This study aimed to characterize and identify the non-volatile components in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stems and leaves of Rhododendron tomentosum by using sensitive and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with a self-built information database. By comparing with reference compounds, analyzing fragment ion information, searching relevant literature, and using a self-built information database, 118 compounds were identified from the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of R. tomentosum, including 35 flavonoid glycosides, 15 phenolic glycosides, 12 flavonoids, 7 phenolic acids, 7 phenylethanol glycosides, 6 tannins, 6 phospholipids, 5 coumarins, 5 monoterpene glycosides, 6 triterpenes, 3 fatty acids, and 11 other types of compounds. Among them, 102 compounds were reported in R. tomentosum for the first time, and 36 compounds were identified by comparing them with reference compounds. The chemical components in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of R. tomentosum leaves and stems showed slight differences, with 84 common chemical components accounting for 71.2% of the total 118 compounds. This study systematically characterized and identified the non-volatile chemical components in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of R. tomentosum for the first time. The findings provide a reference for active ingredient research, quality control, and product development of R. tomentosum.
Rhododendron/chemistry* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Plant Leaves/chemistry*

A single-center, randomized, double-blind, dose-controlled trial of modified Sini Powder in treating mild to moderate generalized anxiety disorder(GAD) in the patients with syndrome of liver depression transforming into fire was conducted at Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. A total of 80 patients with mild to moderate GAD and the syndrome of liver depression transforming into fire were included. Patients were assigned by the central randomization system at a ratio of 3∶1 into an observation group(n=60, receiving a conventional-dose of granules of modified Sini Powder) and a control group(n=20, receiving low-dose granules with the active ingredients being 50% of that in observation group). Assessments were conducted before treatment(baseline), after 2 weeks of introduction, after 2/4/8 weeks of treatment, and after 4 weeks of follow-up. The results were summarized as follows. In terms of primary outcome indicators, the observation group(62.2%) showed higher total response rate than the control group(26.6%)(P<0.05), and greater Hamilton anxiety scale(HAMA) score reduction after 8 weeks of treatment(P<0.05). In terms of secondary outcome indicators, the HAMA score(somatic anxiety score), traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome scores, Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI) scale, and clinical global impression(CGI) scale score in the observation group showed a significant compared to the control group at each visit points(P<0.05). Adverse events occurred in 10 cases, including 9(16.9%) cases in the observation group and 1(6.6%) case in the control group. No adverse reaction was observed. In conclusion, conventional-dose modified Sini Powder demonstrated superior efficacy and favorable safety for mild and moderate GAD in the patients with the syndrome of liver depression transforming into fire over low-dose treatment.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Double-Blind Method ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy* ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult ; Powders ; Aged ; Liver/drug effects* ; Generalized Anxiety Disorder

The lungs are the most common sites of metastases from non-pulmonarymalignancies. Endobronchial metastases are rare and have no specificity in clinical manifestations,thus being prone to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.The common tumors associated with endobronchial metastasis are renal,breast,and colorectal cancers.This article reported one case of postoperative rectal cancer with endobronchial and lung metastases,which was relieved by high-frequency electrocautery ablation via bronchoscope,chemotherapy,and targeted drugs,aiming to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Humans ; Rectal Neoplasms/pathology* ; Electrocoagulation/methods* ; Bronchial Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Bronchoscopy ; Lung Neoplasms/secondary* ; Bronchoscopes

Objective To propose a preventive maintenance strategy of the heating,ventilation and air-conditioning(HVAC)system in pharmacy intravenous admixture services(PIVAS)based on the reliability centered maintenance(RCM)method so as to provide references for PIVAS equipment maintenance.Methods Firstly,a HVAC system RCM review team was formed,and the failure modes and impacts of important functional components of the equipment were analyzed to clarify the consequences of the failure of each functional component under the premise of ensuring the safety and integrity of the equipment and with the goal of minimizing the loss of maintenance downtime and the consumption of maintenance resources.Secondly,with a standardized logical decision-making procedure the preventive maintenance strategy was determined and implemented based on the consequences of functional failure.Finally,statistical analyses were carried out on such equipment indicators as performance parameter qualification rate,failure rate and maintenance cost before and after the RCM method-based strategy was executed,in order to evaluate the efficacy of the strategy.Results The RCM method-based preventive maintenance strategy had the performance qualification rate increased from 97.47%to 99.06%(χ2=24.139,P<0.01),the failure rate decreased from 0.24%to 0.03%(χ2=13.519,P<0.01)and the maintenance cost reduced by 11.5%,from RMB 134,200 to 118,700.Conclusion The RCM method-based preventive maintenance strategy provides reliable equipment for PIVAS and lowers the maintenance cost effectively,and references are given for the development of automated and intelligent equipment maintenance strategies for PIVAS.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(10):78-83]

Objective To propose a preventive maintenance strategy of the heating,ventilation and air-conditioning(HVAC)system in pharmacy intravenous admixture services(PIVAS)based on the reliability centered maintenance(RCM)method so as to provide references for PIVAS equipment maintenance.Methods Firstly,a HVAC system RCM review team was formed,and the failure modes and impacts of important functional components of the equipment were analyzed to clarify the consequences of the failure of each functional component under the premise of ensuring the safety and integrity of the equipment and with the goal of minimizing the loss of maintenance downtime and the consumption of maintenance resources.Secondly,with a standardized logical decision-making procedure the preventive maintenance strategy was determined and implemented based on the consequences of functional failure.Finally,statistical analyses were carried out on such equipment indicators as performance parameter qualification rate,failure rate and maintenance cost before and after the RCM method-based strategy was executed,in order to evaluate the efficacy of the strategy.Results The RCM method-based preventive maintenance strategy had the performance qualification rate increased from 97.47%to 99.06%(χ2=24.139,P<0.01),the failure rate decreased from 0.24%to 0.03%(χ2=13.519,P<0.01)and the maintenance cost reduced by 11.5%,from RMB 134,200 to 118,700.Conclusion The RCM method-based preventive maintenance strategy provides reliable equipment for PIVAS and lowers the maintenance cost effectively,and references are given for the development of automated and intelligent equipment maintenance strategies for PIVAS.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(10):78-83]

Objective:To investigate the effect of nefazodone on excessive activation of microglia and its regulatory mechanism, as well as its effect on neurological injury in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).Methods:(1) BV2 cell line was routinely cultured in vitro, and primary microglia from the cortex of neonatal C57BL/6J mice were cultured. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was employed to assess the effects of nefazodone (0, 10, 20, 30, 50 μmol/L) on viability of BV2 cells and primary microglia to determine the working concentration. BV2 cells and primary microglia were divided into a normal control group, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, and a nefazodone group; cells in the nefazodone group were pretreated with 20 μmol/L nefazodone for 2 h; cells in the LPS group and nefazodone group were stimulated with LPS (0.5 μg/mL for BV2 cells and 0.1 μg/mL for primary microglia) for 24 h; cells in the normal control group received an equivalent volume of solvent. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the expressions of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and CD68. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to measure interleukin ( IL) -1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α), nitric oxide synthase 2 ( Nos2), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 ( CCL2), and β-hexosaminidase subunit β ( Hexb) mRNA expressions. ELISA was used to quantify the concentrations of supernatant IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in BV2 cells. Western blotting was applied to detect the protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in BV2 cells. Griess reagent assay was used to measure supernatant nitric oxide (NO) level in BV2 cells. Western blotting was also used to assess the protein expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated (p)-ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p-JNK, p38, p-p38, nuclear factor kappa B p65 and p-p65 in BV2 cells. (2) Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a normal control group, a MCAO group, and a nefazodone group, with 10 mice in each group. MCAO model in the MCAO group and nefazodone group was established using suture method; the nefazodone group received an intraperitoneal injection of nefazodone (15 mg/kg) 30 min after modeling, while the normal control group received an equivalent volume of solvent. Three days after modeling, neurological deficits were evaluated using modified neurological severity score (mNSS), and behavioral changes were evaluated by paw grip strength test and foot-fault test. Cerebral infarction volume was assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Iba1 protein expression in the ischemic penumbra was detected by Western blotting. Results:(1) CCK-8 assay showed no significant difference in viability of BV2 cells between the normal control group and 10 or 20 μmol/L nefazodone groups ( P>0.05), and viability of BV2 cells in 30 and 50 μmol/L nefazodone groups was statistically lower than that of normal control group ( P<0.05). Immunofluorescent staining revealed that compared with the normal control group, the LPS group had significantly increased fluorescent intensities of CD68 and Iba1; compared with the LPS group, the nefazodone group had significantly decreased fluorescent intensities of CD68 and Iba1 ( P<0.05). RT-qPCR results indicated that compared with those in the normal control group, the Nos2, CCL2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expressions in both BV2 cells and primary microglia of the LPS group were significantly increased; compared with the LPS group, the nefazodone group had significantly decreased CCL2, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA expressions in BV2 cells, and significantly decreased Nos2, CCL2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expressions in primary microglia ( P<0.05). ELISA showed that compared with those in the normal control group, the supernatant IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels significantly increased in the BV2 cells of LPS group; compared with those in the LPS group, supernatant IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels statistically decreased in the nefazodone group ( P< 0.05). Western blotting demonstrated that compared with those in the normal control group, the iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions significantly increased in BV2 cells of the LPS group ( P<0.05); compared with those in the LPS group, the iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions in BV2 cells of the nefazodone group statistically decreased ( P<0.05). Griess assay showed that compared with the normal control group, BV2 cells in the LPS group had significantly increased supernatant NO concentration ( P <0.05); compared with the LPS group, BV2 cells in the nefazodone group had significantly decreased supernatant NO concentration ( P<0.05). Western blotting revealed that compared with those in the normal control group, the p-ERK/ERK and p-JNK/JNK ratios significantly increased in BV2 cells of the LPS group ( P<0.05); compared with the LPS group, the p-p65/p65, p-ERK/ERK and p-JNK/JNK ratios significantly decreased in BV2 cells of the nefazodone group ( P<0.05). (2) Behavioral tests showed that compared with the normal control group, the MCAO group had significantly decreased forelimb grip strength and increased foot-fault rate ( P<0.05); compared with the MCAO group, the nefazodone group had significantly decreased mNSS score, increased forelimb grip strength and decreased foot-fault rate ( P<0.05). The percentage of cerebral infarction volume in the nefazodone group was significantly lower than that in the MCAO group ([9.56±1.81]% vs. [21.71±12.26]%, P< 0.05). The MCAO group had statistically higher Iba1 protein expression in ischemic penumbra (7.27±2.88) than the normal control group (1.00±0.64), and the nefazodone group had significantly lower Iba1 protein expression in ischemic penumbra (1.75±0.86) than the MCAO group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Nefazodone can improve neurological function impairment in MCAO mice by inhibiting the excessive activation of microglia; cytological experiments suggest that its mechanism may be related to the negative regulation of ERK/JNK/NF-κB p65 signaling axis.

Objective:To establish an arsenic free fully automatic online digestion iodine analyzer detection method for urinary iodine (hereinafter referred to as the method).Methods:Based on the principle of iodine catalyzed antimony cerium redox reaction, a fully automatic online digestion iodine analyzer was used to determine the iodine content in urine. The effectiveness of the method in terms of detection limit, precision, accuracy (determination of urinary iodine primary standard reference materials GBW09108z and GBW09110f and spiked recovery experiment), and interference experiments was validated. The method was compared with the arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry method recommended by the National Reference Laboratory for Iodine Deficiency Disorders.Results:The linear range of the method was 0 - 300 μg/L, with a correlation coefficient │ r│> 0.999 5. The qualitative and quantitative detection limits were 7.41 and 18.01 μg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviation ( RSD) of urine samples with different iodine concentrations ranged from 1.0% to 1.7%. The results of the determination of iodine concentrations in urine using standard substances GBW09108z and GBW09110f were within the given standard range, with RSD < 2.5%. The range of spiked recovery rates for urine samples with different iodine concentrations was 101.3% to 104.8%, with an overall average spiked recovery rate of 103.0%. The average concentration of the baseline iodine standard solution was determined to be 116.21 μg/L, and the relative error of the concentration determination with the addition of interfering substances was less than 5.0%. The comparison results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the measurement results between the two methods ( t = - 0.06, P = 0.952). Conclusions:The method adopts automated detection, which is simple to operate, labor-saving, and does not require the use of arsenic trioxide. It has high precision and accuracy, and is suitable for detection of large quantities of samples.

Objective:To establish an arsenic free fully automatic online digestion iodine analyzer detection method for urinary iodine (hereinafter referred to as the method).Methods:Based on the principle of iodine catalyzed antimony cerium redox reaction, a fully automatic online digestion iodine analyzer was used to determine the iodine content in urine. The effectiveness of the method in terms of detection limit, precision, accuracy (determination of urinary iodine primary standard reference materials GBW09108z and GBW09110f and spiked recovery experiment), and interference experiments was validated. The method was compared with the arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry method recommended by the National Reference Laboratory for Iodine Deficiency Disorders.Results:The linear range of the method was 0 - 300 μg/L, with a correlation coefficient │ r│> 0.999 5. The qualitative and quantitative detection limits were 7.41 and 18.01 μg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviation ( RSD) of urine samples with different iodine concentrations ranged from 1.0% to 1.7%. The results of the determination of iodine concentrations in urine using standard substances GBW09108z and GBW09110f were within the given standard range, with RSD < 2.5%. The range of spiked recovery rates for urine samples with different iodine concentrations was 101.3% to 104.8%, with an overall average spiked recovery rate of 103.0%. The average concentration of the baseline iodine standard solution was determined to be 116.21 μg/L, and the relative error of the concentration determination with the addition of interfering substances was less than 5.0%. The comparison results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the measurement results between the two methods ( t = - 0.06, P = 0.952). Conclusions:The method adopts automated detection, which is simple to operate, labor-saving, and does not require the use of arsenic trioxide. It has high precision and accuracy, and is suitable for detection of large quantities of samples.

Objective:To investigate the effect of nefazodone on excessive activation of microglia and its regulatory mechanism, as well as its effect on neurological injury in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).Methods:(1) BV2 cell line was routinely cultured in vitro, and primary microglia from the cortex of neonatal C57BL/6J mice were cultured. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was employed to assess the effects of nefazodone (0, 10, 20, 30, 50 μmol/L) on viability of BV2 cells and primary microglia to determine the working concentration. BV2 cells and primary microglia were divided into a normal control group, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, and a nefazodone group; cells in the nefazodone group were pretreated with 20 μmol/L nefazodone for 2 h; cells in the LPS group and nefazodone group were stimulated with LPS (0.5 μg/mL for BV2 cells and 0.1 μg/mL for primary microglia) for 24 h; cells in the normal control group received an equivalent volume of solvent. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the expressions of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and CD68. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to measure interleukin ( IL) -1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α), nitric oxide synthase 2 ( Nos2), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 ( CCL2), and β-hexosaminidase subunit β ( Hexb) mRNA expressions. ELISA was used to quantify the concentrations of supernatant IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in BV2 cells. Western blotting was applied to detect the protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in BV2 cells. Griess reagent assay was used to measure supernatant nitric oxide (NO) level in BV2 cells. Western blotting was also used to assess the protein expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated (p)-ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p-JNK, p38, p-p38, nuclear factor kappa B p65 and p-p65 in BV2 cells. (2) Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a normal control group, a MCAO group, and a nefazodone group, with 10 mice in each group. MCAO model in the MCAO group and nefazodone group was established using suture method; the nefazodone group received an intraperitoneal injection of nefazodone (15 mg/kg) 30 min after modeling, while the normal control group received an equivalent volume of solvent. Three days after modeling, neurological deficits were evaluated using modified neurological severity score (mNSS), and behavioral changes were evaluated by paw grip strength test and foot-fault test. Cerebral infarction volume was assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Iba1 protein expression in the ischemic penumbra was detected by Western blotting. Results:(1) CCK-8 assay showed no significant difference in viability of BV2 cells between the normal control group and 10 or 20 μmol/L nefazodone groups ( P>0.05), and viability of BV2 cells in 30 and 50 μmol/L nefazodone groups was statistically lower than that of normal control group ( P<0.05). Immunofluorescent staining revealed that compared with the normal control group, the LPS group had significantly increased fluorescent intensities of CD68 and Iba1; compared with the LPS group, the nefazodone group had significantly decreased fluorescent intensities of CD68 and Iba1 ( P<0.05). RT-qPCR results indicated that compared with those in the normal control group, the Nos2, CCL2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expressions in both BV2 cells and primary microglia of the LPS group were significantly increased; compared with the LPS group, the nefazodone group had significantly decreased CCL2, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA expressions in BV2 cells, and significantly decreased Nos2, CCL2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expressions in primary microglia ( P<0.05). ELISA showed that compared with those in the normal control group, the supernatant IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels significantly increased in the BV2 cells of LPS group; compared with those in the LPS group, supernatant IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels statistically decreased in the nefazodone group ( P< 0.05). Western blotting demonstrated that compared with those in the normal control group, the iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions significantly increased in BV2 cells of the LPS group ( P<0.05); compared with those in the LPS group, the iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions in BV2 cells of the nefazodone group statistically decreased ( P<0.05). Griess assay showed that compared with the normal control group, BV2 cells in the LPS group had significantly increased supernatant NO concentration ( P <0.05); compared with the LPS group, BV2 cells in the nefazodone group had significantly decreased supernatant NO concentration ( P<0.05). Western blotting revealed that compared with those in the normal control group, the p-ERK/ERK and p-JNK/JNK ratios significantly increased in BV2 cells of the LPS group ( P<0.05); compared with the LPS group, the p-p65/p65, p-ERK/ERK and p-JNK/JNK ratios significantly decreased in BV2 cells of the nefazodone group ( P<0.05). (2) Behavioral tests showed that compared with the normal control group, the MCAO group had significantly decreased forelimb grip strength and increased foot-fault rate ( P<0.05); compared with the MCAO group, the nefazodone group had significantly decreased mNSS score, increased forelimb grip strength and decreased foot-fault rate ( P<0.05). The percentage of cerebral infarction volume in the nefazodone group was significantly lower than that in the MCAO group ([9.56±1.81]% vs. [21.71±12.26]%, P< 0.05). The MCAO group had statistically higher Iba1 protein expression in ischemic penumbra (7.27±2.88) than the normal control group (1.00±0.64), and the nefazodone group had significantly lower Iba1 protein expression in ischemic penumbra (1.75±0.86) than the MCAO group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Nefazodone can improve neurological function impairment in MCAO mice by inhibiting the excessive activation of microglia; cytological experiments suggest that its mechanism may be related to the negative regulation of ERK/JNK/NF-κB p65 signaling axis.

Aim To investigate the role of metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in promoting the transdifferentiation of pancreatic α cells to β cells. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) for five consecutive days to establish a type 1 diabetes (T1DM) mouse model. After two weeks, they were randomly divided into model groups and 97% EPA diet intervention group, 75% fish oil (50% EPA +25% DHA) diet intervention group, and random blood glucose was detected every week; after the model expired, the regeneration of pancreatic β cells in mouse pancreas was observed by immunofluorescence staining. The islets of mice (obtained by crossing GCG