The focus of green analytical chemistry (GAC) is to minimize the negative impacts of analytical procedures on human safety, human health, and the environment. Several factors, such as the reagents used, sample collection, sample processing, instruments, energy consumed, and the quantities of hazardous materials and waste generated during analytical procedures, need to be considered in the evaluation of the greenness of analytical assays. In this study, we propose a greenness evaluation metric for analytical methods (GEMAM). The new greenness metric is simple, flexible, and comprehensive. The evaluation criteria are based on both the 12 principles of GAC (SIGNIFICANCE) and the 10 factors of sample preparation, and the results are presented on a 0-10 scale. The GEMAM calculation process is easy to perform, and its results are easy to interpret. The output of GEMAM is a pictogram that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information based on color and number.

T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain(TIGIT)is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of immune cells.TIGIT expression is up-regulated in blad-der cancer and will have an important impact on bladder cancer development and poor prognosis.Immunotherapy that blocks TIGIT signaling is expected to improve the prognosis of bladder cancer.With further research,TIGIT is likely to become a target for bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment.This article reviews the structure,immuno-modulatory effect and the research progress of TIGIT in bladder cancer.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from the bilayer membrane structure of the cell. It has been reported that the contents of some miRNA, mRNA, lncRNA and protein in exosomes are different between renal cell carcinoma patients and healthy controls, and the differences are statistically significant. These substances in renal cell carcinoma exosomes may be helpful for the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma which may improve the early diagnosis rate of renal cancer. This article reviews the research progress of exosomes in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma.

Background/Aims: To evaluate the causal correlation between complement components and non-viral liver diseases and their potential use as druggable targets. Methods: We conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal role of circulating complements in the risk of non-viral liver diseases. A complement-centric protein interaction network was constructed to explore biological functions and identify potential therapeutic options. Results: In the MR analysis, genetically predicted levels of complement C1q C chain (C1QC) were positively associated with the risk of autoimmune hepatitis (odds ratio 1.125, 95% confidence interval 1.018–1.244), while complement factor H-related protein 5 (CFHR5) was positively associated with the risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC;1.193, 1.048– 1.357). On the other hand, CFHR1 (0.621, 0.497–0.776) and CFHR2 (0.824, 0.703–0.965) were inversely associated with the risk of alcohol-related cirrhosis. There were also significant inverse associations between C8 gamma chain (C8G) and PSC (0.832, 0.707–0.979), as well as the risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (1.167, 1.036–1.314). Additionally, C1S (0.111, 0.018–0.672), C7 (1.631, 1.190–2.236), and CFHR2 (1.279, 1.059–1.546) were significantly associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proteins from the complement regulatory networks and various liver diseaserelated proteins share common biological processes. Furthermore, potential therapeutic drugs for various liver diseases were identified through drug repurposing based on the complement regulatory network. Conclusions Our study suggests that certain complement components, including C1S, C1QC, CFHR1, CFHR2, CFHR5, C7, and C8G, might play a role in non-viral liver diseases and could be potential targets for drug development.

Green analytical chemistry (GAC) focuses on mitigating the adverse effects of analytical activities on human safety, human health, and environment. In addition to the 12 principles of GAC, proper GAC tools should be developed and employed to assess the greenness of different analytical assays. The 15 widely used GAC metrics, i.e., national environmental methods index (NEMI), advanced NEMI, assessment of green profile (AGP), chloroform-oriented toxicity estimation scale (ChlorTox Scale), Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Certificate Modified Eco-Scale, analytical method greenness score (AMGS), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), ComplexGAPI, red-green-blue (RGB) additive color model, RGB 12 algorithm, analytical greenness calculator (AGREE), AGREE preparation (AGREEprep), HEXAGON, and blue applicability grade index (BAGI), are selected as the typical tools. This article comprehensively presents and elucidates the principles, characteristics, merits, and demerits of 15 widely used GAC tools. This review is helpful for researchers to use the current GAC metrics to assess the environmental sustainability of analytical assays.

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies of the urological tract. Surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy are the main treatment methods for prostate cancer, which often lead to unsatisfactory outcomes due to the obvious heterogeneity of the tumor. Recently, poorly differentiated, self-renewing cancer initiation sites and treatment-resistant cancer stem cells (CSC) have become a hot topic in prostate cancer research. Targeting prostate cancer stem cells is a novel and promising therapy. In this article, we review the mechanism of stemness maintenance of CSC, its impact on the tumor microenvironment, and the related research progress in prostate cancer treatment, providing a theoretical basis for the targeted therapy of prostate cancer stem cells.

Despite the increasing number of patients was diagnosed with prostate cancer due to widespread cancer screening, PSA testing does not differentiate between lethal and slow-growing inert prostate cancers. This leads to a proportion of patients being over-diagnosed and consequently over-treated.The current study has found that PSA exists as a precursor to post-translational modification, and that [-2]proPSA originates only from the peripheral zone of the prostate. Furthermore, the study has shown that prostate health index (PHI) calculated from [-2]proPSA, fPSA, and PSA has a higher positive predictive value for prostate cancer, making it useful in the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer. This article reviews the progress of research related to PHI in prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract. Surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, but BC is markedly heterogeneous, leading to unsatisfactory outcomes. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a new type of targeted drug, has achieved remarkable results in the treatment of tumors by coupling a chemical junction with a highly cytotoxic small molecule, which can exert anti-tumor effects while avoiding the impacts on normal cells. To date, several ADCs have been used in the treatment of BC at home and abroad, and play an increasingly important role in the field of BC therapy. This article briefly introduces the mechanism of ADC, the current application of ADC in BC treatment, and the problems and challenges faced, hoping to provide reference for clinical work.

Bladder cancer(BC) ranks the first of genitourinary tumor in China and is one of the most common urological malignancies, in which 25%-30% of patients were diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Radical cystectomy combined with pelvic lymph node dissection is the standard procedure for treatment, which can effectively avoid tumor recurrence or distant metastasis as well as improve the prognosis of patients. However, some patients may not tolerate or refuse to undergo radical bladder surgery due to worry about high complication rate, high morbidity and poor postoperative quality of life. With the increasing understanding of bladder cancer heterogeneity and biological behavior, the treatment of bladder cancer has changed from a surgery-based treatment model to an individualized and comprehensive treatment model by multidisciplinary collaboration. The bladder-preserving treatment can achieve the same oncological prognosis as that of radical bladder surgery with a better quality of life of the patients, which has become a hot topic and focus of research in muscle-invasive bladder cancer treatment. This article reviewed the progress of research related to the comprehensive treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with preservation of the bladder.

Background::Non-smokers account for a large proportion of lung cancer patients, especially in Asia, but the attention paid to them is limited compared with smokers. In non-smokers, males display a risk for lung cancer incidence distinct from the females—even after excluding the influence of smoking; but the knowledge regarding the factors causing the difference is sparse. Based on a large multicenter prospective cancer screening cohort in China, we aimed to elucidate the interpretable sex differences caused by known factors and provide clues for primary and secondary prevention.Methods::Risk factors including demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, family history of cancer, and baseline comorbidity were obtained from 796,283 Chinese non-smoking participants by the baseline risk assessment completed in 2013 to 2018. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the sex difference in the risk of lung cancer, and the hazard ratios (HRs) that were adjusted for different known factors were calculated and compared to determine the proportion of excess risk and to explain the existing risk factors.Results::With a median follow-up of 4.80 years, 3351 subjects who were diagnosed with lung cancer were selected in the analysis. The lung cancer risk of males was significantly higher than that of females; the HRs in all male non-smokers were 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-1.38) after adjusting for the age and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.28-1.50) after adjusting for all factors, which suggested that known factors could not explain the sex difference in the risk of lung cancer in non-smokers. Known factors were 7% (|1.29-1.38|/1.29) more harmful in women than in men. For adenocarcinoma, women showed excess risk higher than men, contrary to squamous cell carcinoma; after adjusting for all factors, 47% ([1.30-1.16]/[1.30-1]) and 4% ([7.02-6.75]/[7.02-1])) of the excess risk was explainable in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The main causes of gender differences in lung cancer risk were lifestyle factors, baseline comorbidity, and family history.Conclusions::Significant gender differences in the risk of lung cancer were discovered in China non-smokers. Existing risk factors did not explain the excess lung cancer risk of all non-smoking men, and the internal causes for the excess risk still need to be explored; most known risk factors were more harmful to non-smoking women; further exploring the causes of the sex difference would help to improve the prevention and screening programs and protect the non-smoking males from lung cancers.