Aging is an inevitable biological process in organisms,accompanied by the decline of multiple physiological functions and increased risk of diseases.With the intensification of global aging,the research associated with mechanisms and the development of anti-aging drugs have become critical topics in the biomedical field.Aging animal models are pivotal tools for investigating aging mechanisms and developing anti-aging interventions.Model organisms commonly used in aging research include nematodes(Caenorhabditis elegans),fruit flies(Drosophila melanogaster),mice(Mus musculus),rats(Rattus norvegicus),naked-mole-rats(e.g.,Heterocephalus glaber),and rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta).Considering experimental costs and time constraints,mice represent the most extensively employed mammalian model.Under standard housing conditions,mice develop aging phenotypes at approximately 18 months of age,Resultsing in lengthy and costly experimental timelines.To accelerate research,scientists have established diverse progeroid mouse models through genetic,pharmacological,and environmental interventions.Given the tissue-specific heterogeneity of aging,distinct progeria models are required to investigate aging mechanisms across different organ systems.Notably,each model exhibits unique advantages and limitations in mimicking human aging phenotypes,screening therapeutic targets,and evaluating anti-aging compounds.This review comprehensively examines morphological,physiological,and pathological variations among established progeria models,delineates their context-dependent applications and inherent constraints,and provides a systematic framework for model selection in fundamental aging research and translational geroscience,with perspectives on future method ological developments.

Objective To investigate the value of geometric parameters of vertebrobasilar artery(VBA)for judging whether vertebral artery(VA)provide cross blood supply of posterior cerebral artery(PCA)blood supply area.Methods MR T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR),3D time of flight(TOF)MR angiography(MRA)and territorial arterial spin labeling(t-ASL)images of 244 healthy adults were prospectively acquired.The angles between left VA(LVA)or right VA(RVA)and basilar artery(BA)were measured,and the sum and difference between the two angles were calculated(referred to as the sum of VA angles and the difference of VA angles),and the differences of diameters of LVA and RVA were measured and calculated(referred to as the difference of VA diameters).VA perfusion distribution type in PCA blood supply area were observed,and those with type Ⅲ or Ⅵ were enrolled in cross group,while those with type Ⅱ or Ⅴ were enrolled in non-cross group,respectively.The geometric parameters of VBA were compared between groups.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of parameters being significant different between groups were drawn,and the efficacy of these parameters for judging whether VA provide cross blood supply of PCA area were evaluated.Results There were 34 subjects in cross group and 75 in non-cross group.The sum of VA angles and the difference of VA angles in cross group were both larger than those in non-cross group(both P＜0.05),while the difference of VA diameters were not significantly different between groups(P＞0.05).The AUC of the difference of VA angles for judging whether VA provide cross blood supply of PCA area was 0.676(P＜0.05),while of the sum of VA angles was 0.598(P=0.103).Conclusion The angle differences of LVA and RVA with BA had certain application value for judging whether VA provide cross blood supply of PCA area.

Objective: To observe the effect of Xipayimaizibizi oral liquid (XP) in an overactive bladder (OAB) experimental rat model and to explore its pharmacological mechanisms. Methods: Network pharmacology was used to explore the potential mechanisms of action of XP. The rats underwent bladder outlet obstruction surgery and were administered the corresponding drug concentrations by gavage for 4 weeks. The study observed the body weight, water intake, bladder and kidney indices (to evaluate their general status), urination behavior pattern (to observe frequency and urgency), and urodynamics (to measure bladder parameters). Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichome staining were used to observe changes in the bladder structure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and acetylcholine in the urine. The key targets involved in these mechanisms were validated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and western blot in vivo/vitro experiments. Result: Network pharmacological analysis predicted that XP may alleviate OAB by affecting the cholinergic synapse and calcium signaling pathways. XP treatment significantly reduced the bladder index, improved urine behavior and urodynamic parameters, decreased the neurotransmitters in urine, and reduced the thickness of the bladder wall and collagen ratio. These results indicate that XP can alleviate OAB symptoms and improve the bladder structure. In vivo/vitro experiments further demonstrated that XP can inhibit targets, such as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2, and participate in cholinergic synapses to further regulate the parasympathetic nervous system. It can also reduce the overexpression of Ca2+ caused by agonists, inhibit targets such as transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1, and participate in calcium signaling pathways to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis. Conclusion These results suggest that XP inhibited bladder overactivity by maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis and regulating the parasympathetic nervous system.

Objective:To explore the risk fall death associated with compound hot extremes.Methods:This study collected data on fall deaths in Guangdong, Hunan, and Zhejiang Provinces from 2013 to 2018 and matched their exposure to meteorological data. Based on a time-stratified case-crossover design, a conditional logistic regression model embedded with a cross-basis function of the distributed lag nonlinear model was applied to estimate the risk of fall to death due to compound hot extremes.Results:Compared with regular days, compound hot extremes significantly increased the risk of death from falls ( OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.09-1.30), and women ( OR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.11-1.45) and the elderly age 65 and above ( OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.12-1.39) were more sensitive to compound hot extremes. The maximum duration of compound hot extremes was 7 days, and the maximum intensity was 6.2 ℃, and the duration and intensity were proportional to the risk of death from falls. The risk of death from falls increased by 12% ( OR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.06-1.18) each day, increasing in duration after linearization. The risk of death from falls increased by 16% ( OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.10-1.22) for each 1 ℃ increase in linearized intensity. Conclusion:Compound hot extremes increase the risk of death cases from falls.

Objective:To explore the risk fall death associated with compound hot extremes.Methods:This study collected data on fall deaths in Guangdong, Hunan, and Zhejiang Provinces from 2013 to 2018 and matched their exposure to meteorological data. Based on a time-stratified case-crossover design, a conditional logistic regression model embedded with a cross-basis function of the distributed lag nonlinear model was applied to estimate the risk of fall to death due to compound hot extremes.Results:Compared with regular days, compound hot extremes significantly increased the risk of death from falls ( OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.09-1.30), and women ( OR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.11-1.45) and the elderly age 65 and above ( OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.12-1.39) were more sensitive to compound hot extremes. The maximum duration of compound hot extremes was 7 days, and the maximum intensity was 6.2 ℃, and the duration and intensity were proportional to the risk of death from falls. The risk of death from falls increased by 12% ( OR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.06-1.18) each day, increasing in duration after linearization. The risk of death from falls increased by 16% ( OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.10-1.22) for each 1 ℃ increase in linearized intensity. Conclusion:Compound hot extremes increase the risk of death cases from falls.

Aging is an inevitable biological process in organisms,accompanied by the decline of multiple physiological functions and increased risk of diseases.With the intensification of global aging,the research associated with mechanisms and the development of anti-aging drugs have become critical topics in the biomedical field.Aging animal models are pivotal tools for investigating aging mechanisms and developing anti-aging interventions.Model organisms commonly used in aging research include nematodes(Caenorhabditis elegans),fruit flies(Drosophila melanogaster),mice(Mus musculus),rats(Rattus norvegicus),naked-mole-rats(e.g.,Heterocephalus glaber),and rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta).Considering experimental costs and time constraints,mice represent the most extensively employed mammalian model.Under standard housing conditions,mice develop aging phenotypes at approximately 18 months of age,Resultsing in lengthy and costly experimental timelines.To accelerate research,scientists have established diverse progeroid mouse models through genetic,pharmacological,and environmental interventions.Given the tissue-specific heterogeneity of aging,distinct progeria models are required to investigate aging mechanisms across different organ systems.Notably,each model exhibits unique advantages and limitations in mimicking human aging phenotypes,screening therapeutic targets,and evaluating anti-aging compounds.This review comprehensively examines morphological,physiological,and pathological variations among established progeria models,delineates their context-dependent applications and inherent constraints,and provides a systematic framework for model selection in fundamental aging research and translational geroscience,with perspectives on future method ological developments.

Objective To investigate the value of geometric parameters of vertebrobasilar artery(VBA)for judging whether vertebral artery(VA)provide cross blood supply of posterior cerebral artery(PCA)blood supply area.Methods MR T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR),3D time of flight(TOF)MR angiography(MRA)and territorial arterial spin labeling(t-ASL)images of 244 healthy adults were prospectively acquired.The angles between left VA(LVA)or right VA(RVA)and basilar artery(BA)were measured,and the sum and difference between the two angles were calculated(referred to as the sum of VA angles and the difference of VA angles),and the differences of diameters of LVA and RVA were measured and calculated(referred to as the difference of VA diameters).VA perfusion distribution type in PCA blood supply area were observed,and those with type Ⅲ or Ⅵ were enrolled in cross group,while those with type Ⅱ or Ⅴ were enrolled in non-cross group,respectively.The geometric parameters of VBA were compared between groups.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of parameters being significant different between groups were drawn,and the efficacy of these parameters for judging whether VA provide cross blood supply of PCA area were evaluated.Results There were 34 subjects in cross group and 75 in non-cross group.The sum of VA angles and the difference of VA angles in cross group were both larger than those in non-cross group(both P＜0.05),while the difference of VA diameters were not significantly different between groups(P＞0.05).The AUC of the difference of VA angles for judging whether VA provide cross blood supply of PCA area was 0.676(P＜0.05),while of the sum of VA angles was 0.598(P=0.103).Conclusion The angle differences of LVA and RVA with BA had certain application value for judging whether VA provide cross blood supply of PCA area.

Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome.It is caused by infections,attributing to immune dysfunction pathologically.The disease is characterized by macrophage-mediated inflammation and immune response throughout its development.During septic development,macrophages metabolize crucially with glycolysis remarkably enhanced.The glycolystic enhancement facilitates septic development by promoting the inflammatory response of macrophages and altering their phenotype.Therefore,direct or indirect inhibition of macrophagic glycolysis can alleviate sepsis and neutralize damages to organs functionally,promoting the polarization of anti-inflammatory phenotype.In this review,we aim to investigate the relationship between macrophagic glycolysis and sepsis,focusing on researching into relevant molecular mechanisms by which glycolysis is regulated for treating sepsis.It is concluded that interfer-ing with macrophagic glycolysis may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating sepsis.

Objective:To conduct a scoping review to analyse the types, performance, advantages and disadvantages of cognitive function assessment tools for ICU patients, to provide a reference for the evaluation of cognitive function in ICU patients in future.Methods:A scoping review study was conducted, literature on cognitive function assessment tools for ICU patients in 9 domestic and foreign databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase and CINAHL were systematically searched. The search period was from the establishment of the database to May 20, 2024. Literature was independently screened by 2 researchers and relevant information was extracted and summarized.Results:Totally 17 studies were included, with 9 tools for assessing cognitive function in ICU patients, including 6 questionnaires, 1 test battery, 1 assessment software, and 1 telephone interview questionnaire. All of above were generalizable tools, except for the Chinese and English versions of the John-Hopkins Adapted Cognitive Exam as ICU-specific tools. The Mini-Mental State Examination was the most widely used assessment scale.Conclusions:Appropriate assessment tools should be selected according to the specific clinical setting, but there is still a lack of specialized and standardized assessment tools for cognitive dysfunction in ICU patients. In the future, standardized tools which fit our cultural context for evaluating cognitive function in ICU patients should be developed.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of water extract of Mori Folium （MLE） on oxidative stress in adipose tissue of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） mice and explore its mechanism. MethodTwenty-four male db/db mice were randomly divided into model group， metformin group， low-dose MLE （MLE-L） group， and high-dose MLE （MLE-H） group according to their body weight and blood glucose， with six mice in each group， and other six C57BLKS/JGpt wild littermate mice were selected as normal group. The mice in the metformin group were given 200 mg·kg^-1 metformin suspension， and the mice in the MLE-L and MLE-H groups were respectively given 2 g·kg^-1 and 4 g·kg^-1 MLE， while the mice in the normal group and model group were given the same dose of deionized water by daily gavage for eight weeks. Body weight， subcutaneous fat index， fasting blood glucose （FBG）， and oral glucose tolerance level （OGTT） of the mice were detected， and serum superoxide dismutase （SOD）， glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） were measured. The expression levels of silent information regulator 1 （SIRT1） and NADPH oxidase type 4 （NOX4） protein in subcutaneous adipose tissue of the mice were detected by Western blot. ResultThe FBG level， OGTT， and subcutaneous fat index of T2DM mice were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01） after administration of MLE compared with the blank group. The contents of serum SOD and GSH were significantly increased， while the level of oxidative stress damage marker MDA was significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expression of SIRT1 protein in adipose tissue was significantly increased， while the expression of NOX4 protein was significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionMLE can ameliorate T2DM by alleviating oxidative stress in adipose tissue of T2DM mice and reducing blood glucose.