Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations and genetic features of children with papillorenal syndrome caused by PAX2 gene mutation.Methods Clinical manifestations,imaging changes and sequencing data were collected and analyzed from a family with papillorenal syndrome who were diagnosed in Wuhan Children's Hospital in February 2018."PAX2","papillorenal syndrome" and "renal coloboma syndrome" were used as key words to search in China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wangfang Data Knowledge Service Platform,PubMed and Human Gene Mutation Database up to April 2018.Results A ten years old girl was admitted due to "edema and urine output decreased for one week".Lab showed BUN 25.30 mmol/L,Scr 766.5 μmol/L,Urine protein 3.6 g/24 h.Imaging examination showed bilateral vesical and ureter reflux combined with left duplex kidney and duplication of ureter.Developmental dysplasia of the left hip was also found.The father of the patient had been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease for 10 years and on hemodialysis for 6 years.Next generation sequencing revealed that both the father and daughter carried a heterozygous nonsense mutation in the exon3 c.219C ＞ G(p.Y73X) of PAX2.No Chinese literature ever was reported about papillorenal syndrome.Ninety-four articles in English were retrieved and 177 patients with papillorenal syndrome were confirmed by gene analysis with a total of 92 PAX2 variants.Ten nonsense mutations had been reported.Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) never be reported before.Conclusion Papillorenal syndrome caused by PAX2 mutation can mainly manifest as abnormal development of both kidney and optic nerve,which may be accompanied by other systemic abnormalities,it is rarely reported in China.DDH may be a new phenotype of papillorenal syndrome.

Objective To observe the accuracy of the five-level adult emergency triage system (FLAETS) in determining the severity of critically ill patients,and to analyze the factors that influenced the accuracy of the triage.Methods The triage information of patients admitted to Huashan North Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University between 1 year before and 1 year (started in July 2014) after the implementation of the FLAETS were retrospective analyzed.The patients who triaged by FLAETS (from September 2014 to August 2015) were served as observational group,and those manual triaged by modified early warning score (MEWS,from July 2013 to June 2014) were set as control group.The patients with triage of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ levels were enrolled (fatal,critical,urgent),and the triage results of emergency physicians-in-chief on duty were set as gold standard.The gender,age,triage level,the proportion of over-triage,the proportion of under-triage,and mortality were compared between two groups.The reasons for the overtriage and under-triage were analyzed.The accuracy of FLAETS in determining severity of critically ill patients was calculated.Results 18449 patients were enrolled in observational group,and 720,1641 and 16088 patients were triaged as level Ⅰ,level ⅡⅡ,level Ⅲ respectively;17 378 patients were triaged as critically ill patients according to gold standard,and level Ⅰ,level Ⅱ,level Ⅲ were 637,1476 and 15 265 patients respectively.6 352 patients were enrolled in control group,and level Ⅰ,level Ⅱ,level Ⅲ were 204,771 and 5 377 patients respectively;6002 patients were triaged as critically ill patients according to gold standard,and level Ⅰ,level Ⅱ,level Ⅲ were 308,836 and 4 858 patients respectively.There were no statistically significant differences in gender and age between two groups (both P ＞ 0.05).Compared with the control group,the proportion of over-triage of level Ⅲ was significantly lowered [8.3％ (1 329/16088) vs.12.5％ (674/5 377),P ＜ 0.01],the proportion of under-triage of level Ⅱ and level Ⅲ was significantly lowered [level Ⅱ:0.6％ (9/1 641) vs.7.0％ (54/771),level Ⅲ:0.4％ (63/16088) vs.4.7％ (254/5 377),both P ＜ 0.01].The success rate of resuscitation in observation group was significantly higher than that of control group [80.70％ (619/767) vs.75.23％ (410/545),P =0.020],and the mortality was significantly lowered [1.11％ (193/17 378) vs.2.35％ (141/6002),P =0.037].Over-triages were mainly found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),hypertension and the main complaint of chest tightness,shortness of breath,and under-triages were mainly found in patients with the multiple organ dysfunction in the elder,atypical heart disease and pneumothorax.The accuracy rates of level Ⅰ,level Ⅱ and level Ⅲ in observation group (99.37％,97.42％ and 89.58％) were significantly higher than those of the control group (97.51％,92.54％,and 80.16％,all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The FLAETS in determining severity of critically ill patients were objective and reliable,which enable the nurse to better handle the relationship of the emergency and the ordinary,the severe and the mild,the priority and the non-priority,which made the patients received timely and effective treatment.

Nowadays,the study of tumor stem cells has become the heatpoint in cancer research.Many experiments have successfully demonstrated the existence of tumor stem cells,which have been isolated from some solid tumors.As the research on the origin of tumor stem cell is developing,the knowledge of the occurrence and development of tumor has become more clear,which will influence the diagnosis and treatment for tumor significantly.Moreover it will bring benefit to the following-up after surgical operation and giving hopes to cancer sufferers.