Objective To investigate the nebulization characteristics of human interferon α1b for injection.To characterize and compare the delivery rate,total drug substance and the aerodynamic characteristics between the two types of nebulizer.Methods Connect two types of nebulizers with a breathing simulator,respectively,and simulate the breathing patterns of an infant and child.Measure the delivery rate,total delivered dose,and delivery uniformity.The aerodynamic properties of human interferon α1b for injection were evaluated by the next generation impactor(NGI).The content of human interferon α1b was quantified by double antibody sandwich ELISA.Results In the three batches of samples in infant mode,the delivery rate and total delivered dose determind by A nebulizer were 0.45,0.49,0.44 μg·min-1,3.06,3.21,3.81 μg,respectcively;and 0.12,0.14,0.16 μg·min-1,0.73,0.73,0.75 μg,respectcively by B nebulizer.In child mode,the delivery rate and total delivered doses determined by A nebulizer were 1.36,1.49,1.20 μg·min-1,7.44,7.17,and 6.54 μg,respectcively;and 0.37,0.36,0.43 μg·min-1,1.66,1.59,and 1.41 μg,respectcively by B nebulizer.In child and infant mode,the ten results of the total drug substance delivered determined by nebulizer A were both between 65%to 135%of the average.The FPD,FPF,MMAD,and GSD determined by A neublizer of three batch samples were 2.48,2.92,2.35 μg,59.0%,57.4%,59.1%,4.18,4.34,4.15 μm,1.94,1.98,2.01,respectively.The FPD,FPF,MMAD and GSD determined by B neublizer of three batches samples were 2.70,3.38,3.06 μg,67.6%,66.4%,66.3%,3.55,3.65,3.68 μm,2.03,2.04,2.06,respectively.Conclusions The data obtained in this research characterized the in vitro nebulization characteristics of human interferon α1b for injection and provided a theoretical basis and reference for in vitro study and clinical practice.The influence of different types of nebulizers on nebulization characteristics was evaluated as well.It is suggested that the quality standard of nebulizers be strictly formulated and the use of nebulizers be standardized.

Objective To explore and summarize the locations,clinical manifestations,and treatment strategies of foreign bodies in the oral and maxillofacial region(FBOMR)among patients treated in our hospital,providing clinical insights and references for the pre-vention and management of FBOMR.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 17 FBOMR patients hos-pitalized in our hospital from May 2022 to May 2024.The demographic information,etiology of injury,characteristics of foreign bodies,extraction methods,surgical duration,complications,and follow-up outcomes were analyzed.Differences in treatment strategies among patients with varying injury patterns were compared.Results The average age of the 17 FBOMR patients was(45.71±18.19)years old,with a male to female ratio of 1∶0.7.Etiological analysis revealed:iatrogenic causes(58.82%,10/17),occupational exposure(23.53%,4/17),and accidental injuries(17.65%,3/17).Secondary infections occurred in 64.71%(11/17)of cases during foreign body retention.All cases underwent successful surgical removal,with the following approaches:conventional surgery(64.71%,11/17),computer navigation-assisted surgery(29.41%,5/17),and endoscope-assisted surgery(5.88%,1/17).Compared to the conventional group,computer navigation-assisted surgery significantly reduced intraoperative trauma(P＜0.05).Conclusion Retained FBOMR poses serious risks to patients'physical and mental health.Surgical intervention remains the gold standard for clinical manage-ment.Precise three-dimensional localization and minimally invasive techniques,such as computer-assisted navigation and endoscopy,are recommended to minimize tissue damage and improve outcomes.

Objective To investigate the nebulization characteristics of human interferon α1b for injection.To characterize and compare the delivery rate,total drug substance and the aerodynamic characteristics between the two types of nebulizer.Methods Connect two types of nebulizers with a breathing simulator,respectively,and simulate the breathing patterns of an infant and child.Measure the delivery rate,total delivered dose,and delivery uniformity.The aerodynamic properties of human interferon α1b for injection were evaluated by the next generation impactor(NGI).The content of human interferon α1b was quantified by double antibody sandwich ELISA.Results In the three batches of samples in infant mode,the delivery rate and total delivered dose determind by A nebulizer were 0.45,0.49,0.44 μg·min-1,3.06,3.21,3.81 μg,respectcively;and 0.12,0.14,0.16 μg·min-1,0.73,0.73,0.75 μg,respectcively by B nebulizer.In child mode,the delivery rate and total delivered doses determined by A nebulizer were 1.36,1.49,1.20 μg·min-1,7.44,7.17,and 6.54 μg,respectcively;and 0.37,0.36,0.43 μg·min-1,1.66,1.59,and 1.41 μg,respectcively by B nebulizer.In child and infant mode,the ten results of the total drug substance delivered determined by nebulizer A were both between 65%to 135%of the average.The FPD,FPF,MMAD,and GSD determined by A neublizer of three batch samples were 2.48,2.92,2.35 μg,59.0%,57.4%,59.1%,4.18,4.34,4.15 μm,1.94,1.98,2.01,respectively.The FPD,FPF,MMAD and GSD determined by B neublizer of three batches samples were 2.70,3.38,3.06 μg,67.6%,66.4%,66.3%,3.55,3.65,3.68 μm,2.03,2.04,2.06,respectively.Conclusions The data obtained in this research characterized the in vitro nebulization characteristics of human interferon α1b for injection and provided a theoretical basis and reference for in vitro study and clinical practice.The influence of different types of nebulizers on nebulization characteristics was evaluated as well.It is suggested that the quality standard of nebulizers be strictly formulated and the use of nebulizers be standardized.

Objective To explore and summarize the locations,clinical manifestations,and treatment strategies of foreign bodies in the oral and maxillofacial region(FBOMR)among patients treated in our hospital,providing clinical insights and references for the pre-vention and management of FBOMR.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 17 FBOMR patients hos-pitalized in our hospital from May 2022 to May 2024.The demographic information,etiology of injury,characteristics of foreign bodies,extraction methods,surgical duration,complications,and follow-up outcomes were analyzed.Differences in treatment strategies among patients with varying injury patterns were compared.Results The average age of the 17 FBOMR patients was(45.71±18.19)years old,with a male to female ratio of 1∶0.7.Etiological analysis revealed:iatrogenic causes(58.82%,10/17),occupational exposure(23.53%,4/17),and accidental injuries(17.65%,3/17).Secondary infections occurred in 64.71%(11/17)of cases during foreign body retention.All cases underwent successful surgical removal,with the following approaches:conventional surgery(64.71%,11/17),computer navigation-assisted surgery(29.41%,5/17),and endoscope-assisted surgery(5.88%,1/17).Compared to the conventional group,computer navigation-assisted surgery significantly reduced intraoperative trauma(P＜0.05).Conclusion Retained FBOMR poses serious risks to patients'physical and mental health.Surgical intervention remains the gold standard for clinical manage-ment.Precise three-dimensional localization and minimally invasive techniques,such as computer-assisted navigation and endoscopy,are recommended to minimize tissue damage and improve outcomes.

Objective:The investigation and research on the application status of Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient (HVPG) is very important to understand the real situation and future development of this technology in China.Methods:This study comprehensively investigated the basic situation of HVPG technology in China, including hospital distribution, hospital level, annual number of cases, catheters used, average cost, indications and existing problems.Results:According to the survey, there were 70 hospitals in China carrying out HVPG technology in 2021, distributed in 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central Government). A total of 4 398 cases of HVPG were performed in all the surveyed hospitals in 2021, of which 2 291 cases (52.1%) were tested by HVPG alone. The average cost of HVPG detection was (5 617.2±2 079.4) yuan. 96.3% of the teams completed HVPG detection with balloon method, and most of the teams used thrombectomy balloon catheter (80.3%).Conclusion:Through this investigation, the status of domestic clinical application of HVPG has been clarified, and it has been confirmed that many domestic medical institutions have mastered this technology, but it still needs to continue to promote and popularize HVPG technology in the future.

Objective:To explore the application value of three-dimensional visualization technology in the analysis of anatomic variation of peripancreatic vessels in patients with pancreatic space occupation.Methods:A total of 98 cases in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Fuyang People's Hospital from June 2018 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Of 94 patients were enrolled, including 56 males and 38 females, aged (61.2±7.2) years. Abdominal organs and blood vessels were reconstructed by 3D visualization technology, and anatomic variation of peripancreatic vessels was analyzed, including abdominal trunk, hepatic artery system, portal vein system and dorsal pancreatic artery.Results:The three-dimensional reconstruction rate of celiac trunk vessels was 100.0% (94/94). The 60 cases of abnormal celiac trunk were as follows: liver and spleen trunk in 5 cases (5.3%), stomach and spleen trunk in 1 case (1.1%), liver, stomach and spleen mesentery trunk in 3 cases (3.2%), liver, stomach and spleen mesentery trunk in 17 cases (18.1%), celiac trunk with one or more inferior phrenic arteries in 34 cases (36.2%). There were 69 cases (73.4%) of Michels type Ⅰ, 2 cases (2.1%) of Michels type Ⅲ, 1 case (1.1%) of Michels Ⅴ, 2 cases (2.1%) of Ⅷ, and 1 case (1.1%) of type Ⅸ of hepatic artery system. There were 17 cases (18.1%) of accessory left hepatic artery from celiac trunk which did not belong to Michels classification. Left accessory hepatic artery originated from left gastric artery and left hepatic artery originated from superior mesenteric artery in 1 case (1.1%), right accessory hepatic artery originated from celiac trunk combined with proper hepatic artery and right anterior hepatic artery combined with gastroduodenal artery originated from right posterior hepatic artery in 1 case (1.1%). Abnormal walking of dorsal pancreatic artery in 3 cases. The inferior mesenteric vein flowed into the superior mesenteric vein in 38 cases (40.4%), and the inferior mesenteric vein flowed into the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein in 4 cases (4.3%).Conclusion:Three-dimensional visualization technique is helpful to determine the variation of peripancreatic vessels, and has certain significance for accurate preoperative evaluation and surgical guidance of patients with pancreatic space occupation.

Objective To assess the interference by calcium dobesilatein 7 peroxidase-baseduric acid assays and to determine its clinical significance.Methods In the in vitro experiments, uric acid in pooled serum with final concentrations of calcium dobesilate additions (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64μg/ml) were measured by 7 peroxidase-based assays.Percent Bias (%) was calculated relative to the drug-free specimen.In the in vivo experiments, changes in serum uric acid and calcium dobesilate concentrations were observed before and after calcium dobesilate administration ( baseline, 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h ) involunteers.The interference in different assays was assessed compared with LC-IDMS/MS method. Calcium dobesilate levels in 40 specimens from those taking calcium dobesilate were measured by HPLC method.Of the 40 specimens, 10 were selected to analyse the levels of uric acid by both peroxidase and UV measurement method to assess the impact in clinical status.Results In the in vitro study, concentrations of uric acid measured by 7 peroxidase-based assays were reduced by -6.3%to -21.2%compared with drug-free serum, when theconcentration of calcium dobesilate was16μg/ml.In the in vivo study, comparedto UA levels at 0 h, the biasesof serum uric acid determined by peroxidase method after calcium dobesilate administration(1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h) were of -3.33%, -6.79%, -7.49%, -6.07%, -4.09%, respectively.The observed uric acid concentrations for 8 participants measured by enzymatic assays were inhibited by -3.75% to -6.89% at 0 hour and by -16.9% to-22.22% at 2 hours relative to the concentrations measured by the LC-IDMS/MS method. Conclusions Calcium dobesilate produced a clinically significant negative interference with uric acid in all peroxidase-based uric acid assays,which may result in false evaluation of uric acid level in clinical status.Significant differences in the degree of interference were observed among the assays.

Objective To analyze the clinical features of 35 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) associated with other autoimmune diseases (ADMG). Methods One hundred seventy MG patients were divided into 2 groups. One group included MG patients with autoimmune diseases ( n=35), and the other included MG patients without auto?immune diseases (NADMG, n=135). Clinical features such as gender, age of onset, types of MG, myasthenic crisis, thy?mus abnormalities, different therapies, ocular MG progressing to general MG, and relapse of MG within one year were compared between ADMG and NADMG. Results 85.7%ADMG patients were female which was higher compared with NADMG (P< 0.001); median age of onset was 40 years old (23~45 years old) in ADMG group which was younger than NADMG group. Ocular MG and thymic hyperplasia were more frequent in ADMG group than in NADMG group (45.7%vs. 24.4%, P=0.013;14.3%vs. 1.5%,P=0.001,respectively). Other clinical features such as myasthenic crisis, thymoma, different therapies, ocular MG progressing to general MG, and relapse of MG within one year were not signifi?cantly different between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, female (OR=4.76, 95% CI:1.64-13.77; P= 0.004), age of onset (OR=0.96, 95%CI:0.92-0.99;P=0.019), ocular MG (OR=3.10, 95%CI:1.30-7.41;P=0.011) and thy? mic hyperplasia(OR=16.26, 95%CI:2.22-119.11;P=0.006) were significantly different between the two groups. Con?clusions ADMG is more common in female patients with ocular MG and thymic hyperplasia.

Objective To investigate the changes of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of the resting state fMRI in cognitively impaired Parkinson' s disease patients and discuss its underling neurophysiological mechanism.Methods Blood oxygen level-dependent low-frequency amplitude (ALFF) in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were calculated in 16 healthy controls(HC) and 29 idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients (16 of which were patients with cognitive normal,PDCN and 13 with cognitive impairment,PDCI).The brain regions showing increased and decreased ALFF in patients were demonstrated by comparing normal subjects with 2-sample t-test with threshold of P＜ 0.05 and the analysis of the relationship between the different regions of the brain activity and cognitive function tests scores were also analyzed.Results Compared with PDCN,the PDCI patients showed decreased activity in the caudate nucleus (-3,9,12),occipital lobe (0,-78,-15) and medial temporal lobe (42,9,-27) and increased activity in the superior frontal gyrus (9,63,24).PDCI patients showed increased activity mainly in the precuneus and inferior parietal lobules compared with controls.Additionally,the regions with ALFF changes had significant correlations with the cognitive performance of patients as measured by Montreal cognitive test(Beijing Version) and neuropsychological tests (including memory,attention,visuospatial functions and executive function).Conclusion The results demonstrate that there is a specific pattern of intrinsic activity in PDCI providing insights into neurophysiological mechanisms of the Parkinson's disease dementia.

Objective To evaluate the orthodontic effect of surgery on mixed dentition period class Ⅲ malocclusion and to investigate the effective therapeutic method of the skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion.Methods A total of 20 patients aged 8.5 to 9.1 years with early mixed dentition class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusion.The treatment was divided into two phases.During the first phase,the entire stuffy group was treated with a bonded maxillary expansion and protraction.During the second phase,the entire study group received multiple loop edgewise arch wire (MEAW) treatment until an ideal occlusion relationship achieved.Comparison of the pre-and post-orthodontic treatment cephalometric radiographs had been done after maxillary protraction and MEAW were applied for patients.Results In the 20 patients after orthodontic treatment,Class Ⅲ skeletal facial profile was improved,the retraction of anterior teeth was obvious,and there were significant changes in dentition; the profile of soft tissue and satisfactory occlusion relationship were significantly improved,as compared with the changes between pre-treatment and post-treatment.Conclusions Skeletal Ⅲ malocclusion in early mixed dentition can be successfully treated.The results can be satisfied with improved class Ⅲ skeletal and molar relationship,high-angle and profile of soft tissue.