phenylketonuria,14 couples),and SMN1(spinal muscular atrophy,14 couples).The most frequently detected X-linked at-risk genes were G6PD(G6PD deficiency,236 couples),DMD(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,23 couples),and FMR1(fragile X syndrome,17 couples).After excluding GJB2 c.109G>A,the detection rate of at-risk couples was 3.91%(651/16 669),which was lowered to 1.72%(287/16 669)after further excluding G6PD.The theoretical incidence rate of severe monogenic birth defects was approximately 4.35‰(72.5/16 669).Screening for a battery of the top 22 most frequent genes in the at-risk couples could detect over 95%of at-risk couples,while screening for the top 54 genes further increased the detection rate to over 99%.Conclusion This study reveals the carrier frequencies of 223 monogenic genetic disorders in the Chinese population and provides evidence for carrier screening strategy development and panel design tailored to the Chinese population.In carrier testing,genetic counseling for specific genes or gene variants can be challenging,and the couples need to be informed of these difficulties before testing and provided with options for not screening these genes or gene variants.

Objective Vasculogenic mimicry(VM)is a novel vasculogenic process integral to glioma stem cells(GSCs)in glioblastoma(GBM).However,the relationship between VM and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated(ATM)serine/threonine kinase activation,which confers chemoradiotherapy resistance,remains unclear. Methods We investigated VM formation and phosphorylated ATM(pATM)levels by CD31/GFAP-periodic acid-Schiff dual staining and immunohistochemical staining in 145 GBM specimens.Glioma stem-like cells(GSLCs)derived from the formatted spheres of U87 and U251 cell lines and their pATM level and VM formation ability were examined using western blot and three-dimensional culture.For the examination of the function of pATM in VM formation by GSLCs,ATM knockdown by shRNAs and deactivated via ATM phosphorylation inhibitor KU55933 were studied. Results VM and high pATM expression occurred in 38.5%and 41.8%of tumors,respectively,and were significantly associated with reduced progression-free and overall survival.Patients with VM-positive GBMs exhibited higher pATM levels(rs=0.425,P=0.01).The multivariate analysis established VM as an independent negative prognostic factor(P=0.002).Furthermore,GSLCs expressed high levels of pATM and formed vascular-like networks in vitro.ATM inactivation or knockdown hindered VM-like network formation concomitant with the downregulation of pVEGFR-2,VE-cadherin,and laminin B2. Conclusion VM may predict a poor GBM prognosis and is associated with pATM expression.We propose that pATM promotes VM through extracellular matrix modulation and VE-Cadherin/pVEGFR-2 activation,thereby highlighting ATM activation as a potential target for enhancing anti-angiogenesis therapies for GBM.