Metagenomic next-generation sequencing, as an unbiased detection technology, demonstrates higher diagnostic efficacy than traditional methods. Gut microorganisms are important flora for safeguarding health and have become a hot research topic. Modeling and analyzing the genomic data of intestinal flora using machine learning is very important in disease prediction and diagnosis. This paper briefly introduces the characteristics of metagenomic next-generation sequencing, key algorithms and evaluation indexes of machine learning, outlines the main steps of combining machine learning with metagenomic next-generation sequencing, and summarizes the application of the combination of machine learning and metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the study of intestinal flora, which will provide a more accurate method for diagnosis and prediction of the related diseases, and give more ideas for the future research and clinical practice.

The threat of antimicrobial resistance is escalating, and traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods have long turnaround times, which are inadequate for rapid clinical decision-making. Consequently, the development of rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) methods that are fast, efficient, and cost-effective is of great significance. This review discusses the principles, characteristics, and application potentials of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry RAST, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing RAST, Microfluidic RAST, Flow Cytometry RAST, Raman Spectroscopy RAST, and ultra-rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing. These technologies exhibit significant advantages in reducing detection time and improving detection accuracy, but also face challenges such as high technical complexity, high costs, and limited applicability. It is expected that an ideal RAST will be realized in the future to better respond to the challenges of global antimicrobial resistance.

Knowledge graphs have been more popular in the medical industry in recent years due to the development of big data analysis technologies.Information reflecting a range of physiological markers of patients is gathered in laboratory medicine,which forms an essential basis for clinical decision-making.Knowledge graphs could uncover the hidden value in inspection and consequently furnish accurate inspection data.Knowledge graphs are currently used in laboratory medicine to forecast possible adverse drug responses,help with diagnosis,integrate historical trends of patient laboratory inspections,and identify correlations across detection projects.The interaction between inspection items,auxiliary diagnosis,and medication guidance are three angles from which the use of knowledge graphs in laboratory medicine is analyzed and evaluated.Further support the intelligent construction of clinical laboratory diagnosis,it is also suggested that the development of test medical knowledge graphs extend in the direction of semantic search,decision support,and intelligent question answer.

Knowledge graphs have been more popular in the medical industry in recent years due to the development of big data analysis technologies.Information reflecting a range of physiological markers of patients is gathered in laboratory medicine,which forms an essential basis for clinical decision-making.Knowledge graphs could uncover the hidden value in inspection and consequently furnish accurate inspection data.Knowledge graphs are currently used in laboratory medicine to forecast possible adverse drug responses,help with diagnosis,integrate historical trends of patient laboratory inspections,and identify correlations across detection projects.The interaction between inspection items,auxiliary diagnosis,and medication guidance are three angles from which the use of knowledge graphs in laboratory medicine is analyzed and evaluated.Further support the intelligent construction of clinical laboratory diagnosis,it is also suggested that the development of test medical knowledge graphs extend in the direction of semantic search,decision support,and intelligent question answer.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing, as an unbiased detection technology, demonstrates higher diagnostic efficacy than traditional methods. Gut microorganisms are important flora for safeguarding health and have become a hot research topic. Modeling and analyzing the genomic data of intestinal flora using machine learning is very important in disease prediction and diagnosis. This paper briefly introduces the characteristics of metagenomic next-generation sequencing, key algorithms and evaluation indexes of machine learning, outlines the main steps of combining machine learning with metagenomic next-generation sequencing, and summarizes the application of the combination of machine learning and metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in the study of intestinal flora, which will provide a more accurate method for diagnosis and prediction of the related diseases, and give more ideas for the future research and clinical practice.

The threat of antimicrobial resistance is escalating, and traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods have long turnaround times, which are inadequate for rapid clinical decision-making. Consequently, the development of rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) methods that are fast, efficient, and cost-effective is of great significance. This review discusses the principles, characteristics, and application potentials of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry RAST, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing RAST, Microfluidic RAST, Flow Cytometry RAST, Raman Spectroscopy RAST, and ultra-rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing. These technologies exhibit significant advantages in reducing detection time and improving detection accuracy, but also face challenges such as high technical complexity, high costs, and limited applicability. It is expected that an ideal RAST will be realized in the future to better respond to the challenges of global antimicrobial resistance.

Objective:To investigate the incidence, prevalence and disease characteristics of Crohn′s disease (CD) in Zhangjiagang city.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted. During the period of January 1st to December 31st, 2017, through a voluntary consultation and the medical records retrieval of 5 hospitals in Zhangjiagang city (the First People′s Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang Aoyang Hospital, Zhangjiagang Jinfeng People′s Hospital and Zhangjiagang Leyu Hospital) , the patients who were the registered residents of Zhangjiagang city and diagnosed as CD were collected and included in the study. The general clinical data and epidemiological data were collected by the questionnaire. The age-standardized prevalence and incidence of CD in Zhangjiagang city in 2017 was calculated. The clinical characteristics were described. The single factor analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the independent influencing factors for delayed diagnosis.Results:A total of 123 CD patients were included and 14 patients were newly diagnosed in 2017. The age-standardized prevalence of CD was 12.08 per 100 000 persons in this city in 2017 and the age-standardized incidence was 1.54 per 100 000 persons. There were 73 male patients and 50 female patients, the ratio of male to female was 1.46∶1. The age at diagnosis was 39 (27, 51) years old. The peak ages of diagnosis were 20 to 29 years old and 40 to 49 years old and there were 27 (21.95%) and 25 (20.33%) patients in the two ages respectively. The duration was 45 (24, 82) months. The disease involved the terminal ileum in 72 patients (58.5%) including 2 (1.6%) in the upper gastrointestinal tract simultaneously, the colon in 28 (22.8%) and the ileocolon in 23 (18.7%) . The non-stricturing non-penetrating type of disease was observed in 71 patients (57.7%) , stricturing type in 42 patients (34.1%) , penetrating type in 10 patients (8.1%) . Twenty-three patients (18.7%) had simultaneous perianal disease. 5-aminosalicylic acid was used in 96 patients (78.0%) and nutritional support therapy was used in 64 patients (52.0%) . Delayed diagnosis occurred in 63 patients (51.2%) , the delayed diagnosis time was 8 (2, 36) months. Multivariate analysis showed that simultaneous perianal disease ( OR = 4.081, 95% CI: 1.159-14.367, P = 0.029) was the independent risk factor of delayed diagnosis, and urban resident ( OR = 0.169, 95% CI: 0.073-0.393, P<0.001) was the independent protection factor. Conclusions:The prevalence and incidence of CD in Zhangjiagang city are relatively high. There are more male CD patients and the distribution of age at diagnosis is bimodal. The terminal ileum is the most common site and non-stricturing non-penetrating type is most common in the city. 5-aminosalicylic acid and nutritional support therapy are the most common treatments. Over a half of the patients present delayed diagnosis. The patients with simultaneous perianal disease have higher risk of delayed diagnosis, while the urban patients have lower risk of delayed diagnosis.

Objective:To investigate the incidence, prevalence and disease characteristics of Crohn′s disease (CD) in Zhangjiagang city.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted. During the period of January 1st to December 31st, 2017, through a voluntary consultation and the medical records retrieval of 5 hospitals in Zhangjiagang city (the First People′s Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang Aoyang Hospital, Zhangjiagang Jinfeng People′s Hospital and Zhangjiagang Leyu Hospital) , the patients who were the registered residents of Zhangjiagang city and diagnosed as CD were collected and included in the study. The general clinical data and epidemiological data were collected by the questionnaire. The age-standardized prevalence and incidence of CD in Zhangjiagang city in 2017 was calculated. The clinical characteristics were described. The single factor analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the independent influencing factors for delayed diagnosis.Results:A total of 123 CD patients were included and 14 patients were newly diagnosed in 2017. The age-standardized prevalence of CD was 12.08 per 100 000 persons in this city in 2017 and the age-standardized incidence was 1.54 per 100 000 persons. There were 73 male patients and 50 female patients, the ratio of male to female was 1.46∶1. The age at diagnosis was 39 (27, 51) years old. The peak ages of diagnosis were 20 to 29 years old and 40 to 49 years old and there were 27 (21.95%) and 25 (20.33%) patients in the two ages respectively. The duration was 45 (24, 82) months. The disease involved the terminal ileum in 72 patients (58.5%) including 2 (1.6%) in the upper gastrointestinal tract simultaneously, the colon in 28 (22.8%) and the ileocolon in 23 (18.7%) . The non-stricturing non-penetrating type of disease was observed in 71 patients (57.7%) , stricturing type in 42 patients (34.1%) , penetrating type in 10 patients (8.1%) . Twenty-three patients (18.7%) had simultaneous perianal disease. 5-aminosalicylic acid was used in 96 patients (78.0%) and nutritional support therapy was used in 64 patients (52.0%) . Delayed diagnosis occurred in 63 patients (51.2%) , the delayed diagnosis time was 8 (2, 36) months. Multivariate analysis showed that simultaneous perianal disease ( OR = 4.081, 95% CI: 1.159-14.367, P = 0.029) was the independent risk factor of delayed diagnosis, and urban resident ( OR = 0.169, 95% CI: 0.073-0.393, P<0.001) was the independent protection factor. Conclusions:The prevalence and incidence of CD in Zhangjiagang city are relatively high. There are more male CD patients and the distribution of age at diagnosis is bimodal. The terminal ileum is the most common site and non-stricturing non-penetrating type is most common in the city. 5-aminosalicylic acid and nutritional support therapy are the most common treatments. Over a half of the patients present delayed diagnosis. The patients with simultaneous perianal disease have higher risk of delayed diagnosis, while the urban patients have lower risk of delayed diagnosis.

Objective:Based on the national standard of Classification and Codes for Fixed Assets(GB/T 14885),it created a catalogue of the fixed assets specific for hospital,which became a tool for the delicacy management of the fixed assets in hospitals.Methods:Based on the compiling principles and application scope,it conducted comparative analysis between the national standard and the catalogue which was created by the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University.Results:The amounts of the categories were significantly less than that of national standard.Among them,the categories of medical equipment and furniture were clearly more than the national standard.Conclusion:The effect of the national standard was limited in the delicacy management of the fixed assets in hospitals.However,the specific catalogue helped to uniform the value management and material management,to support information system of fixed assets in hospitals and enhance the level of delicacy management of the fixed assets in hospitals.