The focus of green analytical chemistry (GAC) is to minimize the negative impacts of analytical procedures on human safety, human health, and the environment. Several factors, such as the reagents used, sample collection, sample processing, instruments, energy consumed, and the quantities of hazardous materials and waste generated during analytical procedures, need to be considered in the evaluation of the greenness of analytical assays. In this study, we propose a greenness evaluation metric for analytical methods (GEMAM). The new greenness metric is simple, flexible, and comprehensive. The evaluation criteria are based on both the 12 principles of GAC (SIGNIFICANCE) and the 10 factors of sample preparation, and the results are presented on a 0-10 scale. The GEMAM calculation process is easy to perform, and its results are easy to interpret. The output of GEMAM is a pictogram that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information based on color and number.

YTHDF2 is a key m6A RNA modification"reader"that plays a crucial role in cell biological processes and tumor development.This review deeply explores the biological role of YTHDF2 and the advances in its application in tumors.The YTHDF2 structures are divided into mRNA procsomes and YTH domains,which recognize and bind m6A modified RNA molecules.It plays a biological role by promoting mRNA degradation,regu-lating cell signaling pathways and metabolism,and can regulate macrophage function and maintain an immunosup-pressive state in the tumor microenvironment.YTHDF2 has the potential to serve as diagnostic markers,therapeu-tic targets and prognostic evaluation biomarkers in different tumors,but currently relevant studies are insufficient in sample size,molecular mechanism and clinical application.In the future,research can be conducted on compre-hensive clinical research,in-depth analysis of molecular mechanisms,and research and development of optimized treatment strategies.

The focus of green analytical chemistry(GAC)is to minimize the negative impacts of analytical pro-cedures on human safety,human health,and the environment.Several factors,such as the reagents used,sample collection,sample processing,instruments,energy consumed,and the quantities of hazardous materials and waste generated during analytical procedures,need to be considered in the evaluation of the greenness of analytical assays.In this study,we propose a greenness evaluation metric for analytical methods(GEMAM).The new greenness metric is simple,flexible,and comprehensive.The evaluation criteria are based on both the 12 principles of GAC(SIGNIFICANCE)and the 10 factors of sample prep-aration,and the results are presented on a 0-10 scale.The GEMAM calculation process is easy to perform,and its results are easy to interpret.The output of GEMAM is a pictogram that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information based on color and number.

Objective To discuss the application of enhanced MRI-based radiomics nomogram in predicting the efficacy of initial transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)in patients with intermediate to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods A total of 195 patients with advanced HCC(CNLC Ⅱ b-Ⅲb),who received initial TACE at the Affiliated Fifth Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University(Center 1)from January 2019 to March 2024,at the Lishui Municipal People's Hospital(Center 2)from July 2021 to June 2023,and at the Rui'an Municipal People's Hospital(Center 3)from January 2022 to January 2024,were enrolled in this study.A total of 134 patients from Center 1 were randomly divided into a training set(n=94)and an internal validation set(n=40)at a 7∶3 ratio;and other 61 patients from Center 2 and Center 3 were selected as the external validation set.Based on the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(mRECIST)criteria,the early efficacy of the initial TACE procedure was evaluated.The patients were divided into an effective group and an ineffective group.The tumor contours were delineated on the arterial,portal,and equilibrium phase images of enhanced MRI,and the corresponding radiomics features were extracted.Based on reduced-dimensional features,the Logistic regression,support vector machine,lightweight gradient boosting machine,and multi-layer perceptron models were established.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to screen independent predictive factors,and a nomogram was established in conjunction with the optimal radiomics score.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)was used to evaluate the performance of the model,and decision curve analysis was adopted to calculate the net benefits.Results After screening,9 key radiomics features were obtained.The lightweight gradient boosting machine model showed good prediction performance.The AUCs of the training set,internal validation set,and external validation set were 0.909,0.836 and 0.783 respectively,which was selected as the optimal radiomics model.The nomogram constructed based on AFP level,peritumoral enhancement,and optimal radiomics score could further improve its performance,with AUC values of 0.962,0.890 and 0.821 in the training set,internal validation set,and external validation set respectively.Decision curve analysis showed that this model could bring higher net benefits to patients.Conclusion The nomogram constructed based on the enhanced MRI-based radiomics combined with AFP level and peritumoral enhancement can effectively predict the efficacy of the initial TACE in patients with intermediate to advanced HCC.

YTHDF2 is a key m6A RNA modification"reader"that plays a crucial role in cell biological processes and tumor development.This review deeply explores the biological role of YTHDF2 and the advances in its application in tumors.The YTHDF2 structures are divided into mRNA procsomes and YTH domains,which recognize and bind m6A modified RNA molecules.It plays a biological role by promoting mRNA degradation,regu-lating cell signaling pathways and metabolism,and can regulate macrophage function and maintain an immunosup-pressive state in the tumor microenvironment.YTHDF2 has the potential to serve as diagnostic markers,therapeu-tic targets and prognostic evaluation biomarkers in different tumors,but currently relevant studies are insufficient in sample size,molecular mechanism and clinical application.In the future,research can be conducted on compre-hensive clinical research,in-depth analysis of molecular mechanisms,and research and development of optimized treatment strategies.

T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain(TIGIT)is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of immune cells.TIGIT expression is up-regulated in blad-der cancer and will have an important impact on bladder cancer development and poor prognosis.Immunotherapy that blocks TIGIT signaling is expected to improve the prognosis of bladder cancer.With further research,TIGIT is likely to become a target for bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment.This article reviews the structure,immuno-modulatory effect and the research progress of TIGIT in bladder cancer.

Green analytical chemistry (GAC) focuses on mitigating the adverse effects of analytical activities on human safety, human health, and environment. In addition to the 12 principles of GAC, proper GAC tools should be developed and employed to assess the greenness of different analytical assays. The 15 widely used GAC metrics, i.e., national environmental methods index (NEMI), advanced NEMI, assessment of green profile (AGP), chloroform-oriented toxicity estimation scale (ChlorTox Scale), Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Certificate Modified Eco-Scale, analytical method greenness score (AMGS), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), ComplexGAPI, red-green-blue (RGB) additive color model, RGB 12 algorithm, analytical greenness calculator (AGREE), AGREE preparation (AGREEprep), HEXAGON, and blue applicability grade index (BAGI), are selected as the typical tools. This article comprehensively presents and elucidates the principles, characteristics, merits, and demerits of 15 widely used GAC tools. This review is helpful for researchers to use the current GAC metrics to assess the environmental sustainability of analytical assays.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from the bilayer membrane structure of the cell. It has been reported that the contents of some miRNA, mRNA, lncRNA and protein in exosomes are different between renal cell carcinoma patients and healthy controls, and the differences are statistically significant. These substances in renal cell carcinoma exosomes may be helpful for the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma which may improve the early diagnosis rate of renal cancer. This article reviews the research progress of exosomes in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma.

Background/Aims: To evaluate the causal correlation between complement components and non-viral liver diseases and their potential use as druggable targets. Methods: We conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal role of circulating complements in the risk of non-viral liver diseases. A complement-centric protein interaction network was constructed to explore biological functions and identify potential therapeutic options. Results: In the MR analysis, genetically predicted levels of complement C1q C chain (C1QC) were positively associated with the risk of autoimmune hepatitis (odds ratio 1.125, 95% confidence interval 1.018–1.244), while complement factor H-related protein 5 (CFHR5) was positively associated with the risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC;1.193, 1.048– 1.357). On the other hand, CFHR1 (0.621, 0.497–0.776) and CFHR2 (0.824, 0.703–0.965) were inversely associated with the risk of alcohol-related cirrhosis. There were also significant inverse associations between C8 gamma chain (C8G) and PSC (0.832, 0.707–0.979), as well as the risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (1.167, 1.036–1.314). Additionally, C1S (0.111, 0.018–0.672), C7 (1.631, 1.190–2.236), and CFHR2 (1.279, 1.059–1.546) were significantly associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proteins from the complement regulatory networks and various liver diseaserelated proteins share common biological processes. Furthermore, potential therapeutic drugs for various liver diseases were identified through drug repurposing based on the complement regulatory network. Conclusions Our study suggests that certain complement components, including C1S, C1QC, CFHR1, CFHR2, CFHR5, C7, and C8G, might play a role in non-viral liver diseases and could be potential targets for drug development.

Green analytical chemistry(GAC)focuses on mitigating the adverse effects of analytical activities on human safety,human health,and environment.In addition to the 12 principles of GAC,proper GAC tools should be developed and employed to assess the greenness of different analytical assays.The 15 widely used GAC metrics,i.e.,national environmental methods index(NEMI),advanced NEMI,assessment of green profile(AGP),chloroform-oriented toxicity estimation scale(ChlorTox Scale),Analytical Eco-Scale,Green Certificate Modified Eco-Scale,analytical method greenness score(AMGS),green analytical pro-cedure index(GAPI),ComplexGAPI,red-green-blue(RGB)additive color model,RGB 12 algorithm,analytical greenness calculator(AGREE),AGREE preparation(AGREEprep),HEXAGON,and blue appli-cability grade index(BAGI),are selected as the typical tools.This article comprehensively presents and elucidates the principles,characteristics,merits,and demerits of 15 widely used GAC tools.This review is helpful for researchers to use the current GAC metrics to assess the environmental sustainability of analytical assays.